Новости
Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
Second Edition
HANDBOOK OF © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Volume I Introduction and Hydrocarbons
Volume II Halogenated Hydrocarbons
Volume III Oxygen Containing Compounds
Volume IV Nitrogen and Sulfur Containing Compounds and Pesticides
A CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of the
Taylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa plc.
Boca Raton London New York
Physical-Chemical
Properties and
Environmental Fate for
Organic Chemicals
Volume I
Introduction and Hydrocarbons
Donald Mackay
Wan Ying Shiu
Kuo-Ching Ma
Sum Chi Lee
Second Edition
HANDBOOK OF
Volume II
Halogenated Hydrocarbons
Volume III
Oxygen Containing Compounds
Volume IV
Nitrogen and Sulfur Containing Compounds
and Pesticides
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Published in 2006 by
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Handbook of physical-chemical properties and environmental fate for organic chemicals.--2nd ed. / by Donald Mackay ... [et al.].
p. cm.
Rev. ed. of: Illustrated handbook of physical-chemical properties and environmental fate for organic chemicals / Donald Mackay,
Wan Ying Shiu, and Kuo Ching Ma. c1992-c1997.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 1-56670-687-4 (set : acid-free paper)
1. Organic compounds--Environmental aspects--Handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. Environmental chemistry--Handbooks, manuals, etc.
I. Mackay, Donald, 1936- II. Mackay, Donald, 1936- Illustrated handbook of physical-chemical properties and environmental fate
for organic chemicals.
TD196.O73M32 2005
628.5'2--dc22 2005051402
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© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Preface
This handbook is a compilation of environmentally relevant physical-chemical data for similarly structured groups of
chemical substances. These data control the fate of chemicals as they are transported and transformed in the multimedia
environment of air, water, soils, sediments, and their resident biota. These fate processes determine the exposure experienced
by humans and other organisms and ultimately the risk of adverse effects. The task of assessing chemical fate locally,
regionally, and globally is complicated by the large (and increasing) number of chemicals of potential concern; by
uncertainties in their physical-chemical properties; and by lack of knowledge of prevailing environmental conditions
such as temperature, pH, and deposition rates of solid matter from the atmosphere to water, or from water to bottom
sediments. Further, reported values of properties such as solubility are often in conflict. Some are measured accurately,
some approximately, and some are estimated by various correlation schemes from molecular structures. In some cases,
units or chemical identity are wrongly reported. The user of such data thus has the difficult task of selecting the “best”
or “right” values. There is justifiable concern that the resulting deductions of environmental fate may be in substantial
error. For example, the potential for evaporation may be greatly underestimated if an erroneously low vapor pressure
is selected.
To assist the environmental scientist and engineer in such assessments, this handbook contains compilations of
physical-chemical property data for over 1000 chemicals. It has long been recognized that within homologous series,
properties vary systematically with molecular size, thus providing guidance about the properties of one substance from
those of its homologs. Where practical, plots of these systematic property variations can be used to check the reported
data and provide an opportunity for interpolation and even modest extrapolation to estimate unmeasured properties of
other substances. Most handbooks treat chemicals only on an individual basis and do not contain this feature of chemicalto-
chemical comparison, which can be valuable for identifying errors and estimating properties. This most recent edition
includes about 1250 compounds and contains about 30 percent additional physical-chemical property data. There is a
more complete coverage of PCBs, PCDDs, PCDFs, and other halogenated hydrocarbons, especially brominated and
fluorinated substances that are of more recent environmental concern. Values of the physical-chemical properties are
generally reported in the literature at a standard temperature of 20 or 25°C. However, environmental temperatures vary
considerably, and thus reliable data are required on the temperature dependence of these properties for fate calculations.
A valuable enhancement to this edition is the inclusion of extensive measured temperature-dependent data for the first
time. The data focus on water solubility, vapor pressure, and Henry’s law constant but include octanol/water and octanol/air
partition coefficients where available. They are provided in the form of data tables and correlation equations as well as
graphs.
We also demonstrate in Chapter 1 how the data may be taken a stage further and used to estimate likely environmental
partitioning tendencies, i.e., how the chemical is likely to become distributed between the various media that comprise
our biosphere. The results are presented numerically and pictorially to provide a visual impression of likely environmental
behavior. This will be of interest to those assessing environmental fate by confirming the general fate characteristics or
behavior profile. It is, of course, only possible here to assess fate in a “typical” or “generic” or “evaluative” environment.
No claim is made that a chemical will behave in this manner in all situations, but this assessment should reveal the
broad characteristics of behavior. These evaluative fate assessments are generated using simple fugacity models that
flow naturally from the compilations of data on physical-chemical properties of relevant chemicals. Illustrations of
estimated environmental fate are given in Chapter 1 using Levels I, II, and III mass balance models. These and other
models are available for downloading gratis from the website of the Canadian Environmental Modelling Centre at Trent
University (www.trent.ca/cemc).
It is hoped that this new edition of the handbook will be of value to environmental scientists and engineers and to
students and teachers of environmental science. Its aim is to contribute to better assessments of chemical fate in our
multimedia environment by serving as a reference source for environmentally relevant physical-chemical property data
of classes of chemicals and by illustrating the likely behavior of these chemicals as they migrate throughout our biosphere.
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Acknowledgments
We would never have completed the volumes for the first and second editions of the handbook and the CD-ROMs
without the enormous amount of help and support that we received from our colleagues, publishers, editors, friends,
and family. We are long overdue in expressing our appreciation.
We would like first to extend deepest thanks to these individuals: Dr. Warren Stiver, Rebecca Lun, Deborah Tam,
Dr. Alice Bobra, Dr. Frank Wania, Ying D. Lei, Dr. Hayley Hung, Dr. Antonio Di Guardo, Qiang Kang, Kitty Ma,
Edmund Wong, Jenny Ma, and Dr. Tom Harner. During their past and present affiliations with the Department of
Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry and/or the Institute of Environment Studies at the University of Toronto,
they have provided us with many insightful ideas, constructive reviews, relevant property data, computer know-how,
and encouragement, which have resulted in substantial improvements to each consecutive volume and edition through
the last fifteen years.
Much credit goes to the team of professionals at CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group who worked on this second
edition. Especially important were Dr. Fiona Macdonald, Publisher, Chemistry; Dr. Janice Shackleton, Input Supervisor;
Patrica Roberson, Project Coordinator; Elise Oranges and Jay Margolis, Project Editors; and Marcela Peres, Production
Assistant.
We are indebted to Brian Lewis, Vivian Collier, Kathy Feinstein, Dr. David Packer, and Randi Cohen for their
interest and help in taking our idea of the handbook to fruition.
We also would like to thank Professor Doug Reeve, Chair of the Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied
Chemistry at the University of Toronto, as well as the administrative staff for providing the resources and assistance
for our efforts.
We are grateful to the University of Toronto and Trent University for providing facilities, to the Natural Sciences
and Engineering Research Council of Canada and the consortium of chemical companies that support the Canadian
Environmental Modelling Centre for funding of the second edition. It is a pleasure to acknowledge the invaluable
contributions of Eva Webster and Ness Mackay.
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Biographies
Donald Mackay, born and educated in Scotland, received his degrees in Chemical Engineering from the University of
Glasgow. After working in the petrochemical industry he joined the University of Toronto, where he taught for 28 years
in the Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry and in the Institute for Environmental Studies. In
1995 he moved to Trent University to found the Canadian Environmental Modelling Centre. Professor Mackay’s primary
research is the study of organic environmental contaminants, their properties, sources, fates, effects, and control, and
particularly understanding and modeling their behavior with the aid of the fugacity concept. His work has focused
especially on the Great Lakes Basin; on cold northern climates; and on modeling bioaccumulation and chemical fate
at local, regional, continental and global scales.
His awards include the SETAC Founders Award, the Honda Prize for Eco-Technology, the Order of Ontario, and
the Order of Canada. He has served on the editorial boards of several journals and is a member of SETAC, the American
Chemical Society, and the International Association of Great Lakes Research.
Wan-Ying Shiu is a Senior Research Associate in the Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry,
and the Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Toronto. She received her Ph.D. in Physical Chemistry from
the Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, M.Sc. in Physical Chemistry from St. Francis Xavier University,
and B.Sc. in Chemistry from Hong Kong Baptist College. Her research interest is in the area of physical-chemical
properties and thermodynamics for organic chemicals of environmental concern.
Kuo-Ching Ma obtained his Ph.D. from Florida State University, M.Sc. from The University of Saskatchewan, and
B.Sc. from The National Taiwan University, all in Physical Chemistry. After working many years in the aerospace,
battery research, fine chemicals, and metal finishing industries in Canada as a Research Scientist, Technical Supervisor/
Director, he is now dedicating his time and interests to environmental research.
Sum Chi Lee received her B.A.Sc. and M.A.Sc. in Chemical Engineering from the University of Toronto. She has
conducted environmental research at various government organizations and the University of Toronto. Her research
activities have included establishing the physical-chemical properties of organochlorines and understanding the sources,
trends, and behavior of persistent organic pollutants in the atmosphere of the Canadian Arctic.
Ms. Lee also possesses experience in technology commercialization. She was involved in the successful commercialization
of a proprietary technology that transformed recycled material into environmentally sound products for the
building material industry. She went on to pursue her MBA degree, which she earned from York University’s Schulich
School of Business. She continues her career, combining her engineering and business experiences with her interest in
the environmental field.
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Contents
Volume I
Chapter 1 Introduction . . . . 1
Chapter 2 Aliphatic and Cyclic Hydrocarbons . . 61
Chapter 3 Mononuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
Chapter 4 Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Related Aromatic Hydrocarbons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617
Volume II
Chapter 5 Halogenated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 921
Chapter 6 Chlorobenzenes and Other Halogenated Mononuclear Aromatics . . . . . . . . . . 1257
Chapter 7 Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) . 1479
Chapter 8 Chlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins . . . 2063
Chapter 9 Chlorinated Dibenzofurans . . . . . . . 2167
Volume III
Chapter 10 Ethers . . . . . . 2259
Chapter 11 Alcohols . . . . 2473
Chapter 12 Aldehydes and Ketones . . . . . . . . . 2583
Chapter 13 Carboxylic Acids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2687
Chapter 14 Phenolic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . 2779
Chapter 15 Esters . . . . . . 3023
Volume IV
Chapter 16 Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds . . 3195
Chapter 17 Herbicides . . . 3457
Chapter 18 Insecticides . . 3711
Chapter 19 Fungicides . . . 4023
Appendix 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4133
Appendix 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4137
Appendix 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4161
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
16 Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds
CONTENTS
16.1 List of Chemicals and Data Compilations . . 3197
16.1.1 Nitriles (Organic cyanides) . . . . . . 3197
16.1.1.1 Acetonitrile . . . . . . . . . 3197
16.1.1.2 Propionitrile . . . . . . . . . 3203
16.1.1.3 Butyronitrile . . . . . . . . 3207
16.1.1.4 Acrylonitrile (2-Propenenitrile) . . . . . . . . . . 3210
16.1.1.5 Benzonitrile . . . . . . . . . 3214
16.1.2 Aliphatic amines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3218
16.1.2.1 Dimethylamine . . . . . . 3218
16.1.2.2 Trimethylamine . . . . . . 3222
16.1.2.3 Ethylamine . . . . . . . . . 3225
16.1.2.4 Diethylamine . . . . . . . . 3228
16.1.2.5 n-Propylamine . . . . . . . 3231
16.1.2.6 n-Butylamine . . . . . . . . 3234
16.1.2.7 Ethanolamine . . . . . . . . 3236
16.1.2.8 Diethanolamine . . . . . . 3239
16.1.2.9 Triethanolamine . . . . . . 3241
16.1.3 Aromatic amines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3243
16.1.3.1 Aniline . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3243
16.1.3.2 2-Chloroaniline . . . . . . 3249
16.1.3.3 3-Chloroaniline . . . . . . 3253
16.1.3.4 4-Chloroaniline . . . . . . 3257
16.1.3.5 3,4-Dichloroaniline . . . 3261
16.1.3.6 o-Toluidine (2-Methylbenzeneamine) . . . . . . 3263
16.1.3.7 m-Toluidine (3-Methylbenzeneamine) . . . . . 3267
16.1.3.8 p-Toluidine (4-Methylbenzeneamine) . . . . . . 3270
16.1.3.9 N,N.-Dimethylaniline . 3274
16.1.3.10 2,6-Xylidine (2,6-Dimethylbenzeneamine) . 3277
16.1.3.11 Diphenylamine . . . . . . 3279
16.1.3.12 Benzidine . . . . . . . . . . . 3283
16.1.3.13 3,3.-Dichlorobenzidine 3285
16.1.3.14 N,N.-Bianiline . . . . . . . 3287
16.1.3.15 .-Naphthylamine (1-Aminonaphthalene) . . . 3289
16.1.3.16 .-Naphthylamine (2-Aminonaphthalene) . . . 3291
16.1.3.17 2-Nitroaniline . . . . . . . 3293
16.1.3.18 4-Nitroaniline . . . . . . . 3295
16.1.4 Nitroaromatic compounds . . . . . . . 3297
16.1.4.1 Nitrobenzene . . . . . . . . 3297
16.1.4.2 2-Nitrotoluene . . . . . . . 3304
16.1.4.3 4-Nitrotoluene . . . . . . . 3308
16.1.4.4 2,4-Dinitrotoluene (DNT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3313
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3196 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
16.1.4.5 2,6-Dinitrotoluene . . . . 3317
16.1.4.6 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3320
16.1.4.7 1-Nitronaphthalene (.-Nitronaphthalene) . . 3326
16.1.5 Amides and ureas . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3328
16.1.5.1 Acetamide . . . . . . . . . . 3328
16.1.5.2 Acrylamide . . . . . . . . . 3330
16.1.5.3 Benzamide . . . . . . . . . . 3331
16.1.5.4 Urea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3333
16.1.6 Nitrosamines 3336
16.1.6.1 N-Nitrosodimethylamine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3336
16.1.6.2 N-Nitrosodipropylamine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3338
16.1.6.3 Diphenylnitrosoamine . 3340
16.1.7 Heterocyclic compounds . . . . . . . . 3342
16.1.7.1 Pyrrole . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3342
16.1.7.2 Indole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3346
16.1.7.3 Pyridine . . . . . . . . . . . . 3348
16.1.7.4 2-Methylpyridine . . . . . 3354
16.1.7.5 3-Methylpyridine . . . . . 3358
16.1.7.6 2,3-Dimethylpyridine . 3362
16.1.7.7 Quinoline . . . . . . . . . . . 3365
16.1.7.8 Isoquinoline . . . . . . . . . 3369
16.1.7.9 Benzo[f]quinoline . . . . 3372
16.1.7.10 Carbazole . . . . . . . . . . . 3375
16.1.7.11 Benzo[c,g]carbazole . . 3378
16.1.7.12 Acridine . . . . . . . . . . . . 3380
16.1.8 Sulfur compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3383
16.1.8.1 Carbon disulfide . . . . . 3383
16.1.8.2 Dimethyl sulfide . . . . . 3386
16.1.8.3 Dimethyl disulfide . . . . 3391
16.1.8.4 Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) . . . . . . . . . . . . 3394
16.1.8.5 Dimethyl sulfate . . . . . 3397
16.1.8.6 Methanethiol . . . . . . . . 3399
16.1.8.7 Ethanethiol . . . . . . . . . 3402
16.1.8.8 1-Propanethiol . . . . . . . 3406
16.1.8.9 1-Butanethiol (Butyl mercaptan) . . . . . . . . . 3409
16.1.8.10 Benzenethiol . . . . . . . . 3412
16.1.8.11 Thiophene . . . . . . . . . . 3415
16.1.8.12 Benzo[b]thiophene . . . 3419
16.1.8.13 Dibenzothiophene . . . . 3421
16.1.8.14 Thiourea . . . . . . . . . . . 3423
16.1.8.15 Thioacetamide . . . . . . . 3425
16.2 Summary Tables . . . . 3427
16.3 References . . . . . . . . . 3438
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3197
16.1 LIST OF CHEMICALS AND DATA COMPILATIONS
16.1.1 NITRILES (ORGANIC CYANIDES)
16.1.1.1 Acetonitrile
Common Name: Acetonitrile
Synonym: cyanomethane, ethanenitrile, methyl cyanide
Chemical Name: acetonitrile
CAS Registry No: 75-05-8
Molecular Formula: C2H3N, CH3CN
Molecular Weight: 41.052
Melting Point (°C):
–43.82 (Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
81.65 (Lide 2003)
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
0.7857 (Dreisbach 1961; Weast 1982–83; Dean 1985)
0.7803 (25°C, Dreisbach 1961)
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
52.7 (calculated-density, Rohrschneider 1973)
57.4 (exptl. at normal bp, Lee et al. 1972)
56.3 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Dissociation Constant, pK:
29.1 (pKa, Riddick et al. 1986; Howard 1993)
32.2 (pKs, Riddick et al. 1986)
–10.12 (pKBH + , Riddick et al. 1986)
Enthalpy of Vaporization, .HV (kJ/mol):
35.01, 31.51 (25°C, bp, Dreisbach 1961)
32.94, 29.82 (25°C, bp, Riddick et al. 1986)
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
8.167 (Riddick et al. 1986)
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 1.0
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C):
> 3.1 . 106 (Booth & Everson 1948)
miscible (Dean 1985; Riddick et al. 1986; Yaws et al. 1990; Howard 1993)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C or as indicated and reported temperature dependence equations. Additional data at other
temperatures designated * are compiled at the end of this section):
11870* (interpolated-regression of tabulated data, temp range –47–81.8°C, Stull 1947)
log (P/mmHg) = 7.12257 – 1315.2/(230 + t/°C), (Antoine eq., Dreisbach & Martin 1949)
11240 (calculated by formula, Dreisbach 1961)
log (P/mmHg) = 7.07354 – 1279.2/(224.0 + t/°C), temp range 5–119°C, (Antoine eq. for liquid state, Dreisbach
1961)
12156* (25.56°C, measured range 7.3–27.38°C, Putnam et al. 1965)
log (P/mmHg) = 7.89511 – 1773.06/(T/K); temp range 280–300.5 K (Antoine eq., Putnam et al. 1965)
11510 (Hoy 1970)
24459* (41.82°C, ebulliometry, measured range 41–82°C, Meyer et al. 1971)
log (P/mmHg) = 6.23655 – 1397.9228/(239.275 + t/°C); temp range 41–82°C (ebulliometry, Meyer et al. 1971)
log (P/mmHg) = [–0.2185 . 8173.2/(T/K)] + 7.938662; temp range: –47.0 to 81.8°C, (Antoine eq., Weast
1972–73)
11919* (25.3°C, measured range 15.1–89.2°C, Dojcanske & Heinrich 1974)
N
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3198 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
8306* (saturated-vapor volume, extrapolated from fitted Antoine eq., Mousa 1981)
log (P/kPa) = 6.4914 – 1420.8649/(T/K – 42.15); temp range 438.9–530.1 K (ebulliometry, Mousa 1981)
9864, 15330 (20°C, 30°C, Verschueren 1983)
11790, 11830 (interpolated values-Antoine equations, Boublik et al. 1984)
log (P/kPa) = 6.39532 – 1420.682/(241.852 + t/°C), temp range: 15.1–89.2°C (Antoine eq. from reported exptl.
data, Boublik et al. 1984)
log (P/kPa) = 7.54606 – 2093.145/(298.369 + t/°C), temp range: 7.26–27.4°C (Antoine eq. from reported exptl.
data, Boublik et al. 1984)
12310 (calculated-Antoine eq., Dean 1985, 1992)
log (P/mmHg) = 7.11988 – 1314.4/(230 + t/°C), temp range: liquid (Antoine eq., Dean 1985, 1992)
11840 (Riddick et al. 1986; Howard et al. 1986; quoted, Banerjee et al. 1990; Howard 1993)
log (P/kPa) = 6.24747 – 1315.2/(230.0 + t/°C), temp range not specified (Antoine eq., Riddick et al. 1986)
11800 (extrapolated-Antoine eq., Stephenson & Malanowski 1987)
log (PL/kPa) = 6.34522 – 1388.446/(–34.856 + T/K), temp range: 314–355 K, (Antoine eq., Stephenson &
Malanowski 1987)
11840 (selected, Riddick et al. 1986)
log (P/kPa) = 6.24724 – 1315.2/(230 + t/°C), temp range not specified (Antoine eq., Riddick et al. 1986)
log (P/mmHg) = 23.1953 – 2.3389 . 103/(T/K) –5.4954·log (T/K) + 7.9894 . 10–10 · (T/K) + 2.3293 . 10–6 ·
(T/K)2; temp range 229–546 K (vapor pressure eq., Yaws 1994)
10604* (22.634°C, comparative ebulliometry, measured range 278–373 K, Ewing & Sanchez Ochoa 2004)
ln (P/kPa) = 14.7340 – 3268.53/(T/K – 31.615), for temp range 290–362 K (comparative ebulliometry, Ewing
& Sanchez Ochoa 2004)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol at 25°C or as indicated and reported temperature dependence equations. Additional
data at other temperatures designated* are compiled at the end of this section):
3.50, 2.78 (exptl., calculated-bond contribution, Hine & Mookerjee 1975)
2.07* (headspace-GC, measured range 0–25°C, Snider & Dawson 1985)
2.033 (computed-vapor-liquid equilibrium VLE data, Yaws et al. 1991)
1.474* (20°C, headspace-GC, measured range 6.0–30°C, Benkelberg et al. 1995)
1.474, 1.477, 1.685 (20°C, headspace-GC, deionized water, rain water, artificial seawater, Benkelberg et al. 1995)
ln (kH/atm) = (13.8 ± 0.3) – (4106 ± 101)/T/K), temp range: 6–30°C (headspace-GC measurement, Benkelberg
et al. 1995)
1.55 (20°C, selected from literature experimentally measured data, Staudinger & Roberts 2001)
log KAW = 2.353 – 1627/(T/K) (van’t Hoff eq. derived from literature data, Staudinger & Roberts 2001)
2.05 (Ostwald concentration coefficient-concn ratio-GC/FID, Bebahani et al. 2002)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
–0.34 (shake flask-GC, Hansch & Anderson 1967; Leo et al. 1969, 1971; Hansch & Leo 1985)
–0.54 (shake flask-GC, Tanii & Hashimoto 1984)
–0.34 (recommended, Sangster 1989, 1993)
–0.34 (recommended, Hansch et al. 1995)
Octanol/Air Partition Coefficient, log KOA:
2.31 (head-space GC, Abraham et al. 2001)
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
–0.523 (estimated-KOW as per regression eq of Bysshe 1982, Howard 1993)
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
–0.523 (soil, estimated-KOW, Lyman et al. 1982; quoted, Howard 1993)
–0.714 (calculated-KOW, Kollig 1993)
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization: t. ~ 21 h from a model river of 1-m deep flowing at 1 m/s with a wind velocity of 3 m/s based
on Henry’s law constant (Lyman et al. 1982; quoted, Howard 1993)
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3199
Photolysis:
Oxidation: rate constant k, for gas-phase second order rate constants, kOH for reaction with OH radical, kNO3
with NO3 radical and kO3 with O3 or as indicated, *data at other temperatures and/or the Arrhenius expression
see reference:
photooxidation t. = 314 – 12559 yr in water, based on measured rate data for reaction with hydroxyl radical
in aqueous solution (Dorfman & Adams 1973; Howard et al. 1991)
kOH* = (4.94 ± 0.6) . 10–14 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 at 297.2 K, measured range 297–424 K (flash photolysisresonance
fluorescence, Harris et al. 1981; quoted, Howard 1993)
kOH* = (1.94 ± 0.37) . 10–14 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 at 298 K, measured range 250–363 K (flash photolysisresonance
fluorescence, Kurylo & Knable 1984)
kOH* = (2.1 ± 0.3) . 10–14 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 at 295 K, measured range 295–393 K (discharge flow-EPR,
Poulet et al. 1984)
kOH(exptl) = 2.1 . 10–14 cm3 molecule–1 s–1, kOH(calc) = 2.0 . 10–14 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 at 298 K (Atkinson
1985)
kOH = 3 . 10–14 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 (Atkinson 1985; quoted, Howard et al. 1991; Howard 1993)
kOH = 1.90 . 10–14 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 and k(soln) = 3.70 . 10–14 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 for the solution-phase
reaction with hydroxyl radical in aqueous solution (Wallington et al. 1988)
kOH* = 2.14 . 10–14 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 at 298 K (recommended, Atkinson 1989)
Hydrolysis:
k = 5.8 . 10–3 M–1 h–1 at pH 7 and 25°C with t. > 150000 yr (Ellington et al. 1987)
kO3(aq.) . 6 . 10–5 M–1 s–1 for direct reaction with ozone in water at pH 2 and 22°C, with t. . 18 yr at pH
7 (Yao & Haag 1991).
Biodegradation: t.(aq. aerobic) = 168 – 672 h, based on aerobic river die-away test data (Ludzack et al. 1958;
quoted, Howard et al. 1991); t.(aq. anaerobic) = 672 – 2688 h, based on estimated aqueous aerobic
biodegradation half-life (Howard et al. 1991).
Biotransformation:
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Air: photooxidation t. = 1299 – 12991 h, based on measured rate constant k = 3 . 10–14 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 for
the vapor phase reaction with hydroxyl radical in air (Atkinson 1985; quoted, Howard et al. 1991; Howard
1993);
atmospheric transformation lifetime was estimated to be > 5 d (Kelly et al. 1994).
Surface water: t. = 168 – 672 h, based on aerobic river die-away test data (Howard et al. 1991);
photooxidation t. = 314 – 12559 yr, based on measured rate data for reaction with hydroxyl radical in
aqueous solution (Dorfman & Adams 1973; Howard et al. 1991);
t. . 18 yr for direct reaction with ozone in water at pH 7 and 22°C (Yao & Haag 1991).
Groundwater: t. = 336 – 8640 h, based on estimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life (Howard et al.
1991).
Sediment:
Soil: t. = 168 – 672 h, based on estimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life (Howard et al. 1991).
Biota:
TABLE 16.1.1.1.1
Reported vapor pressures of acetonitrile at various temperatures and the coefficients for the vapor pressure
equations
log P = A – B/(T/K) (1) ln P = A – B/(T/K) (1a)
log P = A – B/(C + t/°C) (2) ln P = A – B/(C + t/°C) (2a)
log P = A – B/(C + T/K) (3)
log P = A – B/(T/K) – C·log (T/K) (4)
(Continued)
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3200 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
TABLE 16.1.1.1.1 (Continued)
1.
Stull 1947 Putnam et al. 1965 Meyer et al. 1971 Dojcanske & Heinrich 1974
summary of literature data manometer ebulliometry in Boublik et al. 1984
t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa
–47.0 133.3 7.259 4997 41.82 24459 15.1 7359
–26.6 666.6 10.47 5861 46.09 29026 20.1 9413
–16.3 1333 13.791 6914 46.11 29032 25.3 11919
–5.0 2666 18.701 8809 50.36 34288 30.7 15252
7.7 5333 21.905 10244 55.37 41393 35 18292
15.9 7999 23.401 11031 60.64 50155 39.95 22465
27 13332 25.563 12156 65.91 60390 40 22625
43.7 26664 27.38 13187 70.74 71145 44.9 27638
62.5 53329 76.31 85512 50.1 33797
81.8 101325 eq. 1 P/mmHg 81.87 101990 54.9 40517
A 7.89511 81.89 102010 60 49022
mp/°C –41.0 B 1773.06 64.4 57182
bp/°C 81.66 64.95 58102
eq. 2 P/mmHg 70 68967
A 6.23655 73.05 76713
B 1397.923 75.1 81380
C 239.275 77.2 87952
81.1 99431
85.2 112364
88.2 123189
89.2 124776
2.
Mousa 1981 Ewing & Sanchez Ochoa 2004
ebulliometry-pressure gauge comparative ebulliometry
T/K P/kPa t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/kPa
set A set B
438.9 784.4 4.772 4323# 81.4 100.745
440.9 842.8 5.475 4490# 87.792 122.631
442.6 862.3 8.417 5247# 98.589 168.122
444.5 876.9 12.226 6385# 105.665 204.592
447.9 960.3 14.517 7165# 110.961 235.792
450.5 999.2 17.497 8296 121.144 306.279
455.7 1116.5 19.596 9182 132.086 399.5
460.2 1234.6 22.634 10604 142.063 502.665
505.3 2604.9 27.674 13366 150.533 605.601
508.1 1704.6 30.661 15271 157.974 708.993
512.1 1924.0 36.486 19639 164.152 804.861
519.7 3243.3 42.283 24972 170.346 910.819
521.6 3303.1 47.968 31311 176.446 1025.47
524.8 3482.8 51.872 36387 182.586 1151.97
530.1 3722.1 58.125 45907 188.724 1290.2
63.263 55169 195.22 1450.28
bp/K 354.8 68.029 65092 200.902 1602.63
72.425 75440 206.004 1749.88
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Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3201
TABLE 16.1.1.1.1 (Continued)
Mousa 1981 Ewing & Sanchez Ochoa 2004
ebulliometry-pressure gauge comparative ebulliometry
T/K P/kPa t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/kPa
eq.3 P/kPa 76.178 85311 211.619 2110.77
A 6.4914 79.929 95589 217.22 2303.51
B 1420.8649 81.515 101120 222.602 2523.66
C –42.15 84.406 110614 228.33 2747.95
88.462 125129 233.771 2999.22
95.816 155329 339.66 3254.08
100.02 175036 244.858 3512.89
254.64 3760.37
for temp range 290–373 K 258.929 4001.46
eq. 2a P/mmHg 261.882 4174.61
A 14.734
B 3268.53 data fitted to Wagner eq.
C –31.615 for temp range 354.5–535 K
# data not used in regression
FIGURE 16.1.1.1.1 Logarithm of vapor pressure versus reciprocal temperature for acetonitrile.
Acetonitrile: vapor pressure vs. 1/T
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
0.0018 0.0022 0.0026 0.003 0.0034 0.0038 0.0042 0.0046
1/(T/K)
P( gol
S
) aP/
experimental data
Stull 1947
b.p. = 81.65 °C m.p. = -43.82 °C
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3202 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
TABLE 16.1.1.1.2
Reported Henry’s law constants of acetonitrile at various temperatures and temperature dependence
equations
ln KAW = A – B/(T/K) (1) log KAW = A – B/(T/K) (1a)
ln (1/KAW) = A – B/(T/K) (2) log (1/KAW) = A – B/(T/K) (2a)
ln (kH/atm) = A – B/(T/K) (3)
ln [H/(Pa m3/mol)] = A – B/(T/K) (4) ln [H/(atm·m3/mol)] = A – B/(T/K) (4a)
KAW = A – B·(T/K) + C·(T/K)2 (5)
Snider & Dawson 1985 Benkelberg et al. 1995
gas stripping-GC equil. vapor phase concn-GC
t/°C H/(Pa m3/mol) t/°C H/(Pa m3/mol)
deionized water
0 0.614 6 0.72
25 2.066 10 1.0706
20 1.474
enthalpy of transfer: 30 2.356
.H/(kJ mol–1) = 30.54 rain water
20 1.477
artificial
20 1.685
eq. 3 H/atm
A 13.8 ± 0.3
B 4106 ± 101
FIGURE 16.1.1.1.2 Logarithm of Henry’s law constant versus reciprocal temperature for acetonitrile.
Acetonitrile: Henry's law constant vs. 1/T
-2.0
-1.0
0.0
1.0
2.0
0.003 0.0031 0.0032 0.0033 0.0034 0.0035 0.0036 0.0037 0.0038
1/(T/K)
m. aP( / H nl
3
) l om
/
Snider & Dawson 1985
Benkelberg et al. 1995 (in deionized water)
Benkelberg et al. 1995 (in rain water)
Hine & Mookerjee 1975
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Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3203
16.1.1.2 Propionitrile
Common Name: Propionitrile
Synonym: propanenitrile, ethyl cyanide, cyanoethane, propyl nitrile
Chemical Name: propionitrile
CAS Registry No: 107-12-0
Molecular Formula: C3H5N, CH3CH2CN
Molecular Weight: 55.079
Melting Point (°C):
–92.78 (Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
97.14 (Lide 2003)
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
0.7818 (Weast 1982–83; Dean 1985)
0.78182, 0.77682 (20°C, 25°C, Riddick et al. 1986)
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
70.4 (calculated-density, Taft et al. 1985; Leahy 1986; Kamlet et al. 1986, 1987)
78.5 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Dissociation Constant:
33.54 (pKs, Riddick et al. 1986)
Enthalpy of Vaporization, .Hvap, (kJ/mol):
37.41, 32.77 (25°C, bp, Dreisbach 1961)
36.03, 30.96 (25°C, bp, Riddick et al. 1986)
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
5.045 (Riddick et al. 1986)
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 1.0
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C or as indicated. Additional data at other temperatures designated * are
compiled at the end of this section):
104950 (Seidell 1941)
105200 (Hansch et al. 1968)
103000 (Dean 1985; Riddick et al. 1986; Howard 1990)
55000, 65000 (20°C, 30°C, shake flask-GC, measured range 0–90°C, Stephenson 1994)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C or as indicated and reported temperature dependence equations. Additional data at other
temperatures designated * are compiled at the end of this section):
6005* (interpolated-regression of tabulated data, temp range –35–97.1°C, Stull 1947)
10114* (35.5°C, ebulliometry, measured range 35.5–97.35°C, Dreisbach & Shrader 1949)
log (P/mmHg) = 7.15217 – 1398.2/(230 + t/°C); temp range 35.5–97.35°C, (Antoine eq., Dreisbach & Martin
1949)
5333* (22.05°C, measured range –84.66–22.05°C, Milazzo 1956)
5950 (calculated by formula, Dreisbach 1961)
log (P/mmHg) = 7.05846 – 1327.9/(221.0 + t/°C), temp range: 17–137°C, (Antoine eq. for liquid state, Dreisbach
1961)
log (P/mmHg) = [–0.2185 . 8769.0/(T/K)] + 8.079473; temp range: –35 to 97.1°C, (Antoine eq., Weast 1972–73)
6140 (22.05°C, quoted exptl., Boublik et al. 1973, 1984)
6163, 6143 (extrapolated values-Antoine eq., Boublik et al. 1984)
log (P/kPa) = 5.89149 – 1181.562/(206.603 + t/°C), temp range: 35.5–97.39°C (Antoine eq. from reported exptl.
data, Boublik et al. 1984)
log (P/kPa) = 4.43918 – 677.415/(160.551 + t/°C), temp range: –84.7 to 22.05°C (Antoine eq. from reported
exptl. data, Boublik et al. 1984)
N
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3204 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
6140 (extrapolated-Antoine eq., Dean 1985, 1992)
log (P/mmHg) = 5.2782 – 665.52/(159.0 + t/°C), temp range: –84 to 22°C (Antoine eq., Dean 1985, 1992)
5950 (selected, Riddick et al. 1986)
log (P/kPa) = 6.27702 – 1398.2/(230 + t/°C), temp range not specified (Antoine eq., Riddick et al. 1986)
log (P/kPa) = 7.15190 – 1894.10/(T/K); temp range: 9–25°C, (Antoine eq., Riddick et al. 1986)
6306 (calculated-Antoine eq., Stephenson & Malanowski 1987)
log (PL/kPa) = 7.395 – 3213/(T/K), temp range: 357–413 K, (Antoine eq.-I, Stephenson & Malanowski 1987)
log (PL/kPa) = 10.31055 – 3994.667/(T/K), temp range: 373–413 K, (Antoine eq.-II, Stephenson & Malanowski
1987)
log (P/mmHg) = 33.7908 – 2.9113 . 103/(T/K) – 9.1506·log (T/K) + 1.1173 . 10–11·(T/K) + 3.2756 . 10–6·(T/K)2;
temp range 180–564 K (vapor pressure eq., Yaws 1994)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol at 25°C):
3.800 (partial pressure, Butler & Ramchandani 1935)
3.748 (partial vapor pressure-GC, Buttery et al. 1969)
3.752, 3.752, 4.114 (exptl., calculated-group contribution, calculated-bond contribution, Hine & Mookerjee 1975)
5.947 (Howard 1990)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
0.041 (shake flask, Collander 1951)
0.16 (shake flask-GC, Hansch & Anderson 1967; Hansch et al. 1968)
– 0.10 (shake flask-GC, Tanii & Hashimoto 1984)
0.16 (recommended, Sangster 1989, 1993)
0.16 (recommended, Hansch et al. 1995)
Octanol/Air Partition Coefficient, log KOA:
2.69 (head-space GC, Abraham et al. 2001)
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
– 0.108 (estimated-KOW, Lyman et al. 1982; quoted, Howard 1990)
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
0.079 (soil, estimated-KOW, Lyman et al. 1982; quoted, Howard 1990)
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization: using Henry’s law constant, t. = 13.3 h was estimated for a model river 1 m deep flowing 1 m/s
with wind speed 3 m/s (Lyman et al. 1982; quoted, Howard 1990).
Photolysis:
Oxidation: rate constant k, for gas-phase second order rate constants, kOH for reaction with OH radical, kNO3
with NO3 radical and kO3 with O3 or as indicated, *data at other temperatures and/or the Arrhenius expression
see reference:
kOH* = (1.94 ± 0.20) . 10–13 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 at 298.2 K, measured range 298–423 K (flash photolysisresonance
fluorescence, Harris et al. 1981)
kOH = 1.9 . 10–13 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 at 298 K (Atkinson 1985)
kOH = 1.94 . 10–13 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 at 298.2 K, k(soln) = 1.60 . 10–13 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 for the solutionphase
reaction with hydroxyl radical in aqueous solution (Wallington et al. 1988)
photooxidation t. = 83 d in air, based on experimental rate constant assuming t. = 12 h of sunlight for the
vapor-phase reaction with hydroxyl radical in air and t. > 100 d for the reaction with ozone in the
atmosphere (Howard 1990)
kOH = 0.194 . 10–12 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 at 298.2 K (review, Atkinson 1989)
Hydrolysis:
Biodegradation:
Biotransformation:
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3205
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Air: t. = 83 d, based on experimental rate constant assuming 12 h of sunlight for the vapor-phase reaction with
hydroxyl radical in air and t. > 100 d for the reaction with ozone in the atmosphere (Harris et al. 1981;
quoted, Howard 1990).
TABLE 16.1.1.2.1
Reported aqueous solubilities and vapor pressures of propionitrile at various temperatures
log P = A – B/(T/K) (1) ln P = A – B/(T/K) (1a)
log P = A – B/(C + t/°C) (2) ln P = A – B/(C + t/°C) (2a)
log P = A – B/(C + T/K) (3)
log P = A – B/(T/K) – C·log (T/K) (4)
Aqueous solubility Vapor pressure
Stephenson 1994 Stull 1947 Dreisbach & Shrader 1949 Milazzo 1956
shake flask-GC summary of literature data ebulliometry
t/°C S/g·m–3 t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa
0 62000 –35.0 133.3 35.5 10114 –84.66 1
20 55000 –13.8 666.6 43.76 16500 –77.01 2
30 65000 –3.0 1333 70.45 42066 –67.42 6
40 79000 8.8 2666 84.44 67661 –65.49 7
50 94000 22 5333 97.35 101325 –59.72 13
60 98000 30.1 7999 –52.96 17
70 134000 41.4 13332 –46.19 49
80 156000 58.2 26664 –34.95 133
90 195000 77.7 53329 –22.85 356
97.1 101325 –13.08 707
–2.95 1347
mp/°C –91.9 6.36 2400
16.42 4146
22.05 5333
FIGURE 16.1.1.2.1 Logarithm of mole fraction solubility (ln x) versus reciprocal temperature for propionitrile.
Propionitrile: solubility vs. 1/T
-4.5
-4.0
-3.5
-3.0
-2.5
0.0026 0.0028 0.003 0.0032 0.0034 0.0036 0.0038
1/(T/K)
x
nl
Stephenson 1994
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3206 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
FIGURE 16.1.1.2.2 Logarithm of vapor pressure versus reciprocal temperature for propionitrile.
Propionitrile: vapor pressure vs. 1/T
-2.0
-1.0
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
0.0026 0.003 0.0034 0.0038 0.0042 0.0046 0.005 0.0054 0.0058
1/(T/K)
P( gol
S
) aP/
Dreisbach & Shrader 1949
Milazzo 1956
Stull 1947
b.p. = 97.14 °C m.p. = -92.78 °C
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3207
16.1.1.3 Butyronitrile
Common Name: n-Butyronitrile
Synonym: butanenitrile
Chemical Name: butyronitrile
CAS Registry No: 109-74-0
Molecular Formula: C4H7N, CH3CH2CH2CN
Molecular Weight: 69.106
Melting Point (°C):
–111.9 (Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
117.6 (Lide 2003)
Density (g/cm3):
0.7911, 0.7865 (20°C, 25°C, Riddick et al. 1986)
Dissociation Constant, pKa:
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
88.4 (30°C, Stephenson & Malanowski 1987)
100.7 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Enthalpy of Vaporization, .HV (kJ/mol):
39.33, 34.43 (25°C, bp, Riddick et al. 1986)
Enthalpy of Sublimation, .Hsubl (kJ/mol):
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
5.021 (Riddick et al. 1986)
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 1.0
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C or as indicated. Other data at other temperatures designated * are compiled
at the end of this section):
33000 (selected, Riddick et al. 1986)
33500* (20°C, shake flask-GC/TC, measured range 0–90°C, Stephenson 1994)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C or as indicated and the reported temperature dependence equations. Additional data at
other temperatures designated * are compiled at the end of this section):
1333* (25.7°C, summary of literature data, temp range –20 to 117.5°C, Stull 1947)
3592* (30.64°C, ebulliometry, measured range 30.64–120.223°C, Meyer et al. 1971)
log (P/mmHg) = 6.771124 – 1444.5851/(t/°C + 223.275); temp range 30.64–120.223°C (Antoine eq.,
ebulliometric measurements, Meyer et al. 1971)
13831* (59.807°C, ebulliometry, measured range 59.807–127.707°C, Meyer & Hotz 1976)
2546 (selected, Riddick et al. 1986)
log (P/kPa) = 6.25390 – 1452.076/(t/°C + 224.1855); temp range not specified (Riddick et al. 1986)
log (PL/kPa) = 6.25397 – 1452.076/(–46.9645 + T/K); temp range 332–401 K (Antoine eq., Stephenson &
Malanowski 1987)
log (P/mmHg) = 4.8780 – 2.5505 . 103/(T/K) + 3.6306·log (T/K) – 1.663 . 10–2·(T/K) + 1.0604 . 10–5·(T/K)2;
temp range 161–582 K (vapor pressure eq., Yaws 1994)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa m3/mol at 25°C):
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
0.53 (shake flask-GC, Tanii & Hashimoto 1984)
0.53 (recommended, Sangster 1993; Hansch et al. 1995)
N
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3208 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF or log KB:
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
TABLE 16.1.1.3.1
Reported aqueous solubilities and vapor pressures of butyronitrile at various temperatures
log P = A – B/(T/K) (1) ln P = A – B/(T/K) (1a)
log P = A – B/(C + t/°C) (2) ln P = A – B/(C + t/°C) (2a)
log P = A – B/(C + T/K) (3)
log P = A – B/(T/K) – C·log (T/K) (4)
Aqueous solubility Vapor pressure
Stephenson 1994 Stull 1947 Meyer et al. 1971 Meyer & Hotz 1976
shake flask-GC summary of literature data ebulliometry ebulliometry
t/°C S/g·m–3 t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa
0 37500 –20.0 133.3 30.64 3592 59.807 13831
20 33500 2.10 666.6 39.03 5459 65.615 17513
30 33100 13.4 1333 49.913 9041 71.638 22151
40 32500 25.7 2666 59.226 13527 77.023 27111
50 32300 38.4 5333 67.536 18888 83.599 34366
60 32100 47.3 7999 77.313 27448 89.462 42109
70 31900 59.0 13332 86.71 39316 96.022 52382
80 34000 76.7 26664 93.675 48525 102.279 63984
90 36100 96.8 53329 100.638 60811 109.175 79081
117.5 101325 100.701 60928 115.651 95737
107.041 74214 121.838 114148
mp/°C 112.04 88451 127.707 134135
117.254 100344
120.223 109170
bp/°C 117.583
log P = A – B/(C + t/°C)
P/mmHg
A 6.771124
B 1444.5851
C 223.275
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3209
FIGURE 16.1.1.3.1 Logarithm of mole fraction solubility (ln x) versus reciprocal temperature for butyronitrile.
FIGURE 16.1.1.3.2 Logarithm of vapor pressure versus reciprocal temperature for butyronitrile.
Butyronitrile: solubility vs. 1/T
-5.5
-5.0
-4.5
-4.0
-3.5
0.0026 0.0028 0.003 0.0032 0.0034 0.0036 0.0038
1/(T/K)
x nl
Stephenson 1994
Butyronitrile: vapor pressure vs. 1/T
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
0.0022 0.0026 0.003 0.0034 0.0038 0.0042
1/(T/K)
P
( gol
S
) aP/
Meyer et al. 1971
Meyer & Hotz 1976
Stull 1947
b.p. = 117.6 °C
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3210 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
16.1.1.4 Acrylonitrile (2-Propenenitrile)
Common Name: Acrylonitrile
Synonym: cyanoethylene, propenenitrile, 2-propenenitrile, vinyl cyanide
Chemical Name: acrylonitrile, cyanoethylene
CAS Registry No: 107-13-1
Molecular Formula: C3H3N, CH2=CHCN
Molecular Weight: 53.063
Melting Point (°C):
–83.48 (Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
77.30 (Riddick et al. 1986; Howard 1989; Lide 2003)
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
0.8060, 0.8004 (20°C, 25°C, Riddick et al. 1986)
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
65.8 (20°C, calculated-density)
71.1 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Dissociation Constant, pKa:
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
6.230 (Riddick et al. 1986)
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 1.0
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C or as indicated. Additional data at other temperatures designated * are
compiled at the end of this section):
79000 (Klein et al. 1957)
75000 (Gunther et al. 1968)
73500 (20°C, Windholz 1976)
73240 (shake flask-LSC, Veith et al. 1980)
7.35 wt%* (20°C, Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia 3rd ed., measured range 0–60°C, quoted, Basu et al. 1983)
73500 (20°C, Riddick et al. 1986)
69000*, 66400 (20°C, 30°C, shake flask-GC, measured range 0–70°C, Stephenson 1994)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C or as indicated and reported temperature dependence equations. Additional data at other
temperatures designated * are compiled at the end of this section):
14340* (interpolated-regression of tabulated data, temp range –51 to 78.5°C, Stull 1947)
11732* (20°C, temp range 20–77°C, Gudkov et al. 1964; quoted, Boublik et al. 1984)
14100 (Hoy 1970)
log (P/mmHg) = [–0.2185 . 7941.4/(T/K)] + 7.851016; temp range: –51 to 78.5°C, (Antoine eq., Weast 1972–73)
14720 (extrapolated-Antoine eq., Boublik et al. 1984)
log (P/kPa) = 4.77668 – 649.583/(155.006 + t/°C), temp range 20–70°C (Antoine eq. from reported exptl. data,
Boublik et al. 1984)
14370 (Daubert & Danner 1985)
15240 (calculated-Antoine eq., Dean 1985, 1992)
log (P/mmHg) = 7.03855 – 1232.53/(222.47 + t/°C), temp range –20 to 140°C (Antoine eq., Dean 1985, 1992)
11000 (20°C, Riddick et al. 1986)
log (P/kPa) = 6.643 – 11644.7/(T/K), temp range not specified (Antoine eq., Riddick et al. 1986)
14560 (interpolated-Antoine eq.-II, Stephenson & Malanowski 1987)
log (PL/kPa) = 6.12021 – 1288.9/(–38.74 + T/K); temp range 257–352 K (Antoine eq.-I, Stephenson &
Malanowski 1987)
log (PL/kPa) = 6.4811 – 1518.381/(–12.003 + T/K); temp range 283–343 K (Antoine eq.-II, Stephenson &
Malanowski 1987)
N
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3211
15600 (calculated-solvatochromic parameters, Banerjee et al. 1990)
log (P/mmHg) = 35.921 – 2.7763 . 103/(T/K) – 10.101·log (T/K) – 3.1547 . 10–10·(T/K) + 4.7299 . 10–6·(T/K)2;
temp range 190–535 K (vapor pressure eq., Yaws 1994)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol at 25°C):
11.14 (Bocek 1976; quoted, Basu et al. 1983; Howard 1989)
8.918 (calculated-P/C, Mabey et al. 1982)
9.420 (quoted, WERL Treatability Database, Ryan et al. 1988)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
0.25 (shake flask-HPLC, Pratesi et al. 1979)
0.00 (shake flask, Fujisawa & Masuhara 1980, 1981)
0.09 (shake flask-GC, Tanii & Hashimoto 1984)
0.25 (Hansch & Leo 1985)
0.25 (recommended, Sangster 1989)
0.25 (recommended, Hansch et al. 1995)
Octanol/Air Partition Coefficient, log KOA:
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
1.68 (bluegill sunfish, Barrows et al. 1978)
0.00 (estimated-S, Kenaga 1980)
1.68, 0.32 (bluegill sunfish, calculated-KOW, Veith et al. 1980)
0.017 (microorganisms-water, calculated-KOW, Mabey et al. 1982)
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
0.954 (soil, calculated-S, Kenaga 1980)
–0.071 (sediment-water, calculated-KOW, Mabey et al. 1982)
1.101, 1.006; 1.09 (Captina silt loam, McLaurin sandy loam; weighted mean, batch equilibrium-sorption isotherm,
Walton et al. 1992)
–0.0899 (calculated-KOW, Walton et al. 1992)
–0.0890 (calculated-KOW, Kollig 1993)
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization: t. = 6, 1.2, 4.8 d in a typical pond, river and lake are 6, 1.2, and 4.8 d, respectively, with the
reaeration for oxygen in typical bodies of water (Lyman et al. 1982; quoted, Howard 1989)
evaporation t. = 795 min from water with an assumed 1-m depth (Basu et. al. 1983).
Photolysis:
Oxidation: rate constant k, for gas-phase second order rate constants, kOH for reaction with OH radical, kNO3
with NO3 radical and kO3 with O3 or as indicated, *data at other temperatures see reference:
k < 1 . 108 M–1 h–1 for singlet oxygen, and 36 M–1 h–1 for peroxy radical at 25°C (Mabey et al. 1982)
t. = 4.0 h for photooxidation in the troposphere (Callahan et al. 1979)
kOH = (40.6 ± 4.1) . 10–13 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 at 299 K (flash photolysis-resonance fluorescence technique,
Harris et al. 1981)
kO3 < 1 . 10–19 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 at 296 ± 2 K, and tropospheric lifetimes, . > 115 d and . = 3 d due to
reactions with O3 and OH radical, respectively (Atkinson et al. 1982)
kO3 < 1 . 10–19 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 at 296 ± 2 K (Atkinson et al. 1983; quoted, Atkinson & Carter 1984)
t. = 3.5 d for the reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radical by the sunlight (Edney et al.
1983; quoted, Howard 1989)
kOH = 4.8 . 10–12 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 at 298.7 K, and kOH = 3.4 . 10–12 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 at 296 K (review,
flash photolysis-resonance fluorescence technique Atkinson 1985)
photooxidation t. = 3.4–189 h, based on measured rate constant for the reaction with hydroxyl radical in
air (Howard et al. 1991)
kOH = (3.4 – 4.80) . 10–12 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 at 296–298.2 K (review, Atkinson 1989)
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3212 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
Hydrolysis: k(acid) = 4.2 . 10–2 M–1 h–1 at pH 5.0 with t. = 188 yr and k(base) = 6.1 . 10–2 M–1 h–1 at pH 9.0
with t. = 13 yr (Ellington et al. 1987; quoted, Howard et al. 1991, Kollig 1993);
t. = 1210 yr at pH 7.0, based on measured acid and base catalyzed hydrolysis constants (Ellington et al.
1987; quoted, Howard et al. 1991)
t. = 69 d at pH 2, t. = 440000 d at pH 7 and t. = 4.7 d at pH 12 in natural waters (Capel & Larson 1995).
Biodegradation: t.(aq. aerobic) = 30–552 h, based on river die-away test data (Going et al. 1979; Ludzack
et al. 1958; quoted, Howard et al. 1991); t.(aq. anaerobic) = 120–2208 h, based on estimated aqueous aerobic
biodegradation half-life (Howard et al. 1991)
14C labeled acrylonitrile at concentrations up to 100 ppm was completely degraded within 2.0 d in a London
soil under aerobic conditions (Donberg et al. 1992)
t.(aerobic) = 1.3 d, t.(anaerobic) = 5 d in natural waters (Capel & Larson 1995)
Biotransformation: k = of 3 . 10–9 mL cell–1 h–1 for bacterial transformation in water (Mabey et al. 1982).
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Air: t. = 4.0 h for photooxidation in the troposphere (Callahan et al. 1979);
t. = 3.5 d for the reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radical by the sunlight (Edney et al.
1983; quoted, Howard 1989);
photooxidation t. = 13.4–189 h, based on measured rate constant for the reaction with hydroxyl radicals in
air (Atkinson 1985; quoted, Howard et al. 1991);
atmospheric transformation lifetime was estimated to be 1 – 5 to > 5 d (Kelly et al. 1994).
Surface water: t. = 30–552 h, based on estimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life (Howard et al. 1991)
Biodegradation t.(aerobic) = 100 d, t.(anaerobic) = 400 d; hydrolysis t. = 69 d at pH 2, t. = 440000 d at
pH 7 and t. = 4.7 d at pH 12 in natural waters (Capel & Larson 1995).
Groundwater: t. = 60–1104 h based on estimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life (Howard et al. 1991).
Sediment:
Soil: t. < 10 d in soil (USEPA 1979; quoted, Ryan et al. 1988);
t. = 30–552 h based on estimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life (Howard et al. 1991).
Biota:
TABLE 16.1.1.4.1
Reported aqueous solubilities and vapor pressures of acrylonitrile at various temperatures
Aqueous solubility Vapor pressure
Othmer Encyclopedia Stephenson 1994 Stull 1947 Gudkov et al. 1964
Basu et al. 1983 shake flask-GC summary of literature data in Boublik et al. 1984
t/°C S/g·m–3 t/°C S/g·m–3 t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa
0 72000 0 65800 –51.0 133.3 20 11732
20 73500 10 66800 –30.7 666.6 30 18932
40 79000 20 69000 –20.3 1333 40 27998
60 91000 30 66400 –9.0 2666 50 38530
40 68800 3.8 5333 60 57328
50 73600 11.8 7999 70 78660
60 73900 22.8 13332
70 85600 38.7 26664
58.3 53329
78.5 101325
mp/°C –82.0
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3213
FIGURE 16.1.1.4.1 Logarithm of mole fraction solubility (ln x) versus reciprocal temperature for acrylonitrile.
FIGURE 16.1.1.4.2 Logarithm of vapor pressure versus reciprocal temperature for acrylonitrile.
Acrylonitrile: solubility vs. 1/T
-4.5
-4.0
-3.5
-3.0
-2.5
0.0026 0.0028 0.003 0.0032 0.0034 0.0036 0.0038
1/(T/K)
x nl
Basu et al. 1983
Stephenson 1994
Veith et al. 1980
Acrylonitrile: vapor pressure vs. 1/T
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
0.0026 0.003 0.0034 0.0038 0.0042 0.0046 0.005 0.0054
1/(T/K)
P( gol
S
) aP/
Gudkov et al. 1964
Stull 1947
b.p. = 77.3 °C m.p. = -83.48 °C
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3214 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
16.1.1.5 Benzonitrile
Common Name: Benzonitrile
Synonym: benzenecarbonitrile, cyanobenzene, phenyl cyanide
Chemical Name: benzonitrile, benzoic acid nitrile
CAS Registry No: 100-47-0
Molecular Formula: C6H5CN
Molecular Weight: 103.122
Melting Point (°C):
–13.99 (Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
191.1 (Lide 2003)
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
1.0006 (25°C, Dean 1985; Riddick et al. 1986)
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
103.1 (25°C, calculated-density)
107.9 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Dissociation Constant, pKa:
Enthalpy of Vaporization, .HV (kJ/mol):
55.48, 45.94 (25°C, bp, Riddick et al. 1986)
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
10.88 (Riddick et al. 1986)
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 1.0
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C or as indicated. Additional data at other temperatures designated * are
compiled at the end of this section):
4330 (shake flask-UV, McGowan et al. 1966)
2000 (Dean 1985; Riddick et al. 1986)
10000 (selected, Yaws et al. 1990)
4000* (shake flask-GC/TC, measured range 0–90°C, Stephenson 1994)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C and reported temperature dependence equations. Additional data at other temperatures
designated * are compiled at the end of this section):
133.3* (38.4°C, static method, measured range 38.4–190.6°C, Kahlbaum 1898)
133.3* (28.2°C, summary of literature data, temp range 28.2–190.6°C, Stull 1947)
log (P/mmHg) = [–0.2185 . 11341.0/(T/K)] + 8.239760; temp range: 28.2–190.6°C (Antoine eq., Weast 1972–73)
78.86 (calculated-Antoine eq., Dean 1985, 1992)
log (P/mmHg) = 6.74631 – 1436.72/(181 + t/°C), temp range: liquid (Antoine eq., Dean 1985, 1992)
100.0 (Riddick et al. 1986)
log (P/kPa) = 5.87121 – 1436.72/(181.0 + t/°C), temp range not specified (Antoine eq., Riddick et al. 1986)
106.0 (extrapolated-Antoine eq., Stephenson & Malanowski 1987)
log (PL/kPa) = 6.79506 – 2066.71/(–32.19 + T/K), temp range 301–464 K (Antoine eq.-I, Stephenson &
Malanowski 1987)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol at 25°C):
55.32 (computed-vapor-liquid equilibrium VLE data, Yaws et al. 1991)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
1.56 (shake flask-UV spectrophotometry, Fujita et al. 1964; quoted, Leo et al. 1969; Hansch & Leo 1979)
1.56 (shake flask-UV, Holmes & Lough 1976)
N
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3215
1.67 (calculated-fragment const., Rekker 1977)
1.56 (shake flask at pH 7, Unger et al. 1978)
1.66 (RP-HPLC-k. correlation, Miyake & Terada 1982)
1.65 ± 0.01 (HPLC-RV correlation-ALPM, Garst & Wilson 1984)
1.50 (HPLC-k. correlation, Haky & Young 1984)
1.56 (shake flask-GC, Tanii & Hashimoto 1984)
1.56 (RP-HPLC-capacity ratio, Minick et al. 1988)
1.45 (RP-HPLC-RT correlation, ODS column with masking agent, Bechalany et al. 1989)
1.56 (recommended, Sangster 1989, 1993)
1.56 (shake flask-GC, Alcorn et al. 1993)
1.56 (recommended, Hansch et al. 1995)
Octanol/Air Partition Coefficient, log KOA:
4.46 (head-space GC, Abraham et al. 2001)
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization:
Photolysis:
Oxidation: rate constant k; for gas-phase second order rate constants, kOH for reaction with OH radical, kNO3
with NO3 radical and kO3 with O3 or as indicated, *data at other temperatures see reference:
kOH = 3.3 . 10–13 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 at room temp. (Zetzsch 1982; Atkinson 1989)
kOH(calc) = 4.2 . 10–13 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 at room temp. (Atkinson 1985)
kOH(calc) = 3.9 . 10–13 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 at room temp. (Atkinson et al. 1985)
kOH(calc) = 3.6 . 10–13 cm3 molecule–1 s–1, kOH(obs) = 3.3 . 10–13 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 at room temp. (SAR
structure-activity relationship, Atkinson 1987)
kOH(calc) = 4.1 . 10–13 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 (molecular orbital calculations, Klamt 1993)
Hydrolysis:
Biodegradation:
Biotransformation:
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Surface water: an estimated t. = 1.3 d in Rhine River in case of first order reduction process (Zoeteman et al. 1980)
TABLE 16.1.1.5.1
Reported aqueous solubilities and vapor pressures of butyronitrile at various temperatures
Aqueous solubility Vapor pressure
Stephenson 1994 Kahlbaum 1898* Stull 1947
shake flask-GC static-manometer summary of literature data
t/°C S/g·m–3 t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa
0 3500 38.4 133.3 141.4 26664 28.2 133.3
10 3300 45.3 266.6 155.8 39997 55.3 666.6
20 4000 50.0 400.0 165.8 53329 69.2 1333
40 4500 53.8 533.3 174.4 66661 83.4 2666
50 3800 56.9 666.6 181.6 79993 99.6 5333
60 4200 69.1 1333.2 187.7 93326 109.8 7999
(Continued)
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3216 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
TABLE 16.1.1.5.1 (Continued)
Aqueous solubility Vapor pressure
Stephenson 1994 Stull 1947 Meyer et al. 1971 Meyer & Hotz 1976
shake flask-GC summary of literature data ebulliometry ebulliometry
t/°C S/g·m–3 t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa
70 6000 83.0 2666.4 190.6 101325 123.5 13332
80 9500 92.1 3999.7 144.1 26664
90 9100 98.5 5332.9 *complete list see ref. 156.7 53329
103.9 6666.1 190.6 101325
.Hsol/(kJ mol–1) 113.7 9999.2
25 EC 121.3 13332 mp/EC –12.9
FIGURE 16.1.1.5.1 Logarithm of mole fraction solubility (ln x) versus reciprocal temperature for benzonitrile.
Benzonitrile: solubility vs. 1/T
-8.0
-7.5
-7.0
-6.5
-6.0
0.0026 0.0028 0.003 0.0032 0.0034 0.0036 0.0038
1/(T/K)
x n l
Stephenson 1994
McGowan et al. 1966
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3217
FIGURE 16.1.1.5.2 Logarithm of vapor pressure versus reciprocal temperature for benzonitrile.
Benzonitrile: vapor pressure vs. 1/T
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
0.0018 0.0022 0.0026 0.003 0.0034 0.0038 0.0042
1/(T/K)
log(PS/Pa)
Kahlbaum 1898
Stull 1947
b.p. = 191.1 °C m.p. = -13.99 °C
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3218 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
16.1.2 ALIPHATIC AMINES
16.1.2.1 Dimethylamine
Common Name: Dimethylamine
Synonym: aminomethylmethane, N-methylmethanamine
Chemical Name: aminomethylmethane, dimethylamine
CAS Registry No: 124-40-3
Molecular Formula: C2H7N, CH3NHCH3
Molecular Weight: 45.084
Melting Point (°C):
–92.18 (Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
6.88 (Lide 2003)
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
0.6804 (0°C, Weast 1982–83)
0.6556, 0.6496 (20°C, 25°C, Riddick et al. 1986)
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
68.8 (20°C, calculated-density)
67.5 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Dissociation Constant, pKa:
10.732 (Perrin 1965; Weast 1982–83; Howard 1990)
10.77 (protonated cation + 1, Dean 1985)
10.77 (Sangster 1989)
Enthalpy of Vaporization, .HV (kJ/mol):
23.84, 24.61 (25°C, bp, Dreisbach 1961)
23.65, 24.61 (25°C, bp, Riddick et al. 1986)
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
5.941 (Riddick et al. 1986)
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 1.0
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C):
very soluble (Dean 1985)
620000 (selected, Yaws et al. 1990)
miscible (Stephenson 1993b)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C and reported temperature dependence equations. Additional data at other temperatures
designated * are compiled at the end of this section):
101141* (280.018 K, static method, measured range 201.387–280.018 K, Ashton et al. 1939)
236420* (extrapolated-regression of tabulated data, temp range –87.2 to + 7.4°C, Stull 1947)
196800 (calculated by formula, Dreisbach 1961)
log (P/mmHg) = 7.06396 – 1024.4/(238.0 + t/°C), temp range –55 to 37°C, (Antoine eq. for liquid state,
Dreisbach 1961)
log (P/mmHg) = [–0.2185 . 6660.0/(T/K)] + 7.995166; temp range –87.7 to 162.6°C, (Antoine eq., Weast
1972–73)
172220 (20°C, Verschueren 1983)
206180 (extrapolated-Antoine eq., Boublik et al. 1984)
log (P/kPa) = 6.21132 – 962.001/(221.852 + t/°C), temp range –71.77 to 6.858°C (Antoine eq. from reported
exptl. data, Boublik et al. 1984)
202620 (Daubert & Danner 1985)
206000 (extrapolated-Antoine eq., Dean 1985, 1992)
log (P/mmHg) = 7.08212 – 960.242/(221.67 + t/°C), temp range –72 to 6°C (Antoine eq., Dean 1985, 1992)
HN
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3219
196800 (quoted lit., Riddick et al. 1986)
log (P/kPa) = 6.18886 – 1-024.40/(238.0 + t/°C), temp range not specified (Antoine eq., Riddick et al. 1986)
205300 (interpolated-Antoine eq-II., Stephenson & Malanowski 1987)
log (PL/kPa) = 6.29031 – 993.586/(–48.12 + T/K), temp range 201–280 K (Antoine eq.-I, Stephenson &
Malanowski 1987)
log (PL/kPa) = 6.20646 – 965.728/(–50.151 + T/K), temp range 277–360 K (Antoine eq.-II, Stephenson &
Malanowski 1987)
log (PL/kPa) = 7.81489 – 2369.425/(141.433 + T/K), temp range 358–438 K (Antoine eq.-III, Stephenson &
Malanowski 1987)
log (P/mmHg) = 36.9182 – 2.4965 . 103/(T/K) – 10.417·log (T/K) – 1.6287 . 10–9·(T/K) + 4.6496 . 10–6·(T/K)2;
temp range 181–438 K (vapor pressure eq., Yaws 1994)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol at 25°C):
1.796 (exptl., Hine & Mookerjee 1975; quoted, Howard 1990)
1.796, 1.03 (calculated-group contribution, calculated-bond contribution, Hine & Mookerjee 1975)
2.718 (calculated-molecular structure, Russell et al. 1992)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
–0.38 (shake flask-RC at pH 13, Wolfenden 1978)
–0.38 (Hansch & Leo 1985)
–0.38 (recommended, Sangster 1989; 1993)
–0.38 (recommended, Hansch et al. 1995)
Octanol/Air Partition Coefficient, log KOA:
2.00 (calculated-Soct and vapor pressure P, Abraham et al. 2001)
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
–0.523 (calculated-KOW, Lyman et al. 1982; quoted, Howard 1990)
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
2.638 (adsorption isotherm average for five soils, Rao & Davidson 1982; quoted, Howard 1990)
0.602; 2.212; 2.706 (Podzol soil; Alfisol soil; sediment, von Oepen et al. 1991)
2.63 (soil, calculated-MCI, Sabljic et al. 1995)
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization: using Henry’s law constant, t. = 35.1 h was estimated for a model river of 1 m deep flowing at
1 m/s with a wind velocity of 3 m/s (Lyman et al. 1982; selected, Howard 1990).
Photolysis:
Oxidation: rate constant k, for gas-phase second order rate constants, kOH for reaction with OH radical, kNO3
with NO3 radical and kO3 with O3 or as indicated:
kOH = 6.54 . 10–11 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 at 299 K (Atkinson et al. 1977; quoted, Carlier et al. 1986; Atkinson
1989)
photooxidation t. = 5.9 h in air was estimated for the vapor phase reaction with hydroxyl radical of 5 . 105
radicals/cm3 in air (Atkinson et al. 1978; Atkinson 1985; quoted, Howard 1990);
kO3 = (2.61 ± 0.30) . 10–18 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 at 296 ± 2 K (Atkinson & Carter 1984; quoted, Atkinson 1985)
kOH = 6.5 . 10–11 cm3 ± molecule–1 s–1 for the gas-phase reaction with 5 . 105 OH radicals/cm3 at room temp.
having a loss rate of 2.8 d–1 (Atkinson 1985)
kOH(calc) = 63 . 10–12 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 at room temp. (Atkinson 1987).
Hydrolysis:
Biodegradation: aqueous aerobic t. = 2–79 h, based on river die-away test data (Digeronimo et al. 1979; Dojlido
1979; selected, Howard et al. 1991); aqueous anaerobic t. = 8–316 h, based on estimated unacclimated
aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life (Howard et al. 1991).
Biotransformation:
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
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3220 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Air: t. = 5.9 h was estimated for the vapor phase reaction with hydroxyl radical of 5 . 105 radicals/cm3 in air
(Atkinson et al. 1978; Atkinson 1985; quoted, Howard 1990);
photooxidation t. = 0.892–9.20 h, based on measured rate constant for the gas-phase reaction with OH
radical (Atkinson 1985; quoted, Howard et al. 1991) and ozone (Tuazon et al. 1978; selected, Howard
et al. 1991).
Surface water: t. = 2–79 h, based on estimated unacclimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life (Howard
et al. 1991).
Groundwater: t. = 4–158 h, based on estimated unacclimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life (Howard
et al. 1991).
Sediment:
Soil: t. = 86–336 h, based on soil die-away test data (Tate & Alexander 1976; Greene et al. 1981; selected,
Howard et al. 1991).
Biota:
TABLE 16.1.2.1.1
Reported vapor pressures of dimethylamine at various temperatures and the coefficients for the vapor
pressure equations
log P = A – B/(T/K) (1) ln P = A – B/(T/K) (1a)
log P = A – B/(C + t/°C) (2) ln P = A – B/(C + t/°C) (2a)
log P = A – B/(C + T/K) (3)
log P = A – B/(T/K) – C·log (T/K) (4)
log P = A – B/(T/K) – C log (T/K) + D·(T/K) – E·(T/K)2 + F·(T/K)3 (5)
Ashton et al. 1939 Stull 1947
static method summary of literature data
T/K P/Pa t/°C P/Pa
201.387 648 bp/K 280.04 –87.7 133.3
213.802 1959 mp/K 180.97 –72.2 666.6
222.078 3780 .HV/(kJ mol–1) = 26.48 (bp) –64.6 1333
232.137 7775 .Hfus/(kJ mol–1) = 5.94 (mp) –56.0 2666
242.078 14743 –46.7 5333
249.640 22949 eq. 5 P/mmHg –40.7 7999
256.449 33269 A 32.26370 –32.6 13332
262.977 46404 B 2460.10 –20.4 26664
270.182 65491 C 8.6390 –7.1 53329
275.934 84860 D 7.6055.10–3 7.4 101325
279.980 100974 E 3.51389.10–5
277.680 91519 F 5.3241.10–8 mp/°C –96.0
280.018 101141
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3221
FIGURE 16.1.2.1.1 Logarithm of vapor pressure versus reciprocal temperature for dimethylamine.
Dimethylamine: vapor pressure vs. 1/T
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
0.0034 0.0038 0.0042 0.0046 0.005 0.0054 0.0058
1/(T/K)
P
( gol
S
) aP/
Aston et al. 1939
Stull 1947
b.p. = 6.88 °C m.p. = -92.18 °C
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3222 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
16.1.2.2 Trimethylamine
Common Name: Trimethylamine
Synonym: dimethylamino methane, TMA
Chemical Name: trimethylamine
CAS Registry No: 75-50-3
Molecular Formula: C3H9N, CH3N(CH3)2
Molecular Weight: 59.110
Melting Point (°C):
–117.1 (Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (C):
2.87 (Lide 2003)
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
0.6356 (Weast 1982–83)
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
93 (20°C, calculated-density)
93.3 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Dissociation Constant, pKa:
9.801, 9.987 (Perrin 1972; quoted, Howard 1990)
9.80 (pKa, protonated cation + 1, Dean 1985)
9.79 (pKa, Sangster 1989)
Enthalpy of Vaporization, .HV (kJ/mol):
22.85, 24.13 (25°C, bp, Dreisbach 1961)
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 1.0
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C) or as indicated:
410000 (Dean 1985)
890000 (30°C, Howard 1990)
291000 (selected, Yaws et al. 1990)
miscible (Stephenson 1993b)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C or as indicated and reported temperature dependence equations. Additional data at other
temperatures designated * are compiled at the end of this chapter):
221715* (isoteniscope, measured range 0–40°C, Swift & Hochanadel 1945)
log (P/mmHg) = 24.91300 – 2018.37/(T/K) – 6.0303 · log (T/K); temp range 0–40°C (isoteniscope method,
Swift & Hochanadel 1945)
265200* (extrapolated-regression of tabulated data, temp range –97.1 to + 2.9°C, Stull 1947)
226540 (calculated by formula, Dreisbach 1961)
log (P/mmHg) = 6.97038 – 968.7/(234.0 + t/°C), temp range –58 to 32°C (Antoine eq. for liquid state, Dreisbach 1961)
log (P/mmHg) = [–0.2185 . 6361.7/(T/K)] + 7.952370; temp range –97.1 to 2.9°C (Antoine eq., Weast 1972–73)
192500 (20°C, 30°C, Verschueren 1983)
219300, 221800 (extrapolated-Antoine eq., interpolated-Antoine eq., Boublik et al. 1984)
log (P/kPa) = 5.98554 – 1957.276/(237.664 + t/°C), temp range –80.3 to 3.45°C (Antoine eq. from reported
exptl. data, Boublik et al. 1984)
log (P/kPa) = 5.87712 – 894.366/(228.276 + t/°C), temp range 0–40°C (Antoine eq. from reported exptl. data,
Boublik et al. 1984)
214200 (Daubert & Danner 1985)
219000 (extrapolated-Antoine eq., Dean 1985, 1992)
log (P/mmHg) = 6.85755 – 955.94/(237.52 + t/°C), temp range –80 to 3°C (Antoine eq., Dean 1985, 1992)
219900 (extrapolated-Antoine eq., Stephenson & Malanowski 1987)
N
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Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3223
log (PL/kPa) = 6.01402 – 968.978/(–34.253 + T/K), temp range 192–277 K (Antoine eq., Stephenson &
Malanowski 1987)
log (P/mmHg) = 58.6807 – 2.686 . 103/(T/K) – 20.36·log (T/K) + 1.3131 . 10–2·(T/K) – 6.563 . 10–13·(T/K)2;
temp range 156–433 K (vapor pressure eq., Yaws 1994)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol at 25°C):
6.672 (exptl., Hine & Mookerjee 1975)
12.71, 2.16 (calculated-group contribution, calculated-bond contribution, Hine & Mookerjee 1975)
15.64 (calculated-molecular structure, Russell et al. 1992)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
0.27 (shake flask-TN, Sandell 1962; quoted, Leo et al. 1971)
0.27; 0.20 (calculated-f const., calculated-. const., Rekker 1977)
0.16 (shake flask, Hansch & Leo 1985)
0.16 (recommended, Sangster 1989)
0.16 (recommended, Hansch et al. 1995)
Octanol/Air Partition Coefficient, log KOA:
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
< 0.0 (estimated-KOW, Lyman et al. 1982; quoted, Howard 1990)
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
1.462 (soil, estimated-KOW, Lyman et al. 1982; quoted, Howard 1990)
0.602 (soil, estimated-solubility, Lyman et al. 1982; quoted, Howard 1990)
0.778; 2.365; 2.831 (Podzol soil; Alfisol soil;, sediments von Oepen et al. 1991)
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization: using Henry’s law constant, t. = 11 h was estimated for a model river 1 m deep flowing at 1 m/s
with a wind velocity of 3 m/s (Lyman et al. 1982; quoted, Howard 1990).
Photolysis:
Hydrolysis:
Oxidation: rate constant k, for gas-phase second order rate constants, kOH for reaction with OH radical, kNO3
with NO3 radical and kO3 with O3 or as indicated, *data at other temperatures see reference:
kOH = 6.09 . 10–11 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 at 299 K (Atkinson et al. 1977; Atkinson 1989)
photooxidation t. = 62 d in water, based on rate constant k = 1.3 . 1010 L mol–1 s–1 for the reaction with
photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals of 1 . 10–17 mol · L–1 in water (Mill et al. 1980; Guesten
et al. 1981; quoted, Howard 1990)
kOH = 6.10 . 10–11 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 for the gas-phase reaction with 1 . 106 OH radicals/cm3 with a loss
rate of 5.0 d–1 and rate constant kO3 = 9.70 . 10–18 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 for the gas-phase reaction with
7 . 1011 O3 molecules/cm3 with a loss rate of 0.6 d–1 both at room temp. (Atkinson & Carter 1984)
calculated kOH = 64 . 10–12 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 at room temp. (SAR, Atkinson 1987).
Biodegradation:
Biotransformation:
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Air: photooxidation t. = 4.0 h, based on rate constant k = 6.09 . 10–11 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 for the vapor-phase
reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radical of 8 . 105 radicals/cm3 in air at 25.5°C and
t. = 1.4 d, based on rate constant k = 9.73 . 10–18 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 for the vapor-phase reaction with ozone
of 6 . 1011 molecules/cm3 in air at 24.4°C (Atkinson 1985; GEMS 1986; quoted, Howard 1990).
Surface water: t. = 62 d, based on rate constant k = 1.3 . 1010 L mol–1 s–1 for the reaction with photochemically
produced hydroxyl radicals of 1 . 10–17 mol L–1 in water (Mill et al. 1980; Guesten et al. 1981; quoted,
Howard 1990).
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3224 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
TABLE 16.1.2.2.1
Reported vapor pressures of trimethylamine at various temperatures and the coefficients for the vapor
pressure equations
log P = A – B/(T/K) (1) ln P = A – B/(T/K) (1a)
log P = A – B/(C + t/°C) (2) ln P = A – B/(C + t/°C) (2a)
log P = A – B/(C + T/K) (3)
log P = A – B/(T/K) – C·log (T/K) (4)
Aston et al. 1944 Swift & Hochanadel 1945 Stull 1947
static method isoteniscope summary of literature data
t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa
–80.315 805 0 91059 –97.1 133.3
–74.081 1367 15 158520 –81.7 666.6
–62.339 3354 20 188651 –73.8 1333
–51.938 6777 25 221715 –65.0 2666
–46.842 9305 30 259444 –55.2 5333
–41.774 12548 35 302107 –48.8 7999
–35.617 17684 40 349437 –40.3 13332
–28.507 25624 –27.0 26664
–24.155 31772 bp/K 276.03 –12.5 53329
–23.067 33494 2.90 101325
–20.164 38401 eq. 4 P/mmHg
–15.974 46505 A 24.91300 mp/°C –117.1
–11.422 56802 B 2018.37
–8.985 63039 C 6.0303
–7.399 67346
–3.113 80208 .HV/(kJ mol–1) = 23.93
0.780 93495 at bp
2.928 101526
3.454 103611
FIGURE 16.1.2.2.1 Logarithm of vapor pressure versus reciprocal temperature for trimethylamine.
Trimethylamine: vapor pressure vs. 1/T
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
0.003 0.0034 0.0038 0.0042 0.0046 0.005 0.0054 0.0058
1/(T/K)
P( gol
S
) aP
/
Aston et al. 1944
Swift & Hochanadel 1945
Stull 1947
b.p. = 2.87 °C
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3225
16.1.2.3 Ethylamine
Common Name: Ethylamine
Synonym: aminoethane, ethanamine, monoethylamine
Chemical Name: aminoethane, ethylamine
CAS Registry No: 75-04-7
Molecular Formula: C2H7N, CH3CH2NH2
Molecular Weight: 45.084
Melting Point (°C):
–80.5 (Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
16.5 (Lide 2003)
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
0.6829 (Dreisbach 1961; Weast 1982–83)
0.6769 (25°C, Dreisbach 1961)
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
65.4 (5°C, Stephenson & Malanowski 1987)
66.0 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Dissociation Constant, pKa:
10.79 (Perrin 1972)
10.81 (20°C, Weast 1982–83)
10.63 (protonated cation + 1, Dean 1985)
10.70 (Sangster 1989)
Enthalpy of Vaporization, .HV (kJ/mol):
27.08, 27.57 (25°C, bp, Dreisbach 1961)
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 1.0
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C):
miscible (Dean 1985; Howard 1990; Stephenson 1993b)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C or as indicated and reported temperature dependence equations. Additional data at other
temperatures designated* are compiled at the end of this section):
156200* (extrapolated-regression of tabulated data, temp range –82.3 to 16.6°C, Stull 1947)
141620 (calculated by formula, Dreisbach 1961)
log (P/mmHg) = 7.3862 – 1137.30/(235.85 + t/°C); temp range –43 to 47°C (Antoine eq. for liquid state,
Dreisbach 1961)
93325* (20°C, temp range 1.95 to 20°C, Bittrich et al. 1962)
log (P/mmHg) = [–0.2185 . 6845.1/(T/K)] + 7.973674; temp range –82.3 to 176°C, (Antoine eq., Weast
1972–73)
121570, 172220 (20°C, 30°C, Verschueren 1983)
139100 (extrapolated-Antoine eq., Boublik et al. 1984)
log (P/kPa) = 5.12561 – 559.427/(162.579 + t/°C); temp range 1.95–14.65°C (Antoine eq. from reported exptl.
data, Boublik et al. 1984)
139700 (Daubert & Danner 1985)
141000 (calculated-Antoine eq., Dean 1985, 1992)
log (P/mmHg) = 7.05413 – 987.31/(220.0 + t/°C); temp range –20 to 90°C (Antoine eq., Dean l985, 1992)
137500, 141200 (calculated-Antoine eq.-II, III, Stephenson & Malanowski 1987)
log (PL/kPa) = 6.57462 – 1167.57/(–34.18 + T/K); temp range 213–297 K (Antoine eq.-I, Stephenson &
Malanowski 1987)
log (PL/kPa) = 6.43082 – 1140.62/(–32.433 + T/K); temp range 290–449 K (Antoine eq.-II, Stephenson &
Malanowski 1987)
NH2
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3226 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
log (PL/kPa) = 6.21526 – 1009.66/(–49.804 + T/K); temp range 291–367 K (Antoine eq.-III, Stephenson &
Malanowski 1987)
log (PL/kPa) = 6.48782 – 1176.995/(–26.674 + T/K); temp range 377–456 K (Antoine eq.-IV, Stephenson &
Malanowski 1987)
140900 (calculated-Cox eq., Chao et al. 1990)
log (P/mmHg) = 33.2962 – 2.4307 . 103/(T/K) – 9.0779·log (T/K) – 1.3848 . 10–9·(T/K) + 3.8183 . 10–6·(T/K)2;
temp range 192–456 K (vapor pressure eq., Yaws 1994)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol at 25°C):
1.012 (partial pressure, Butler & Ramchandani 1935)
0.683 (exptl., Hine & Mookerjee 1975)
0.859, 0.730 (calculated-group contribution, calculated-bond contribution, Hine & Mookerjee 1975)
0.421 (calculated-molecular structure, Russell et al. 1992)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
–0.30 (shake flask-titration with ion correction, Korenman et al. 1973)
–0.16, –0.14; –0.19 (calculated-fragment const.; calculated-. const., Rekker 1977)
–0.13 (Hansch & Leo 1985)
–0.13 (recommended, Sangster 1989)
–0.14 (calculated-CLOGP, Jackel & Klein 1991)
–0.13 (recommended, Hansch et al. 1995)
Octanol/Air Partition Coefficient, log KOA:
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
< 0.0 (estimated-KOW, Lyman et al. 1982; quoted, Howard 1990)
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization: using Henry’s law constant, t. = 2.0 d was estimated for a model river of 1 m deep flowing at
1 m/s with a wind velocity of 3 m/s (Howard 1990).
Photolysis:
Oxidation: rate constant k, for gas-phase second order rate constants, kOH for reaction with OH radical, kNO3
with NO3 radical and kO3 with O3 or as indicated, *data at other temperatures see reference:
photooxidation t. > 9.9 d for the gas-phase reaction with OH radical in air, based on the rate of disappearance
of hydrocarbon due to reaction with hydroxyl radical (Darnall et al. 1976)
kOH = 2.77 . 10–11 cm3·molecules–1·s–1 at 299 K (Atkinson et al. 1977; quoted, Carlier et al. 1986)
photooxidation t. = 321 d in water, based on a rate constant k = 2.5 . 109 L·mol–1·s–1 for the aqueous-phase
reaction with photochemically produced OH radical of 1 . 10–17 mol·L–1 (Mill et al. 1980; Guesten et al.
1981; quoted, Howard 1990)
kO3 = (2.76 ± 0.34) . 10–20 cm3·molecules–1·s–1 at 296 ± 2 K under atmospheric conditions (Atkinson & Carter
1984)
kOH = 27.7 . 10–12 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 at 299.6 K (Atkinson 1989)
Hydrolysis:
Biodegradation:
Biotransformation:
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Air: t. > 9.9 d for the gas-phase reaction with hydroxyl radical in air, based on the rate of disappearance of
hydrocarbon due to reaction with hydroxyl radical (Darnall et al. 1976);
photooxidation t. = 8.6 h, based on rate constant k = 6.54 . 10–11 cm3·molecules–1·s–1 for the vapor-phase
reaction with an average hydroxyl radical of 5 . 105 radicals/cm3 at 25.5°C (Atkinson 1985; quoted,
Howard 1990).
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3227
Surface water: t. = 321 d, based on a rate constant k = 2.5 . 109 L·mol–1·s–1 for the aqueous-phase reaction with
photochemically produced hydroxyl radical of 1 . 10–17 mol·L–1 (Mill et al. 1980; Guesten et al. 1981;
quoted, Howard 1990).
TABLE 16.1.2.3.1
Reported vapor pressures of ethylamine at various temperatures
Stull 1947 Bittrich et al. 1962
summary of literature data
t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa
–82.3 133.3 1.95 53329
–66.4 666.6 4.55 59995
–58.3 1333 6.85 66661
–48.6 2666 9.15 73327
–39.8 5333 11.05 79993
–33.4 7999 12.85 86659
–25.1 13332 14.65 93325
–12.3 26664
2.0 53329
16.6 101325
mp/°C –80.6
FIGURE 16.1.2.3.1 Logarithm of vapor pressure versus reciprocal temperature for ethylamine.
Ethylamine: vapor pressure vs. 1/T
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
0.003 0.0034 0.0038 0.0042 0.0046 0.005 0.0054
1/(T/K)
P( gol
S
) aP/
Bittrich et al. 1962
Stull 1947
b.p. = 16.5 °C m.p. = -80.5 °C
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3228 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
16.1.2.4 Diethylamine
Common Name: Diethylamine
Synonym: aminoethylethane, N-ethylethanamine
Chemical Name: aminoethylethane, diethylamine
CAS Registry No: 109-89-7
Molecular Formula: C4H11N, CH3CH2NHCH2CH3
Molecular Weight: 73.137
Melting Point (°C):
–49.8 (Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
55.5 (Lide 2003)
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
0.6993, 0.6926 (20°C, 25°C, Dreisbach. 1961)
0.7056 (Weast 1982–83)
0.7070, 0.7016 (20°C, 25°C, Riddick et al. 1986)
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
103.4 (20°C, calculated-density)
109.0 (exptl. at normal bp, Lee et al. 1972)
111.9 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point,)
Dissociation Constant, pKa:
10.98 (Perrin 1965; quoted, Howard 1990)
10.80 (35°C, Perrin 1972)
10.80 (protonated cation + 1, Dean 1985)
11.07 (Sangster 1989)
Enthalpy of Vaporization, .HV (kJ/mol):
31.38, 29.50 (25°C, bp, Dreisbach 1961)
31.32, 29.07 (25°C, bp, Riddick et al. 1986)
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 1.0
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C or as indicated):
815000 (14°C, quoted, Verschueren 1983)
miscible (Dean 1985; Riddick et al. 1986; Yaws et al. 1990)
miscible (Stephenson 1993b)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C and or as indicated reported temperature dependence equations. Additional data at other
temperatures designated* are compiled at the end of this section):
26664* (21°C, summary of literature data, temp range –33.0 to 55.5°C, Stull 1947)
31130 (calculated by formula, Dreisbach 1961)
log (P/mmHg) = 7.14099 – 1209.9/(229.0 + t/°C); temp range –15 to 90°C (Antoine eq. for liquid state, Dreisbach
1961)
39997* (31.45°C, temp range 31.45–60.58°C, Bittrich & Kauer 1962)
31471* (25.17°C, temp range 19.73–40.22°C, Kilian & Bittrich 1965)
log (P/mmHg) = [–0.2185 . 7307.5/(T/K)] + 7.701718; temp range –33.0 to 210°C (Antoine eq., Weast 1972–73)
26660, 38660 (20°C, 30°C, Verschueren 1983)
30110, 31310 (extrapolated-Antoine eq., interpolated-Antoine eq., Boublik et al. 1984)
log (P/kPa) = 4.97981 – 580.448/(143.68 + t/°C); temp range 31.45–60.58°C (Antoine eq. from reported exptl.
data, Boublik et al. 1984)
log (P/kPa) = 5.84728 – 994.478/(203.53 + t/°C); temp range 19.758–40.22°C (Antoine eq. from reported exptl.
data, Boublik et al. 1984)
NH
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Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3229
31130 (selected, Riddick et al. 1986)
log (P/kPa) = 4.92649 – 583.297/(144.145 + t/°C); temp range not specified (Antoine eq., Riddick et al. 1986)
31490 (extrapolated-Antoine eq., Stephenson & Malanowski 1987)
log (PL/kPa) = 5.96802 – 1058.538/(–61.331 + T/K); temp range 302–328 K (Antoine eq.-I, Stephenson &
Malanowski 1987)
log (PL/kPa) = 5.92678 – 1028.405/(–66.2061 + T/K); temp range 325–437 K (Antoine eq.-II, Stephenson &
Malanowski 1987)
log (P/mmHg) = 5.8016 – 583.3/(144.1 + t/°C); temp range 31–61°C (Antoine eq., Dean 1992)
log (P/mmHg) = 32.626 – 2.4918 . 103/(T/K) – 9.3285·log (T/K) + 3.990 . 10–3·(T/K) + 1.1732 . 10–12·(T/K)2;
temp range 223–497 K (vapor pressure eq., Yaws 1994)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol at 25°C):
2.596 (exptl., Hine & Mookerjee 1975)
2.537, 2.37 (calculated-group contribution, calculated-bond contribution, Hine & Mookerjee 1975)
6.67 (calculated-vapor liquid equilibrium VLE data, Yaws et al. 1991)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
0.43 (shake flask, Collander 1951)
0.57 (shake flask-titration, Sandell 1962)
0.60, 0.61; 0.70 (calculated-fragment const.; calculated-. const., Rekker 1977)
0.58 (Hansch & Leo 1985)
0.58 (20°C, shake flask-GC, Takayama et al. 1985)
0.81 (HPLC-k. correlation, Eadsforth 1986)
0.58 (recommended, Sangster 1989)
0.58 (recommended, Hansch et al. 1995)
Octanol/Air Partition Coefficient, log KOA:
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
0.210 (calculated-KOW, Lyman et al. 1982; quoted, Howard 1990)
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
1.699 (soil, calculated-KOW, Lyman et al. 1982; quoted, Howard 1990)
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization: using Henry’s law constant, t. ~ 31.6 h for a model river 1 m deep flowing at 1 m/s with a wind
velocity of 3 m/s (estimated, Lyman et al. 1982; quoted, Howard 1990).
Photolysis:
Oxidation: photooxidation t. > 9.9 d for the gas-phase reaction with hydroxyl radical in air, based on the rate
of disappearance of hydrocarbon due to reaction with OH radical (Darnall et al. 1976);
photooxidation t. = 0.21 d in air, based on an estimated second-order rate constant k = 77.1 . 10–12 cm3
molecule–1 s–1 for the vapor-phase reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals of 5 . 105
radicals/cm3 in air (Atkinson 1987; quoted, Howard 1990).
Hydrolysis:
Biodegradation:
Biotransformation:
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Air: t. > 9.9 d for the gas-phase reaction with hydroxyl radicals in air, based on the rate of disappearance of
hydrocarbon due to reaction with hydroxyl radical (Darnall et al. 1976);
t. = 0.21 d, based on an estimated rate constant k ~ 77.1 . 10–12 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 for the vapor-phase
reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals of 5 . 105 radicals/cm3 in air (Atkinson 1987;
quoted, Howard 1990).
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3230 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
TABLE 16.1.2.4.1
Reported vapor pressures of diethylamine at various temperatures
Stull 1947 Bittrich & Kauer 1962 Kilian & Bittrich 1965
summary of literature data
t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa
–33.0 1333 31.45 39997 19.73 24718
–22.6 2666 34.75 46663 25.17 31471
–11.3 5333 38.05 53329 30.31 39343
–4.0 7999 41.1 59995 34.99 47596
6.0 13332 43.85 66661 40.22 58582
21.0 26664 46.5 73327
38.0 53329 48.85 79993
55.5 101325 51.10 86659
53.20 93325
mp/°C –38.9 55.53 101325
57.05 106658
59.00 113324
60.58 119990
FIGURE 16.1.2.4.1 Logarithm of vapor pressure versus reciprocal temperature for diethylamine.
Diethylamine: vapor pressure vs. 1/T
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
0.0028 0.0032 0.0036 0.004 0.0044 0.0048
1/(T/K)
P( gol
S
) aP
/
Bittrich & Kauer 1962
Kilian & Bittrich 1965
Stull 1947
b.p. = 55.5 °C m.p. = -49.8 °C
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3231
16.1.2.5 n-Propylamine
Common Name: Propylamine
Synonym: 1-aminopropane, 1-propanamine, n-propylamine
Chemical Name: aminopropane, n-propylamine
CAS Registry No: 107-10-8
Molecular Formula: C3H9N, CH3CH2CH2NH2
Molecular Weight: 59.110
Melting Point (°C):
–84.75 (Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
47.22 (Lide 2003)
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
0.7173 (Dreisbach 1961; Weast 1982–83; Dean 1985; Riddick et al. 1986)
0.7123 (25°C, Dreisbach 1961)
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
82.4 (liquid molar volume, Kamlet et al. 1986, 1987)
88.2 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Dissociation Constant, pK:
10.74, 10.789 (20°C, Perrin 1972)
10.71 (pKa, 20°C, Weast 1982–83)
10.57 (pKBH
+ , Dean 1985; Riddick et al. 1986)
10.68 (pKa, Sangster 1989)
Enthalpy of Vaporization, .HV (kJ/mol):
31.13, 29.73 (25°C, bp, Dreisbach 1961)
31.26, 29.54 (25°C, bp, Riddick et al. 1986)
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
10.974 (Riddick et al. 1986)
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 1.0
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C):
miscible (Dean 1985; Stephenson 1993b)
miscible (Riddick et al. 1986; Howard 1990; Yaws et al. 1990)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C and reported temperature dependence equations. Additional data at other temperatures
designated * are compiled at the end of this section):
41800* (interpolated-regression of tabulated data, temp range –64.4 to 48.5°C, Stull 1947)
41050 (calculated by formula, Dreisbach 1961)
log (P/mmHg) = 7.2672 – 1218.1/(229.9 + t/°C); temp range –20 to 81°C (Antoine eq. for liquid state, Dreisbach
1961)
42100* (ebulliometry, calculated-Antoine eq., Osborn & Douslin 1968)
log (P/mmHg) = 6.92646 – 1044.028/(t/°C + 210.833); temp range 23–77.6°C (ebulliometric method, Antoine
eq., Osborn & Douslin 1968)
log [(P/atm) = [1 – 320.379 ± (T/K)] . 10^{0.922208 – 10.51259 . 10–4·(T/K) + 11.25530 . 10–7·(T/K)2}, temp
range: 34–77.6°C (ebulliometric method, Cox eq., Osborn & Douslin 1968)
log (P/mmHg) = [–0.2185 . 7408.0/(T/K)] + 7.867998; temp range –64.4 to 214.5°C (Antoine eq., Weast
1972–73)
32660 (20°C, 31°C, Verschueren 1983)
38550; 42110 (22.97°C, quoted exptl., calculated-Antoine eq., Boublik et al. 1984)
log (P/kPa) = 6.05146 – 1044.082/(210.84 + t/°C); temp range 22.97–77.6°C (Antoine eq. from reported exptl.
data of Osborn & Douslin 1968, Boublik et al. 1984)
42120 (calculated-Antoine eq., Dean 1985, 1992)
NH2
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3232 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
log (P/mmHg) = 6.92651 – 1044.05/(210.84 + t/°C); temp range: 23–77°C (Antoine eq., Dean l985, 1992)
41050 (Riddick et al. 1986)
log (P/kPa) = 6.05136 – 1044.028/(210.833 + t/°C); temp range not specified (Antoine eq., Riddick et al. 1986)
42120 (interpolated-Antoine eq., Stephenson & Malanowski 1987)
log (PL/kPa) = 6.04693 – 1041.725/(–62.596 + T/K); temp range 295–351 K (Antoine eq., Stephenson &
Malanowski 1987)
42125 (calculated-Cox eq., Chao et al. 1990)
log (P/mmHg) = 24.6420 – 2.3152 . 103/(T/K) – 5.8711·log (T/K) – 4.6258 . 10–11·(T/K) + 1.582 . 10–6·(T/K)2;
temp range 190–497 (vapor pressure eq., Yaws 1994)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa m3/mol at 25°C):
1.274 (partial pressure, Butler & Ramchandani 1935)
0.784; 0.732 (exptl.; calculated-group contribution, Hine & Mookerjee 1975)
1.330 (calculated-bond contribution, Hine & Mookerjee 1975)
0.637 (calculated-molecular structure, Russell et al. 1992)
2.01 (gas stripping-GC, Altschuh et al. 1999)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
0.28 (shake flask-GC, Korenman et al. 1973)
0.37, 0.39; 0.31‘ (calculated-f const.; calculated-. const., Rekker 1977)
0.48 (shake flask-GC, pH 13, Yakayama et al. 1985)
0.48 (recommended, Sangster 1989)
0.48 (recommended, Hansch et al. 1995)
Octanol/Air Partition Coefficient, log KOA:
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
–0.886 (estimated-KOW, Lyman et al. 1982; quoted, Howard 1990)
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
< 1.699 (soil, estimated-KOW, Lyman et al. 1982; quoted, Howard 1990)
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization: using Henry’s law constant, t. ~ 2.44 d was estimated for a model river 1 m deep flowing at
1 m/s with a wind speed of 3 m/s (estimated, Lyman et al. 1982; quoted, Howard 1990).
Photolysis:
Oxidation: photooxidation t. = 12 h in air, based on estimated rate constant k = 3.21 . 10–12 cm3·molecule–1·s–1
for the vapor-phase reaction with hydroxyl radical of 5 . 105/cm3 at 25°C in the atmosphere (Atkinson 1987;
quoted, Howard 1990).
Hydrolysis:
Biodegradation:
Biotransformation:
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Air: t. = 12 h, based on estimated second-order rate constant of 3.21 . 10–12 cm3·molecule–1·s–1 for the vaporphase
reaction with hydroxyl radical of 5 . 105/cm3 at 25°C in the atmosphere (Atkinson 1987; quoted,
Howard 1990).
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Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3233
TABLE 16.1.2.5.1
Reported vapor pressures of n-propylamine at various temperatures
Stull 1947 Osborn & Douslin 1968
summary of literature data ebulliometric method
t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa
–64.4 133.3 22.973 38547
–46.3 666.6 27.750 47359
–37.2 1333 32.564 57803
–27.1 2666 37.414 70109
–16.0 5333 42.304 84525
–9.0 7999 47.229 101325
0.50 13332 52.193 120798
15.0 26664 57.195 143268
31.5 53329 62.235 169052
48.5 101325 67.314 198530
72.430 232087
mp/°C –83.0 77.587 270110
FIGURE 16.1.2.5.1 Logarithm of vapor pressure versus reciprocal temperature for n-propylamine.
n -Propylamine: vapor pressure vs. 1/T
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
0.0026 0.003 0.0034 0.0038 0.0042 0.0046 0.005 0.0054
1/(T/K)
log(PS/Pa)
Osborn & Douslin 1968
Stull 1947
b.p. = 47.22 °C m.p. = -84.75 °C
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3234 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
16.1.2.6 n-Butylamine
Common Name: Butylamine
Synonym: 1-aminobutane, n-butylamine. 1-butanamine
Chemical Name: 1-aminobutane, n-butylamine
CAS Registry No: 109-73-9
Molecular Formula: C4H11N, CH3CH2CH2CH2NH2
Molecular Weight: 73.137
Melting Point (°C):
–49.1 (Dreisbach 1961; Riddick et al. 1986; Stephenson & Malanowski 1987; Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
77.0 (Lide 2003)
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
0.7414 (Dreisbach 1961; Weast 1982–83)
0.7392 (Riddick et al. 1986)
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
98.8 (20°C, calculated-density)
110.4 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Dissociation Constant, pK:
10.77 (Perrin 1965; pKa, 20°C, Weast 1982–83; Howard 1990)
10.65 (Perrin 1972)
10.64 (pKa, protonated + 1, Dean 1985; Sangster 1989)
10.77 (pKBH + , Riddick et al. 1986)
Enthalpy of Vaporization, .HV (kJ/mol):
35.54, 32.11 (25°C, bp, Dreisbach 1961)
35.74, 31.80 (25°C, bp, Riddick et al. 1986)
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 1.0
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C):
miscible (Dean 1985; Howard 1990; Yaws et al. 1990)
miscible (Riddick et al. 1986)
miscible (Stephenson 1993b)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C and reported temperature dependence equations):
13850 (Hoy 1970; Abraham 1984)
12230 (calculated by formula, Dreisbach 1961)
log (P/mmHg) = 7.213 – 1308.4/(224.2 + t/°C); temp range 4–114°C (Antoine eq. for liquid state, Dreisbach
1955)
9600 (20°C, Verschueren 1983)
12230 (quoted lit., Riddick et al. 1986; quoted, Howard 1990)
log (P/kPa) = 6.07009 – 1157.810/(207.80 + t/°C); temp range not specified (Antoine eq., Riddick et al. 1986)
12520 (extrapolated-Antoine eq., Stephenson & Malanowski 1987)
log (PL/kPa) = 6.2635 – 1258.745/(–54.49 + T/K); temp range 313–350 K (Antoine eq., Stephenson &
Malanowski 1987)
log (P/mmHg) = 25.0711 – 2.5701 . 103/(T/K) – 5.8985·log (T/K) + 7.9399 . 10–10·(T/K) + 1.192 . 10–6·(T/K)2;
temp range 124–532 K (vapor pressure eq., Yaws 1994)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa m3/mol at 25°C):
1.526 (partial pressure, Butler & Ramchandani 1935)
1.528 (exptl., Hine & Mookerjee 1975)
NH2
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Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3235
1.676, 1.68 (calculated-group contribution, calculated-bond contribution, Hine & Mookerjee 1975)
0.880 (calculated-molecular structure, Russell et al. 1992)
1.785 (gas stripping-GC, Altschuh et al. 1999)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
0.68 (shake flask, Collander 1951)
0.88 (shake flask-titration, Sandell 1962)
0.81 (shake flask, unpublished result, Leo et al. 1971; Hansch & Leo 1987)
0.74 (shake flask-titration, Korenman et al. 1973)
0.90, 0.92; 0.81 (calculated-f const.; calculated-. const., Rekker 1977)
0.80 (inter-lab. shake flask average, Eadsforth & Moser 1983)
0.97 (shake flask-GC, Takayama et al. 1985)
0.86 (recommended, Sangster 1989)
0.97 (recommended, Hansch et al. 1995)
Octanol/Air Partition Coefficient, log KOA:
3.61 (calculated-Soct and vapor pressure P, Abraham et al. 2001)
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
0.505 (calculated-KOW, Lyman et al. 1982; quoted, Howard 1990)
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
1.903 (soil, calculated-KOW, Lyman et al. 1982; quoted, Howard 1990)
1.176, 2.021, 2.029 (Podzol soil, Alfisol soil, sediment, von Oepen et al. 1991)
1.880 (soil, quoted exptl., Meylan et al. 1992)
1.780 (soil, calculated-MCI . and fragment contribution, Meylan et al. 1992)
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization: using Henry’s law constant, t. =1.95 d was predicted for evaporation from a model river 1 m
deep, flowing at 1 m/s with a wind velocity of 3 m/s (Lyman et al. 1982; quoted, Howard 1990).
Photolysis:
Oxidation: estimated vapor phase photooxidation t. = 0.479 d in air, based on a result of reaction with
photochemically produced hydroxyl radical at a concentration of 5 . 105 radicals/cm3 (USEPA 1986; quoted,
Howard 1990).
Hydrolysis:
Biodegradation:
Biotransformation:
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Air: estimated vapor phase t. = 0.479 d, based on a result of reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl
radical at a concentration of 5 . 105 radicals/cm3 (USEPA 1986; quoted, Howard 1990).
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3236 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
16.1.2.7 Ethanolamine
Common Name: Ethanolamine
Synonym: .-aminoethyl alcohol, ethylolamine, 2-hydroxyethylamine, .-hydroxyethylamine, monoethanolamine, MEA
Chemical Name: ethanolamine, 2-aminoethanol
CAS Registry No: 141-43-5
Molecular Formula: C2H7NO, HOCH2CH2NH2
Molecular Weight: 61.098
Melting Point (°C):
10.5 (Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
171 (Lide 2003)
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
1.0180 (Weast 1982–83)
1.0147 (Riddick et al. 1986)
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
60.4 (Stephenson & Malanowski 1987)
73.4 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Dissociation Constant, pK:
9.48, 9.4994 (Perrin 1972; quoted, Howard 1990)
9.50 (pKBH
+ , Riddick et al. 1986)
Enthalpy of Vaporization, .HV (kJ/mol):
92.09, 49.831 (25°C, bp, Riddick et al. 1986)
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
20.50 (Riddick et al. 1986)
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus J/mol K:
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 1.0
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C):
miscible (Dean 1985)
miscible (Riddick et al. 1986; quoted, Howard 1990)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C and reported temperature dependence equations. Additional data at other temperatures
deisgnated * are compiled at the end of this section):
893* (65.4°C, Ramsay-Young method, measured range 65.4–170.9°C, Matthews et al. 1950)
log (P/mmHg) = 44.008 – 4089/(T/K) – 11.446 ± log (T/K); temp range 65.4–170.9°C (Kirchhoff eq., ebulliometry,
Matthews et al. 1950)
8707* (106.1°C, ebulliometry, measured range 106.1–170.37°C, McDonald et al. 1959)
log (P/mmHg) = 7.7380 –1772.11/(186.25 + t/°C); temp range 106–170°C, or pressure range 65.31–760 mmHg
(ebulliometry, McDonald et al. 1959)
53.32 (20°C, Verschueren 1983)
41.64, 46.67 (extrapolated values-Antoine eq., Boublik et al. 1984)
log (P/kPa) = 6.54175 – 1554.149/(171.175 + t/°C); temp range 65.5–170.9°C (Antoine eq. from reported exptl.
data, Boublik et al. 1984)
log (P/kPa) = 6.86239 – 1725.168/(185.556 + t/°C); temp range 106.1–170.37°C (Antoine eq. from reported
exptl. data, Boublik et al. 1984)
42.51 (extrapolated-Antoine eq., Dean 1985, 1992)
log (P/mmHg) = 7.4568 – 1577.67/(172.37 + t/°C); temp range 65–171°C (Antoine eq., Dean 1985, 1992)
48.0 (Riddick et al. 1986)
log (P/kPa) = 6.86290 – 1732.11/(186.215 + t/°C); temp range not specified (Antoine eq., Riddick et al. 1986)
47.34 (extrapolated-Antoine eq., Stephenson & Malanowski 1987)
log (PL/kPa) = 6.8629 – 1732.11/(–86.6 + T/K); temp range 310–444 K (liquid, Antoine eq., Stephenson &
Malanowski 1987)
NH2
HO
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Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3237
34.66 (from Dow Chemical’s Handbook, Howard 1990)
log (P/mmHg) = 72.9125 – 5.8595 . 103/(T/K) –21.914·log (T/K) – 7.1511 . 10–10·(T/K) + 5.9841 . 10–6·(T/K)2;
temp range 284–638 K (vapor pressure eq., Yaws 1994)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol at 25°C):
0.0041 (calculated-bond method, Hine & Mookerjee 1975)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
–1.31 (shake flask, Collander 1951)
–1.29; –1.35 (calculated-f const., calculated-. const., Rekker 1977)
–1.31 (recommended, Sangster 1993)
–1.31 (recommended, Hansch et al. 1995)
Octanol/Air Partition Coefficient, log KOA:
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
< 0.0 (estimated-KOW, Lyman et al. 1982; quoted, Howard 1990)
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
0.699 (soil, estimated-KOW, Lyman et al. 1982; quoted, Howard 1990)
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization:
Photolysis:
Hydrolysis:
Oxidation: photooxidation t. = 11 h in air, based on an estimated rate constant k ~ 3.5 . 10–11 cm3 ± molecule–1 s–1
for the vapor phase reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radical of 5 . 105 radicals/cm3 in air
(Atkinson 1987; quoted, Howard 1990).
Biodegradation:
Biotransformation:
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Air: half-life of 11 h, based on an estimated rate constant of 3.5 . 10–11 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 for the vapor phase
reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radical of 5 . 105 radicals/cm3 in air (Atkinson 1987;
quoted, Howard 1990).
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3238 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
TABLE 16.1.2.7.1
Reported vapor pressures of ethanolamine at various temperatures and the coefficients for the vapor
pressure equations
log P = A – B/(T/K) (1) ln P = A – B/(T/K) (1a)
log P = A – B/(C + t/°C) (2) ln P = A – B/(C + t/°C) (2a)
log P = A – B/(C + T/K) (3)
log P = A – B/(T/K) – C·log (T/K) (4)
Matthews et al. 1950 McDonald et al. 1959
Ramsay-Young method ebulliometric method
t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa
65.4 893 137.9 32264 106.1 8707
65.5 947 144.6 42236 108.43 10058
69.5 1160 150.0 54195 112.29 11427
70.0 1253 161.4 73860 114.55 12702
75.4 1760 170.9 100125 116.79 14049
81.1 2320 125.73 20454
86.4 3280 bp/K 444.1 159.79 71862
90.0 3813 169.20 97584
96.4 5440 .HV/(kJ mol–1) = 46.07 at bp 170.37 101325
101.7 7146 Kirchhoff, Rankine, Dupre
105.5 8559 eq. 4 P/mmHg mp/°C 10.31
112.1 11306 A 44.008 eq. 2 P/mmHg
117.3 14012 B 4809 A 7.7380
125.0 19452 C 11.446 B 173211
132.0 25771 C 186.215
FIGURE 16.1.2.7.1 Logarithm of vapor pressure versus reciprocal temperature for ethanolamine.
Ethanolamine: vapor pressure vs. 1/T
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
0.002 0.0022 0.0024 0.0026 0.0028 0.003 0.0032 0.0034 0.0036
1/(T/K)
P( gol
S
) aP/
Matthews et al. 1950
McDonald et al. 1959
b.p. = 171 °C m.p. = 10.5 °C
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Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3239
16.1.2.8 Diethanolamine
Common Name: Diethanolamine
Synonym: 2,2.-amino-diethanol, 3-aza-1,5-pentanediol, diethylolamine, bis(hydroxyethyl)amine, 2,2.-dihydroxydiethylamine,
.,..-dihydroxydiethylamine, 2,2.-iminobisethanol, 2,2.-iminodiethanol
Chemical Name: diethanolamine
CAS Registry No: 111-42-2
Molecular Formula: C4H11NO2, HOCH2CH2NHCH2CH2OH
Molecular Weight: 105.136
Melting Point (°C):
28.0 (Weast 1982–83; Dean 1985; Riddick et al. 1986; Stephenson & Malanowski 1987; Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
268.8 (Lide 2003)
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
1.0966 (Weast 1982–83)
1.0936 (25°C, Riddick et al. 1986)
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
96.5 (30°C, Stephenson & Malanowski 1987)
126.7 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Dissociation Constant, pK:
8.88, 8.97 (Perrin 1972)
8.88 (pKBH
+ , Dean 1985; Riddick et al. 1986)
Enthalpy of Vaporization, .HV (kJ/mol):
70.3, 65.229 (25°C, bp, Riddick et al. 1986)
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
25.104 (Riddick et al. 1986)
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 0.934 (mp at 28°C)
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C):
954000 (Verschueren 1983)
964000 (Dean 1985)
954000 (20°C, Riddick et al. 1986)
miscible (from Dow Chemical’s Handbook, Howard 1990)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C and reported temperature dependence equations):
< 1.333 (20°C, Verschueren 1983)
0.040 (extrapolated-Antoine eq., Dean 1985, 1992)
log (P/mmHg) = 8.1388 – 2327.9/(174.4 + t/°C); temp range 194–241°C (Antoine eq., Dean l985, 1992)
0.030 (quoted lit., Riddick et al. 1986)
log (P/kPa) = 7.26458 – 2328.56/(174.399 + t/°C); temp range not specified (Antoine eq., Riddick et al. 1986)
log (PL/kPa) = 7.26044 – 2326.23/(–98.907 + T/K); temp range: 423–542 K (liquid, Antoine eq., Stephenson &
Malanowski 1987)
0.0373 (quoted from Dow Chemical’s Handbook, Howard 1990)
log (P/mmHg) =122.0877 –8.8422 . 103/(T/K) –40.422·log (T/K) + 1.4062 . 10–2·(T/K) + 1.1986 . 10–12·(T/K)2;
temp range 301–542 K (vapor pressure eq., Yaws 1994)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol at 25°C):
5.42 . 10–9 (Hine & Mookerjee 1975)
HN
OH HO
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3240 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
–1.43 (shake flask, Collander 1951)
–1.51 (calculated-fragment const., Rekker & De Kort 1979)
–1.43 (recommended, Sangster 1993)
–1.43 (recommended, Hansch et al 1995)
Octanol/Air Partition Coefficient, log KOA:
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
< 0.0 (estimated-KOW, Howard 1990)
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
0.602 (soil, estimated-KOW, Howard 1990)
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization:
Photolysis:
Hydrolysis:
Oxidation: photooxidation t. = 0.72–7.2 h in air, based on estimated rate constant for the reaction with hydroxyl
radical in air (Atkinson 1987; quoted, Howard 1990; Howard et al. 1991).
Biodegradation: aqueous aerobic t. = 14.4–168 h, based on measured half-life in surface water grab sample
experiment (Boethling & Alexander 1979; quoted, Howard et al. 1991) and aqueous aerobic screening test
data (Gerike & Fischer 1979; Bridie et al. 1979; quoted, Howard et al. 1991); aqueous anaerobic
t. = 57.6–672 h, based on estimated unacclimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life (Howard et al.
1991).
Biotransformation:
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Air: photooxidation t. = 0.72–7.2 h, based on estimated rate constant for the reaction with hydroxyl radical in
air (Atkinson 1987; quoted, Howard 1990; Howard et al. 1991);
atmospheric transformation lifetime by reaction with water was estimated to be < 1 d (Kelly et al. 1994).
Surface water: t. = 14.4–168 h, based on estimated unacclimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life
(Howard et al. 1991).
Groundwater: t. = 28.8–336 h, based on estimated unacclimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life
(Howard et al. 1991).
Sediment:
Soil: t. = 14.4–168 h, based on estimated unacclimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life (Howard et al.
1991).
Biota:
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Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3241
16.1.2.9 Triethanolamine
Common Name: Triethanolamine
Synonym: 2,2.,2.-nitrilotriethanol, 2,2.,2.-nitrilotrisethanol, triethylolamine, trihydroxytriethylamine, trolamine,
tris(hydroxyethyl)–amine, TEA
Chemical Name: triethanolamine
CAS Registry No: 102-71-6
Molecular Formula: C6H15NO3, (HOCH2CH2)3N
Molecular Weight: 149.188
Melting Point (°C):
20.5 (Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
335.4 (Dean 1985; Riddick et al. 1986; Stephenson & Malanowski 1987; Lide 2003)
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
1.1242 (Weast 1982–83; Dean 1985)
1.1196 (25°C, Riddick et al. 1986)
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
133.3 (Stephenson & Malanowski 1987)
182.1 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Dissociation Constant, pK:
7.92 (Perrin 1972; quoted, Howard 1990)
7.76 (pKBH
+ , Dean 1985; Riddick et al. 1986)
Enthalpy of Vaporization, .HV (kJ/mol):
67.475 (bp, Riddick et al. 1986)
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
27.20 (Riddick et al. 1986)
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 1.0
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C):
miscible (Dean 1985; Howard 1990)
miscible (Riddick et al. 1986)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C and reported temperature dependence equations):
< 1.33 (20°C, Verschueren 1983)
0.0131 (extrapolated-Antoine eq., Boublik et al. 1984)
log (P/kPa) = 9.19319 – 4543.817/(297.839 + t/°C), temp range: 252.7–305.6°C (Antoine eq. from reported exptl.
data, Boublik et al. 1984)
0.0100 (extrapolated-Antoine eq., Dean 1985, 1992)
log (P/mmHg) = 10.0675 – 4542.78/(297.76 + t/°C), temp range: 252–305°C (Antoine eq., Dean l985, 1992)
< 1.30 (20°C, Riddick et al. 1986)
log (P/kPa) = 7.67989 – 2962.73/(186.75 + t/°C), temp range not specified (Antoine eq., Riddick et al. 1986)
log (PL/kPa) = 9.53861 – 4951.87/(49.99 + T/K), temp range: 523–579 K, (Antoine eq., Stephenson &
Malanowski 1987)
4.79 . 10–4 (quoted from Dow Chemical’s Handbook, Howard 1990)
log (P/mmHg) = 135.3206 –1.0312 . 104/(T/K) –44.637·log (T/K) + 1.4368 . 10–2·(T/K) – 1.7552 . 10–13·(T/K)2;
temp range 294–787 K (vapor pressure eq., Yaws 1994)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol at 25°C):
3.42 . 10–14 (Hine & Mookerjee 1975)
N
OH HO
OH
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3242 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
–1.32, –1.75 (calculated, Verschueren 1983)
–1.59 (Howard 1990)
–1.00 (recommended, Hansch et al. 1995)
Octanol/Air Partition Coefficient, log KOA:
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
< 0.0 (estimated-KOW, Howard 1990)
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
0.477 (soil, estimated-KOW, Howard 1990)
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization:
Photolysis:
Hydrolysis:
Oxidation: photooxidation t. = 4.0 h in air, based on an estimated rate constant k ~ 10.4 . 10–11 cm3·molecule–1 s–1
for the vapor phase reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radical of 5 . 105 radicals/cm3 in air
at 25°C (Atkinson 1987; quoted, Howard 1990).
Biodegradation:
Biotransformation:
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Air: t. = 4.0 h, based on an estimated rate constant k ~ 10.4 . 10–11 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 for the vapor phase
reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radical of 5 . 105 radicals/cm3 in air at 25°C (Atkinson
1987; quoted, Howard 1990).
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Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3243
16.1.3 AROMATIC AMINES
16.1.3.1 Aniline
Common Name: Aniline
Synonym: phenylamine, aminobenzene, benzeneamine, benzenamine
Chemical Name: aniline
CAS Registry No: 62-53-3
Molecular Formula: C6H5NH2
Molecular Weight: 93.127
Melting Point (°C):
–6.02 (Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
184.1 (Lide 2003)
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
1.02173, 1.01750 (20°C, 25°C, Dreisbach 1955)
1.02173 (20°C, Weast 1982–83)
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
91.2 (20°C, calculated-density)
110.2 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Dissociation Constant, pKa:
4.596 (Perrin 1972; Howard 1989)
4.600 (McLeese et al. 1979; Riddick et al. 1986; Sangster 1989 )
4.630 (Weast 1982–83)
4.58, 3.96 (quoted, HPLC, Miyake et al. 1987)
Enthalpy of Vaporization, .HV (kJ/mol):
54.28, 43.17 (25°C, bp, Dreisbach 1955)
55.843, 44.53 (25°C, bp, Riddick et al. 1986)
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 1.0
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C):
36650 (Hill & Macy 1924)
36070 (Seidell 1941)
38670 (shake flask-residue volume method, Booth & Everson 1948)
36220 (shake flask-interferometry, Donahue & Bartell 1952)
34100 (Stephen & Stephen 1963)
36600 (Kenaga 1980)
34000 (Verschueren 1983)
56900 (calculated-activity coeff. . by UNIFAC, Fu & Luthy 1985, 1986)
33800 (selected, Riddick et al. 1986)
34200 (selected, Yaws et al. 1990)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C and reported temperature dependence equations. Additional data at other temperatures
designated * are compiled at the end of this section):
133.3 (43.7°C, static method, measured range 43.7–183.9°C, Kahlbaum 1898)
85.71* (extrapolated-regression of tabulated data, temp range 34.8–184.4°C Stull 1947)
log (P/mmHg) = 7.57170 – 1941.7/(230 + t/°C) (Antoine eq., Dreisbach & Martin 1949)
10351* (112.92°C, ebulliometry, measured range 112.92–183.93°C, Dreisbach & Shrader 1949)
89.52 (calculated by formula, Dreisbach 1955; quoted, Riddick et al. 1986)
NH2
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3244 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
log (P/mmHg) = 7.24179 – 1674.3/(200.0 + t/°C); temp range 90–250°C (Antoine eq. for liquid state, Dreisbach
1955)
6806* (102.59°C, ebulliometry, measured range 102.59–185.15°C, McDonald et al. 1959)
log (P/mmHg) = 7.25375 – 1684.35/(201.175 + t/°C, temp range 103–185°C (Antoine eq., ebulliometry,
McDonald et al. 1959)
133.3* (31.55°C, calculated-thermodynamic properties, temp range 31.55–184.40°C, Hatton et al. 1962)
log (P/mmHg) = [–0.2185 . 11307.6/(T/K)] + 8.221995; temp range 34.8–422.4°C (Antoine eq., Weast 1972–73)
88.30 (extrapolated-Antoine eq., Boublik et al. 1973)
log (P/mmHg) = 7.3201 – 1731.515/(205.049 + t/°C); temp range 102.6–185.2°C (Antoine eq. from reported
exptl. data of McDonald et al.1959, Boublik et al. 1973)
log (P/mmHg) = [–0.2185 . 11307.6/(T/K)] + 8.221995; temp range 34.8–422.4°C (Antoine eq., Weast 1972–73)
82.71 (calculated-Cox eq., Chao et al. 1983)
log (P/atm) = [1– 457.025/(T/K)] . 10^{0.911551 – 6.64936 . 10–4·(T/K) + 5.25455 . 10–7·(T/K)2}; temp range:
267.3–695.0 K (Cox eq., Chao et al. 1983)
80 ± 6 (gas saturation-HPLC/UV, Sonnefeld et al. 1983)
40.0 (20°C, Verschueren 1983)
88.0, 48.24 (extrapolated-Antoine eq., Boublik et al. 1984)
log (P/kPa) = 6.43196 – 1722.154/(205.002 + t/°C); temp range 102.6–185.2°C (Antoine eq. from reported exptl.
data, Boublik et al. 1984)
log (P/kPa) = 5.68977 – 1234.569/(151.207 + t/°C); temp range 112.9–183.9°C (Antoine eq. from reported exptl.
data, Boublik et al. 1984)
65.18 (Daubert & Danner 1985)
89.30 (extrapolated-Antoine eq., Dean 1985, 1992)
log (P/mmHg) = 7.32010 – 1731.515/(206.049 + t/°C); temp range 102–185°C (Antoine eq., Dean l985, 1992)
log (P/kPa) = 5.69066 – 1941.7/(230.0 + t/°C), temp range not specified (Antoine eq., Riddick et al. 1986)
89.60 (calculated-Antoine eq., Stephenson & Malanowski 1987)
log (PL/kPa) = 6.40627 – 1702.817/(–70.155 + T/K); temp range 304–458 K (Antoine eq.-I, Stephenson &
Malanowski 1987)
log (PL/kPa) = 8.1019 – 2728/(T/K); temp range 273–338 K (Antoine eq.-II, Stephenson & Malanowski 1987)
log (PL/kPa) = 6.41147 – 1708.239/(–69.454 + T/K); temp range 373–458 K (Antoine eq.-III, Stephenson &
Malanowski 1987)
log (PL/kPa) = 6.44338 – 1682.348/(–78.065 + T/K); temp range: 455–523 K (Antoine eq.-IV, Stephenson &
Malanowski 1987)
86.70 (calculated-Cox eq., Chao et al. 1990)
log (P/mmHg) =124.3764 –7.1676 . 103/(T/K) –42.763·log (T/K) + 1.7336 . 10–2·(T/K) + 5.7138 . 10–15·(T/K)2;
temp range 267–699 K (vapor pressure eq., Yaws 1994)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol at 25°C):
13778 (Hakuta et al. 1977)
12.16 (measured, Yoshida et al. 1983)
0.193 (gas stripping-GC, Altschuh et al. 1999)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
0.90 (shake flask-UV, Fujita et al. 1964)
0.90 (shake flask, Iwasa et al. 1965)
0.90 (shake flask-UV, Hansch et al. 1968)
0.90 (Leo et al. 1971; Hansch & Leo 1979; Hansch & Leo 1983, Hansch & Leo 1985)
0.89 (shake flask-UV at pH 5.6, Umeyama et al. 1971)
0.90 (HPLC-k. correlation, Carlson et al. 1975)
0.85 (shake flask, Lu & Metcalf 1975)
0.90 (HPLC-RT correlation, Mirrlees et al. 1976)
0.93 ± 0.05 (shake flask at pH 7, Unger et al. 1978)
0.90, 0.98, 0.85 (shake flask, Hansch & Leo 1979)
0.91 (HPLC-k. correlation, Konemann et al. 1979)
0.90 (shake flask-UV, Briggs 1981)
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Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3245
1.03 (RP-HPLC-k. correlation, D’Amboise & Hanai 1982)
0.90 (HPLC-k. correlation, Hammers et al. 1982)
0.90 (inter-laboratory studies. shake flask average, Eadsforth & Moser 1983)
1.09 (inter-laboratory studies, HPLC-RT correlation, average, Eadsforth & Moser 1983; Brooke et al.
1990)
1.34, 1.27, 1.08 (HPLC-RT correlation, Harnish et al. 1983)
1.08 (shake flask average, OECD/EEC lab. comparison tests, Harnish et al. 1983)
0.79, 0.96 (HPLC-RV correlation-ALPM, Garst & Wilson 1984)
0.89 (shake flask-UV at pH 7.4, El Tayar et al. 1984)
0.99 (calculated-activity coeff. . from UNIFAC, Campbell & Luthy 1985)
0.81, 1.08 (HPLC-k. correlation, Eadsforth 1986)
0.91 (RP-HPLC-RT correlation, Eadsforth 1986)
0.98 (shake flask-UV at pH 7.5, Martin-Villodre et al. 1986)
0.93 (HPLC method average, Ge et al. 1987)
0.78 (HPLC-k. correlation, Miyake et al. 1987)
1.18 (calculated-activity coeff. . from UNIFAC, Banerjee & Howard 1988)
0.940 ± 0.006 ( shake flask/slow-stirring-GC, De Bruijn et al. 1989)
0.90 (recommended, Sangster 1989, 1993)
0.942 ± 0.010; 0.940 ± 0.006 (shake flask/stir-flask method by BRE; RITOX, inter-laboratory studies, Brooke
et al. 1990)
0.90 (shake flask-GC, Alcorn et al. 1993)
1.21, 0.89, 0.87, 1.09 (HPLC-k. correlation, different combinations of stationary and mobile phases under
isocratic conditions, Makovskaya et al. 1995)
0.92 (shake flask-dialysis tubing-HPLC/UV, both phases, Andersson & Schrader 1999)
0.88 (microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography-retention factor correlation, Jia et al. 2003)
Octanol/Air Partition Coefficient, log KOA:
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
0.78 (fish, Lu & Metcalf 1975)
0.30 (calculated-S, Kenaga 1980)
< 1.0 (fish, Freitag et al. 1982)
< 1.0, 0.602, 3.01 (golden orfe, algae, activated sludge, Freitag et al. 1982)
0.602 (alga Chlorella fusca, wet wt. basis, Geyer et al. 1984)
0.845 (alga Chlorella fusca, calculated-KOW, Geyer et al. 1984)
< 1.0, < 1.0, 2.70 (golden ide, algae, activated sludge, Freitag et al. 1985)
2.77 (Daphnia magna, based on elimination phase, Dauble et al. 1986)
1.87 (Daphnia magna, based on 14C and exposure water, Dauble et al. 1986)
0.70 (fish, correlated-KOW, Isnard & Lambert 1988)
0.78 (quoted, Isnard & Lambert 1988, 1989)
0.41 (zebrafish, Kalsch et al. 1991)
0.41 (zebrafish, Zok et al. 1991)
0.41; 1.04, –0.87, 0.03 (quoted exptl.; calculated values-KOW, Bintein et al. 1993)
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
3.11; 2.11 (H-montmorillonite at pH 8.35; pH 6.80, Bailey et al. 1968)
1.86 (soil average, Moreale & Van Bladel 1976)
1.41 (average of seven agricultural soils, Briggs 1981)
3.59 (colloidal organic carbon/ground water, Means et al.1982)
2.11; 2.61 (soil; more acidic soil, Pillai et al. 1982)
2.49; 2.11 (nonsterile Hagerstown soil; sterile Hagerstown soil, Pillai et al. 1982)
2.96; 2.61 (nonsterile Palouse soil; sterile Palouse soil, Pillai et al. 1982)
1.17 (soil, quoted as log KOM, Sabljic 1987)
2.12, 2.05, 2.06 (calculated values: Podzol soil, Alfisol soil, sediment, von Oepen et al. 1991)
0.596 (calculated-KOW, Kollig 1993)
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3246 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
1.08, 1.25, 0.98 (RP-HPLC-k. correlation on 3 different stationary phases, Szabo et al. 1995)
1.41 (soil, calculated-MCI 1., Sabljic et al. 1995)
2.07; 1.65 (HPLC-screening method; calculated-PCKOC fragment method, Muller & Kordel 1996)
2.70, 1.64, 2.08, 2.04, 2.29 (first generation Eurosoils ES-1, ES-2, ES-3, ES-4, ES-5, shake flask-batch equilibrium-
HPLC/UV, Gawlik et al. 1998)
2.384, 1.503, 1.279, 1.437, 2.136 (second generation Eurosoils ES-1, ES-2, ES-3, ES-4, ES-5, shake flask-batch
equilibrium-HPLC/UV and HPLC-k. correlation, Gawlik et al. 2000)
1.0–1.54 (5 soils, pH 2.8–7.2, batch equilibrium-sorption isotherm, Li et al. 2000)
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization: estimated t. = 12 d from a measured Henry’s law constant of 1.2 . 10–4 atm m3 mol–1 (Yoshida
et al. 1983; quoted, Howard 1989) for a model river of 1-m deep with a 1 m/s current and a 3 m/s wind
(Lyman et al. 1982; quoted, Howard 1989);
volatilization t.(calc) = 55 d (Torang et al. 2002).
Photolysis: first-order rate constants for photosensitized reactions in water with various humic substances as
sensitizers: k = 0.17 h–1 with aquatic humus from Aucilla River, k = 0.12 h–1 with Aldrich humic acid,
k = 0.091 h–1 with Fluka humic acid and k = 0.11 h–1 with Contech fulvic acid in sunlight, corresponding
to half-lives of 4 to 8 h (Zepp et al. 1981); photolysis t. = > 50 yr at 15°C and a pH 5–9 (Torang et al. 2002).
Oxidation: rate constant k; for gas-phase second order rate constants, kOH for reaction with OH radical, kNO3
with NO3 radical and kO3 with O3 or as indicated, *data at other temperatures and/or the Arrhenius expression
see reference:
k = 1 . 104 M–1 s–1 for oxidation by RO2 radical at 30°C in aquatic systems with t. = 0.8 d (Howard 1972;
Hendry et al. 1974; quoted, Mill 1982)
k < 2 . 102 M–1 s–1 for oxidation by singlet oxygen at 25°C in aquatic systems with t. > 100 yr (Foote 1976;
Mill 1979; quoted, Mill 1982)
kOH = 1.20 . 10–10 cm3 molecule–1 s–1, kOH(av.) = 1.17 . 10–10 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 at 296 K (flash photolysis
-RF, Rinke & Zetzsch 1984; Witte et al. 1986)
kOH* = 1.10 . 10–10 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 at 298 K, measured range: 239–362 K (flash photolysis-resonance
fluorescence, Witte et al. 1986)
kOH(calc) = 1.54 . 10–10 cm3·molecule–1 s–1 at room temp. (Atkinson et al. 1985)
kOH(obs) . 6.0 . 10–11 cm3 molecule–1 s–1; kOH(calc.) = 1.16 . 10–10 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 at room temp.
(Atkinson 1985)
kOH(calc) = 1.36 . 10–10 cm3 molecule–1 s–1, kOH(obs.) = 1.17 . 10–10 cm3 molecule–1 s–1, (SAR structureactivity
relationship, Atkinson 1987)
kOH*(exptl) = 1.18 . 10–10 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 at 296 ± 2 K, measured range: 265–455 K; and kO3 = 1.12 .
10–18 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 at 296 ± 2 K (relative rate method, Atkinson et al. 1987)
kOH* = 1.11 . 10–10 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 at 298 K (recommended, Atkinson 1989)
kOH(calc) = 1.385 . 10–10 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 (molecular orbital calculations, Klamt 1993)
Hydrolysis:
Biodegradation: completely degraded by a soil inoculum in 4 d (Alexander & Lustigman 1966; quoted, Verschueren
1983; Howard 1989);
completely degraded in 20 d by bacteria in river mud (Calamari et al. 1980; quoted, Howard 1989);
k = 0.23 d–1 and corresponding to a t. = 3 d in samples of White Lake water at 29°C (Subba-Rao et al.
1982);
average rate of biodegradation k = 19.0 mg COD g–1 h–1 for 94.5% removal (Scow 1982);
biodegradation t. = 4.5 d in unpolluted and t. < 0.5 d in polluted pond water as model environments (Lyons
et al. 1984);
0.46 mM aniline solution degraded by strain Ani1 within 14 d in water (Schnell et al. 1989);
average exptl. k = 0.044 h–1 compared to the group-contribution method predicted rate constants of 0.050 h–1
(nonlinear) and 0.018 h–1 (Tabak & Govind 1993);
first-order k = 1.0 d–1 for batch expt. with Elbe water at 20°C (Bornick et al. 2001);
field first-order degradation k ~ 1.8 d–1 for 2 different dates with water temperatures of 21.9 and 14.7°C,
respectively, in Rhine river and rate constant obtained in laboratory shake flask batch tests with Rhine
water averaged 1.5 d–1 at 15°C and 2.0 d–1 at 20°C (Torang et al. 2002).
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Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3247
Biotransformation: mean bacteria transformation rate constant for all three sites of (1.1 ± 0.8) . 10–11
L·organism–1·h–1 (Paris & Wolfe 1987; quoted, Steen 1991).
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
k1 = 0.052 ± 0.0067 h–1; k2 = 7.200 ± 1.3000 h–1 (Kalsch et al. 1991)
k1 = 11.10 ± 3.2000 h–1 (zebrafish, Zok et al. 1991)
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Air: atmospheric lifetimes of 2.3 h in clean troposphere and 1.2 h in moderately polluted atmosphere, based on
gas-phase reaction with hydroxyl radical at room temp.; atmospheric lifetimes of 15.0 d in clean troposphere
and 5.0 d in moderately polluted atmosphere, based on gas-phase reaction with O3 at room temp. (Atkinson
et al. 1987)
t. ~ 3.3 h, based on reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radical (Howard 1989);
atmospheric transformation lifetime was estimated to be < 1 d (Kelly et al. 1994).
Surface water: estimated t. = 2.3 d in Rhine river in case of a first order reduction process (Zoeteman et al.
1980; quoted, Howard 1989);
estimated t. = 0.3–3.0 d in river waters (Zoeteman et al. 1980);
t. = 4 to 8 h in May sunlight with both commercial humic acids and aquatic humus as photosensitizers
near-surface water and t. ~ 1 wk in distilled water (Zepp et al. 1981);
t. = 6 d in eutropic pond and t. = 21 d in an oligotrophic lake (Subba-Rao et al. 1982; quoted, Howard 1989);
biodegradation t. = 4.5 d in unpolluted and t. < 0.5 d in polluted pond water as model environments (Lyons
et al. 1984);
t. = 4–33 d at 15°C (Ingerslev & Nyholm 2000);
t. ~ 9 h in the Rhine river at 15 and 22°C (Torang et al. 2002).
Ground water: estimated t. ~ 30–300 d (Zoeteman et al. 1980).
Sediment:
Soil:
Biota:
TABLE 16.1.3.1.1
Reported vapor pressures of aniline at various temperatures and the coefficients for the vapor pressure
equations
log P = A – B/(T/K) (1) ln P = A – B/(T/K) (1a)
log P = A – B/(C + t/°C) (2) ln P = A – B/(C + t/°C) (2a)
log P = A – B/(C + T/K) (3)
log P = A – B/(T/K) – C·log (T/K) (4)
Stull 1947 Dreisbach & Shrader 1949 McDonald et al. 1959 Hatton et al. 1962
summary of literature data ebulliometry ebulliometry calc-thermodynamic properties
t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa
34.8 133.3 112.92 10351 102.59 6806 31.55 133.3
57.9 666.6 125.16 17039 117.22 12295 41.82 666.6
69.4 1333 153.2 42103 137.5 25439 52.59 1333
82.0 2666 168.21 67701 160.08 51913 68.62 2666
96.7 5333 183.93 101325 182.4 97103 82.11 5333
106.0 7999 184.24 101912 97.02 7999
119.9 13332 bp/°C 183.93 185.15 104589 119.41 13332
140.1 26664 138.90 26664
161.9 53329 mp/°C –6.02 161.05 53329
184.4 101325 184.40 101325
eq. 2 P/mmHg
mp/°C –6.2 A 7.25375
B 1684.35
C 201.175
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3248 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
FIGURE 16.1.3.1.1 Logarithm of vapor pressure versus reciprocal temperature for aniline.
Aniline: vapor pressure vs. 1/T
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
0.002 0.0024 0.0028 0.0032 0.0036 0.004
1/(T/K)
P( gol
S
) aP/
Kahlbaum 1898
Dreisbach & Shrader 1949
McDonald et al. 1959
Hatton et al. 1962
Stull 1947
b.p. = 184.17 °C m.p. = -6.02 °C
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Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3249
16.1.3.2 2-Chloroaniline
Common Name: 2-Chloroaniline
Synonym: 1-amino-2-chlorobenzene, o-aminochlorobenzene, o-chloroaniline, 2-chlorophenylamine
Chemical Name: 1-amino-2-chlorobenzene, o-chloroaniline, 2-chloroaniline
CAS Registry No: 95-51-2
Molecular Formula: C6H4NH2Cl
Molecular Weight: 127.572
Melting Point (°C):
–1.94 (.-2-chloroaniline, Dreisbach 1955; Weast 1872–83, Riddick et al. 1986)
–14.0 (.-2-chloroaninline, Weast 1982–83; Verschueren 1983; Howard 1989)
–1.9 (Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
208.8 (Kahlbaum 1898; Stull 1947; Dreisbach 1955; Weast 1982–83; Lide 2003)
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
1.21266, 1.20787 (20°C, 25°C, Dreisbach 1955)
1.21251, 1.20775 (20°C, 25°C, Riddick et al. 1986)
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
105.2 (20°C, Stephenson & Malanowski 1987)
131.1 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Dissociation Constant, pKa:
2.661 (Perrin 1972; quoted, Howard 1989)
2.650 (Weast 1982–83)
2.640 (protonated cation + 1, Dean 1985)
2.640 (Riddick et al. 1986)
Enthalpy of Vaporization, .HV (kJ/mol):
57.5 ± 5 (25°C, Piacente et al. 1985)
56.756, 44.35 (25°C, bp, Riddick et al. 1986)
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
11.88 (Riddick et al. 1986)
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 1.0
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C or as indicated):
8760 (Dreisbach 1955)
3765 (20°C, shake flask-GC, Chiou 1981; Chiou & Schmedding 1981; Chiou et al. 1982)
3763 (calculated-KOW, Muller & Klein 1992)
4740 (calculated-group contribution method, Kuhne et al. 1995)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C or as indicated and reported temperature dependence equations. Additional data at other
temperatures designated * are compiled at the end of this section):
40.31* (extrapolated-regression of tabulated data, measured range 64.4–208.8°C, Kahlbaum 1898)
37.77* (extrapolated-regression of tabulated data, temp range 46.3–208.8°C, Stull 1947)
log (P/mmHg) = 7.63311 – 2085.5/(230 + t/°C) (Antoine eq., Dreisbach & Martin 1949)
7605* (124.48°C, ebulliometry, measured range 124.48–208.84°C, Dreisbach & Shrader 1949)
33.77 (calculated by formula, Dreisbach 1955; selected, Riddick et al. 1986)
log (P/mmHg) = 7.19240 – 1762.74/(200.0 + t/°C); temp range 110–330°C (Antoine eq. for liquid state,
Dreisbach 1955)
log (P/mmHg) = [–0.2185 . 12441.0/(T/K)] + 8.56946; temp range 46.3–208.8°C (Antoine eq., Weast 1972–73)
33.88 (calculated-Antoine eq., Dean 1985, 1992)
NH2
Cl
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3250 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
log (P/mmHg) = 7.56265 – 1998.6/(220.0 + t/°C), temp range 20–108°C (Antoine eq., Dean 1985, 1992)
log (P/mmHg) = 7.19240 – 1762.74/(200.0 + t/°C), temp range: 108–300°C (Antoine eq., Dean 1985, 1992)
35.30* (torsion-weighing effusion, Piacente et al. 1985)
log (P/kPa) = (8.63 ± 0.16) – (3006 ± 56)/(T/K); temp range: 287–336 K (Antoine eq., combined torsionweighing
effusion, Piacente et al. 1985)
log (P/kPa) = 6.75801 – 2085.50/(230.0 + t/°C); temp range not specified (Antoine eq., Riddick et al. 1986)
18.97 (extrapolated-Antoine eq., Stephenson & Malanowski 1987)
log (PL/kPa) = 5.84227 – 1432.2/(–108.81 + T/K); temp range 397–482 K (Antoine eq., Stephenson &
Malanowski 1987)
log (P/mmHg) = 90.6491 – 6.041 . 103/(T/K) – 31.118·log (T/K) + 1.1564 . 10–2·(T/K) + 4.8388 . 10–13·(T/K)2;
temp range 271–722 K (vapor pressure eq., Yaws 1994)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol at 25°C):
0.760 (calculated-P/C, Howard 1989)
0.425 (calculated-P/C, Meylan & Howard 1991)
0.143 (estimated-bond contribution, Meylan & Howard 1991)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
1.81 (shake flask, Fujita et al. 1964)
1.90 (Leo et al. 1971; Hansch & Leo 1979; Hansch & Leo 1985)
1.92 (exptl., Leo et al. 1971; McCall 1975; Rekker 1977)
1.92 (HPLC-k. correlation, Carlson et al. 1975)
1.63 (calculated-. const., Norrington et al. 1975)
1.61, 1.73 (calculated-. const., calculated-f const., Rekker 1977)
1.90, 1.92 (shake flask, Hansch & Leo 1979)
1.74 (HPLC-k. correlation, Konemann et al. 1979)
1.74 (calculated-f const., Rekker & De Kort 1979)
1.91 ± 0.01 (HPLC-k., Hammers et al. 1982)
1.99 (HPLC-k. correlated, Hammers et al. 1982)
1.926 ± 0.021 (slow-stirring-GC, De Bruijn et al. 1989)
1.88 (recommended, Sangster 1993)
1.93 ± 0.14, 1.55 ± 0.51 (solvent generated liquid-liquid chromatography SGLLC-correlation, RP-HPLC-k.
correlation, Cichna et al. 1995)
1.90 (recommended, Hansch et al. 1995)
Octanol/Air Partition Coefficient, log KOA:
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
< 2.0 (Kawasaki 1980)
1.30 (estimated, Canton et al. 1985)
1.18 (zebrafish, Zok et al. 1991)
0.301–0.57 (carp, Tsuda et al. 1993)
1.18; 1.56, 0.73, 0.94 (quoted; calculated values-KOW, Bintein et al. 1993)
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization: using Henry’s law constant, t. ~ 5.6 d was estimated for a model river of 1-m deep (Lyman
et al. 1982; quoted, Howard 1989);
estimated t. = 64 d from a representative environmental pond (stagnant) (USEPA 1987; quoted, Howard 1989).
Photolysis:
Oxidation: rate constant of 5.1 . 10–12 cm3/molecule·s for the reaction with hydroxyl radical in a typical ambient
atmosphere at 25°C with t. ~ 2 d (GEMS 1987; quoted, Howard 1989).
Hydrolysis:
Biodegradation: average biodegradation rate of 25 mg COD g–1 h–1 for 95.6% removal (Scow 1982).
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Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3251
Biotransformation:
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
k1 = 7.10 h–1 (zebrafish, Zok et al. 1991)
k2 = 0.19 h–1 (carp, Tsuda et al. 1993)
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Air: estimated atmospheric t. = 2 d, based on the reaction with sunlight-produced hydroxyl radical (GEMS
1987; quoted, Howard 1989).
Surface water:
Groundwater:
Sediment:
Soil:
Biota: t. = 3.6 h in carp with excretion rate constant k = 0.19 h–1 (Tsuda et al. 1993).
TABLE 16.1.3.2.1
Reported vapor pressures of 2-chloroaniline at various temperatures and the coefficients for the vapor
pressure equations
log P = A – B/(T/K) (1) ln P = A – B/(T/K) (1a)
log P = A – B/(C + t/°C) (2) ln P = A – B/(C + t/°C) (2a)
log P = A – B/(C + T/K) (3)
log P = A – B/(T/K) – C·log (T/K) (4)
Kahlbaum 1898 Stull 1947 Piacente et al. 1985 Piacente et al. 1985
static method summary of literature data torsion-weighing effusion torsion-weighing effusion
t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa
run 62 average average
64.4 400 46.3 133.3 14 18 23 36
72.3 666.6 72.3 666.6 20 32 24 41
84.8 1333 84.8 1333 27 45 28 50
92.9 2000 99.2 2666 32 72 30 66
99.2 2666 115.6 5333 34 96 31 62
104.2 3333 125.7 7999 34.5 86 32 83
108.4 4000 139.5 13332 38 117 34 87
112.0 4666 160.0 26664 43 200 35 90
115.2 6333 183.7 53329 34 203 38 112
118.1 6000 208.8 101325 48.5 251 41 167
120.7 6666 52.5 347 43 190
131.4 9999 mp/°C - 54 362 45 200
139.5 13332 63 505 47 218
160.0 26664 49 269
173.6 39997 Dreisbach & Shrader 1949 51 275
183.7 53329 ebulliometry 51 309
192.0 66661 t/°C P/Pa 55 343
199.4 79993 56 354
208.8 101325 124.48 7605 57 398
131.54 10114
145.3 16500 overall vapor pressure eq.
154.55 42066 eq. 1 P/kPa
192.71 67661 A 8.63 ± 0.16
208.84 101325 B 3006 ± 56
.HV/(kJ mol–1) = 57.5 ± 5
at 25°C
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3252 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
FIGURE 16.1.3.2.1 Logarithm of vapor pressure versus reciprocal temperature for 2-chloroaniline.
2-Chloraniline: vapor pressure vs. 1/T
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
0.0018 0.0022 0.0026 0.003 0.0034 0.0038
1/(T/K)
P( gol
S
) aP/
Kahlbaum 1898
Dreisbach & Shrader 1949
Piacente et al. 1985
Stull 1947
b.p. = 208.8 °C m.p. = -1.9 °C
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3253
16.1.3.3 3-Chloroaniline
Common Name: 3-Chloroaniline
Synonym: 1-amino-3-chlorobenzene, m-chloroaniline, 3-chlorophenylamine
Chemical Name: 1-amino-3-chlorobenzene, m-chloroaniline, 3-chloroaniline
CAS Registry No: 108-42-9
Molecular Formula: C6H4NH2Cl
Molecular Weight: 127.572
Melting Point (°C):
–10.28 (Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
230.5 (Lide 2003)
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
1.21606 (20°C, Weast 1982–83)
1.2150 (22°C, Dean 1985; Budavari 1989)
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
105.0 (22°C, calculated-density, Stephenson & Malanowski 1987)
131.1 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Dissociation Constant, pKa:
3.52 (Perrin 1972)
3.50 (McLeese et al. 1979)
3.46 (Weast 1982–83)
3.52 (protonated cation + 1, Dean 1985)
Enthalpy of Vaporization, .HV (kJ/mol):
61.04, 46.016 (25°C, bp, Dreisbach 1955)
60.9 ± 5 (25°C, Piacente et al. 1985)
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
10.25 (Dreisbach 1955)
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 1.0
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C):
5442 (20°C, shake flask-GC, Chiou 1981; Chiou & Schmedding 1981; Chiou et al. 1982)
5447 (calculated-KOW, Muller & Klein 1992)
4740 (calculated-group contribution method, Kuhne et al. 1995)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C and reported temperature dependence equations. Additional data at other temperatures
designated * are compiled at the end of this section):
13.14* (extrapolated-regression of tabulated data, measured range 81.7–228.5°C, Kahlbaum 1898)
11.94* (extrapolated-regression of tabulated data, temp range 63.5–228.5°C, Stull 1947)
11.17 (calculated by formula, Dreisbach 1955)
log (P/mmHg) = 7.23603 – 1857.75/(196.64 + t/°C); temp range 125–350°C (Antoine eq. for liquid state,
Dreisbach 1955)
log (P/mmHg) = [–0.2185 . 133854.6/(T/K)] + 8.761546; temp range 63.5–228.5°C (Antoine eq., Weast
1972–73)
11.06 (calculated-Antoine eq., Dean 1985, 1992)
log (P/mmHg) = 7.59939 – 2073.75/(215.0 + t/°C), temp range 15–125°C (Antoine eq., Dean 1985, 1992)
log (P/mmHg) = 7.23603 – 1857.75/(196.64 + t/°C), temp range 125–310°C (Antoine eq., Dean 1985, 1992)
15.60* (torsion-weighing effusion, Piacente et al. 1985)
NH2
Cl
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3254 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
log (P/kPa) = (8.86 ± 0.10) – (3180 ± 40)/(T/K); temp range ~290–345 K (Antoine eq., combined torsionweighing
effusion, Piacente et al. 1985)
9.530 (extrapolated from Antoine eq., Stephenson & Malanowski 1987)
log (PL/kPa) = 6.36093 – 1857.75/(–76.51 + T/K); temp range 398–573 K (Antoine eq., Stephenson &
Malanowski 1987)
log (P/mmHg) = 65.6033 – 5.3779 . 103/(T/K) –20.518·log (T/K) + 6.7861 . 10–3·(T/K) + 2.1167 . 10–13·(T/K)2;
temp range 263–751 K (vapor pressure eq., Yaws 1994)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol at 25°C):
0.223 (calculated-P/C)
0.102 (gas stripping-GC, Altschuh et al. 1999)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
1.88 (shake flask-UV, Fujita et al. 1964)
1.88 (Ichikawa et al. 1969)
1.88 (Leo et al. 1971; Hansch & Leo 1979)
1.90 (exptl., Leo et al. 1971; Rekker 1977)
1.98 (calculated-. const., Norrington et al. 1975)
1.73, 1.75; 1.61 (calculated-f const., calculated-. const., Rekker 1977)
1.90, 1.88 (shake flask, Hansch & Leo 1979)
1.57 (HPLC-k. correlation, Konemann et al. 1979)
1.89 ± 0.01 (HPLC-k. correlation, Hammers et al. 1982)
2.00 (HPLC-k. correlation, Hammers et al. 1982)
1.910 ± 0.013 (slow-stirring-GC, De Bruijn et al. 1989)
1.88 (recommended, Sangster 1993)
1.91 ± 0.14, 1.52 ± 0.51 (solvent generated liquid-liquid chromatography SGLLC-correlation, RP-HPLC-k. correlation,
Cichna et al. 1995)
1.88 (recommended, Hansch et al. 1995)
Octanol/Air Partition Coefficient, log KOA:
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
1.06 (zebrafish, Zok et al. 1991)
–0.097 to 0.342 (average for carp, Tsuda et al. 1993)
1.06; 1.55, 0.70, 0.92 (quoted; calculated values, Bintein et al. 1993)
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization:
Photolysis: direct aqueous photolysis rate constant k = 0.393 ± 0.006 min–1 with a calculated t. = 1.76 min
(Stegeman et al. 1993).
Oxidation:
Hydrolysis: direct photohydrolysis rate constant k = 0.393 ± 0.006 min–1 with a calculated t. = 1.76 min
(Stegeman et al. 1993).
Biodegradation: average biodegradation rate of 6.2 mg COD g–1 h–1 for 97.2% removal (Scow 1982).
Biotransformation: mean bacteria transformation rate constant for all three sites of (2.2 ± 1.7) . 10–12
L·organism–1·h–1 (Paris & Wolfe 1987; quoted, Steen 1991).
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
k1 = 19.1 h–1 (zebrafish, Zok et al. 1991)
k2 = 0.21 h–1 (carp, Tsuda et al. 1993)
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Biota: t. = 3.3 h in carp with excretion rate k = 0.21 h–1 (Tsuda et al. 1993).
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3255
TABLE 16.1.3.3.1
Reported vapor pressures of 3-chloroaniline at various temperatures and the coefficients for the vapor
pressure equations
log P = A – B/(T/K) (1) ln P = A – B/(T/K) (1a)
log P = A – B/(C + t/°C) (2) ln P = A – B/(C + t/°C) (2a)
log P = A – B/(C + T/K) (3)
log P = A – B/(T/K) – C·log (T/K) (4)
Kahlbaum 1898 Stull 1947 Piacente et al. 1985
static method summary of literature data torsion-weighing effusion
t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa
run 63 average run 64 average
81.7 400 63.5 133.3 19 8 31 19
89.8 666.6 89.8 666.6 29 17 39 41
102 1333 102 1333 36.5 33 42 50
110.4 2000 116.7 2666 43 49 44 52
116.8 2666 133.6 5333 50 89 45 56
122.0 3333 144.1 7999 57.5 145 46 66
126.2 4000 158 13332 65 250 47 70
129.8 4666 179.5 26664 73 376 49 89
133.2 6333 203.5 53329 50 85
136.2 6000 228.5 101325 51 95
138.8 6666 52 105
149.9 9999 mp/°C –10.4 53 102
158.0 13332 55 126
179.5 26664 57 146
193.2 53329 59 151
203.5 66661 60.5 170
211.9 79993 62 190
228.5 101325 63 204
65 240
69 296
overall vapor pressure eq.
eq. 1 P/kPa
A 8.86 ± 0.10
B 3180 ± 40
.HV/(kJ mol–1) = 60.9 ± 5
at 25°C
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3256 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
FIGURE 16.1.3.3.1 Logarithm of vapor pressure versus reciprocal temperature for 3-chloroaniline.
3-Chloraniline: vapor pressure vs. 1/T
-2.0
-1.0
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
0.0018 0.0022 0.0026 0.003 0.0034 0.0038 0.0042
1/(T/K)
P
( gol
S
) aP/
Kahlbaum 1898
Piacente et al. 1985
Stull 1947
b.p. = 230.5 °C m.p. = -10.28 °C
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3257
16.1.3.4 4-Chloroaniline
Common Name: 4-Chloroaniline
Synonym: 1-amino-4-chlorobenzene, p-chloroaniline, 4-chlorophenylamine
Chemical Name: 1-amino-4-chlorobenzene, p-chloroaniline, 4-chloroaniline
CAS Registry No: 106-47-8
Molecular Formula: NH2C6H4Cl
Molecular Weight: 127.572
Melting Point (°C):
70.5 (Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
232.0 (Weast 1982–83; Verschueren 1983; Howard 1989)
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
1.429 (19°C, Weast 1982–83)
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
131.1 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Dissociation Constant, pKa:
3.98 (Perrin 1972; Freitag et al. 1984; quoted, Howard 1989)
4.20 (McLeese et al. 1979)
4.15 (Weast 1982–83)
3.99 (protonated + 1, Dean 1985)
Enthalpy of Vaporization, .HV (kJ/mol):
79 ± 5 (25°C, Piacente et al. 1985)
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
15.69 (Tsonopoulos & Prausnitz 1971)
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
57.74 (Tsonopoulos & Prausnitz 1971)
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 0.358 (mp at 70.5°C)
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C):
3000 (Philpot et al. 1940)
3900 (Kilzer et al. 1979)
2620 (Schmidt-Bleek et al. 1982; Rott et al. 1982)
2487 (calculated-group contribution method, Kuhne et al. 1995)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C and reported temperature dependence equations. Additional data at other temperatures
designated * are compiled at the end of this section):
1.707* (20°C, Knkudsen effusion, measured range 10–30°C, Swan & Mack 1925)
15.19* (extrapolated-regression of tabulated data, temp range 59.3–230.5°C, Stull 1947)
log (P/mmHg) = [–0.2185 . 12832.8/(T/K)] + 8.461034; temp range 59.3–230.5°C (Antoine eq., Weast
1972–73)
3.173 (effusion method, DePablo 1976)
3.33 (extrapolated, Verschueren 1977)
2.00, 6.67 (20°C, 30°C, quoted, Verschueren 1983)
0.224 (extrapolated-Antoine eq., Boublik et al. 1984)
log (P/kPa) = 3.55438 – 521.556/(47.392 + t/°C); temp range 90–150°C (Antoine eq. from reported exptl. data,
Boublik et al. 1984)
1.636* (torsion-weighing effusion, Piacente et al. 1985)
NH2
Cl
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3258 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
log (P/kPa) = (11.20 ± 0.20) – (4170 ± 60)/(T/K); temp range ~298–360 K (Antoine eq., combined torsionweighing
effusion, Piacente et al. 1985)
3.66 (calculated-Antoine eq.-I, Stephenson & Malanowski 1987)
log (PS/kPa) = 13.448 – 4736/(T/K), temp range 283–303 K (Antoine eq.-I, Stephenson & Malanowski 1987)
log (PL/kPa) = 7.3489 – 2729/(T/K), temp range 363–505 K (Antoine eq.-II, Stephenson & Malanowski 1987)
3.33, 32.0 (quoted, calculated-solvatochromic parameters, Banerjee et al. 1990)
log (P/mmHg) = –15.3259 – 2.8592 . 103/(T/K) + 11.527·log (T/K) – 1.8071 . 10–2·(T/K) + 7.2359 . 10–6·(T/K)2;
temp range 343–754 K (vapor pressure eq., Yaws 1994)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa m3/mol at 25°C):
1.0840 (calculated-P/C, Howard 1989)
0.0395 (calculated-P/C, Meylan & Howard 1991)
0.1430 (estimated-bond contribution, Meylan & Howard 1991)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
1.84 (Ichikawa et al. 1969)
1.83 (quoted exptl., Leo et al. 1969, 1971; Hansch & Leo 1985)
1.83 (HPLC-k. correlation; Carlson et al. 1975)
1.83 (shake flask, Hansch & Leo 1979)
1.57 (HPLC-k. correlation, Konemann et al. 1979)
1.83, 20.2 (HPLC-k. correlation, Hammers et al. 1982)
1.64 (inter-laboratory studies, HPLC-RT correlation average, Eadsforth & Moser 1983)
1.88 ± 0.02 (HPLC-RV correlation-ALPM; Garst & Wilson 1984)
2.78 (shake flask, OECD 1981 Guidelines, Geyer et al. 1984)
1.83 (shake flask, Log P Database, Hansch & Leo 1987)
1.83 (RP-HPLC-k. correlation, Minick et al. 1988)
1.88 ± 0.014 (shake flask/slow-stirring-GC, De Brujin et al. 1989)
1.83 (shake flask, Leahy et al. 1989)
1.80, 1.82 (shake flask, HPLC-RT correlation, Wang et al. 1989)
2.01 (centrifugal partition chromatography CPC-RV correlation, El Tayar et al. 1991)
1.83 (recommended, Sangster 1993)
1.83 (pH 7.4, Hansch et al. 1995)
Octanol/Air Partition Coefficient, log KOA:
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
< 1.30 (golden orfe for 3-d exposure, Korte et al. 1978)
3.08 (green algae for 24-h exposure of dry wt. basis, Korte et al. 1978)
2.42 (green algae for 24-h exposure of wet wt. basis, Korte et al. 1978)
< 1.0, 2.41, 3.11 (golden orfe, algae, activated sludge, Freitag et al. 1982)
2.42 (alga Chlorella fusca, wet wt. basis, Geyer et al. 1984)
2.06 (alga Chlorella fusca, calculated-KOW, Geyer et al. 1984)
1.11, 2.42, 2.45 (golden ide, algae, activated sludge, Freitag et al. 1985)
0.91 (zebrafish, Zok et al. 1991)
–0.097–0.23 (carp, Tsuda et al. 1993)
0.91; 1.52, 0.63, 0.88 (quoted; calculated values, Bintein et al. 1993)
2.58 (algae Chlorella fusca, wet wt basis, Wang et al. 1996)
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
2.36–2.67 (five Belgium soils, Van Bladel & Moreale 1977)
1.98–3.18 (five German soils, Rott et al. 1982)
3.74 (colloidal org. matter in ground water, Means 1983)
1.86 (calculated-MCI ., Sabljic 1987)
2.08 (RP-HPLC-k. correlation, cyanopropyl column, Hodson & Williams 1988)
1.96, 1.86 (soil, quoted exptl., calculated-MCI . and fragment contribution, Meylan et al. 1992)
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Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3259
1.61 (calculated-KOW, Kollig 1993)
1.96 (soil, calculated-MCI 1., Sabljic et al. 1995)
2.28; 1.86 (HPLC-screening method; calculated-PCKOC fragment method, Muller & Kordel 1996)
3.086, 2.21, 2.48, 2.374, 2.973 (first generation Eurosoils ES-1, ES-2, ES-3, ES-4, ES-5, shake flask/batch
equilibrium-HPLC/UV, Gawlik et al. 1998)
2.801, 2.326, 2.145, 2.420 (second generation Eurosoils ES-1, ES-3, ES-4, ES-5, shake flask/batch equilibrium-
HPLC/UV and HPLC-k. correlation, Gawlik et al. 2000)
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization: estimated t. = 6.4 h from using Henry’s law constant for a model river of 1-m deep with 1 m/s
current and 3 m/s wind (Lyman et al. 1982; quoted, Howard 1989);
t. = 3 d in an experimental pond with spiked 4-chloroaniline (Schauerte et al. 1982; quoted, Howard 1989).
Photolysis:
Oxidation: rate constant k; for gas-phase second order rate constants, kOH for reaction with OH radical, kNO3
with NO3 radical and kO3 with O3 or as indicated, *data at other temperatures see reference:
kOH = (8.3 ± 0.42) . 10–11 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 at 295 K (flash photolysis-resonance fluorescence, Wahner &
Zetzsch 1983)
kOH(obs.) = 83 . 10–12 cm3 molecule–1 s–1; kOH(calc) = 34.7 . 10–12 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 at room temp. in air
(Atkinson 1985; Atkinson et al. 1985)
kOH(calc) = 54 . 10–12 cm3 molecule–1 s–1; kOH(obs.) = 83 . 10–12 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 at room temp. (SAR,
Atkinson 1987)
kOH = (83 to ~44) . 10–12 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 at 295–296 K (Atkinson 1989)
Hydrolysis:
Biodegradation:
Biotransformation:
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
k1 = 42.9 h–1 (zebrafish, Zok et al. 1991)
k2 = 0.16 h–1 (carp, Tsuda et al. 1993)
k1 = 17.74 h, k2 = 0.0465 h (algae Chlorella fusca, Wang et al. 1996)
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Air: t. = 4.6 h, based on estimated reaction rate with photochemically produced hydroxyl radical of 5 . 105
radicals/cm3 in atmosphere (Wahner & Zetzsch 1983; quoted, Howard 1989).
Surface water: estimated t. = 0.3–3.0 d in river waters in case of a first order reduction process (Zoeteman
et al. 1980);
72.1 mg/L total organic carbon (TOC) degraded to 92% TOC after 5 h illumination with a 250 watt tungsten
lamp by photo-Fenton reaction in distilled water (Ruppert et al. 1993).
Groundwater: estimated t. = 30–300 d in Rhine River (Zoeteman et al. 1980).
Sediment:
Soil:
Biota: t. = 4.3 h in carp with excretion rate k = 0.16 h–1 (Tsuda et al. 1993).
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3260 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
TABLE 16.1.3.4.1
Reported vapor pressures of 4-chloroaniline at various temperatures and the coefficients for the vapor
pressure equations
log P = A – B/(T/K) (1) ln P = A – B/(T/K) (1a)
log P = A – B/(C + t/°C) (2) ln P = A – B/(C + t/°C) (2a)
log P = A – B/(C + T/K) (3)
log P = A – B/(T/K) – C·log (T/K) (4)
Swan & Mack 1925 Stull 1947 Piacente et al. 1985
Knudsen effusion summary of literature data torsion-weighing effusion
t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa
Run 58 average Run 66 average
10 0.513 59.3 133.3 26 3.0 52 56
20 1.707 87.9 666.6 31 6.0 56.5 75
30 6.493 102.1 1333 34 8.0 61 128
117.8 2666 39 13 63 136
135.0 5333 40 17 65 152
145.8 7999 43 20 68 238
eq. 4 P/mmHg 159.9 13332 48 31 71 275
A 415.007 182.3 26664 49.5 35 72 316
B 22322 206.6 53329 53 48
C 138.475 230.5 101325 59 87
60.5 100 overall vapor pressure eq.
.HV/(kJ mol–1) = 90.37 mp/°C 70.5 63.5 127 eq. 1 P/kPa
at 20°C 67 170 A 11.20 ± 0.20
69.5 224 B 4170 ± 60
82.5 549
88.5 832 .HV/(kJ mol–1) = 70.9 ± 5
at 25°C
FIGURE 16.1.3.4.1 Logarithm of vapor pressure versus reciprocal temperature for 4-chloroaniline.
4-Chloraniline: vapor pressure vs. 1/T
-1.0
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
0.0018 0.0022 0.0026 0.003 0.0034 0.0038
1/(T/K)
P
( gol
S
) aP
/
Swan & Mack 1925
Piacente et al. 1985
Stull 1947
b.p. = 232 °C m.p. = -70.5 °C
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3261
16.1.3.5 3,4-Dichloroaniline
Common Name: 3,4-Dichloroaniline
Synonym:
Chemical Name: 3,4-dichloroaniline
CAS Registry No: 95-76-1
Molecular Formula: C6H5Cl2N, C6H3NH2Cl2
Molecular Weight: 162.017
Melting Point (°C):
72.0 (Weast 1982–83; Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
272.0 (Weast 1982–83; Lide 2003)
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
111.7 (calculated-density, Jaworska & Schultz 1993)
152.0 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Dissociation Constant, pKa:
2.968, 3.0 (Perrin 1972)
2.00 (estimated, Wolff & Crossland 1985)
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 0.346 (mp at 72°C)
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C):
92.03 (20°C, Wolff & Crossland 1985)
93.2; 740 (quoted exptl.; calculated-group contribution method, Kuhne et al. 1995)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C or as indicated and reported temperature dependence equations):
1.30 (20°C, Wolff & Crossland 1985)
2.27 (extrapolated-Antoine eq., Stephenson & Malanowski 1987)
log (PL/kPa) = 7.6189 – 3060.03/(T/K); temp range 420–545 K (Antoine eq., Stephenson & Malanowski 1987)
log (P/mmHg) = –15.2685 – 3.3857 . 103/(T/K) + 11.926·log (T/K) –1.9227 . 10–2·(T/K) + 7.4179 . 10–6·(T/K)2;
temp range 345–800 K (vapor pressure eq., Yaws 1994)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol at 25°C):
2.289 (calculated-P/C)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
2.69 (unpublished result, Leo et al. 1971, Hansch & Leo 1979)
2.12 (HPLC-k. correlation, Konemann et al. 1979)
2.78 (20°C, shake flask-UV, Briggs 1981)
2.69, 2.67 (HPLC-k. correlation, Hammers et al. 1982)
2.62 (inter-laboratory studies, shake flask average, Eadsforth & Moser 1983)
2.30 (inter-laboratory studies, HPLC-RT correlation average, Eadsforth & Moser 1983)
2.14, 2.63 (HPLC-k. correlation, Eadsforth 1986)
2.69 (shake flask, Log P Database, Hansch & Leo 1987)
2.68 (recommended, Sangster 1993)
2.69 (recommended, Hansch et al. 1995)
2.69 (LOGPSTAR or CLOGP data, Sabljic et al. 1995)
NH2
Cl
Cl
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3262 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
Octanol/Air Partition Coefficient, log KOA:
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
1.48 (zebrafish, Zok et al. 1991)
1.48; 2.02, 1.88, 1.75 (fish: quoted; calculated values-KOW, Bintein et al. 1993)
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
2.29 (20°C, sorption isotherm-GC, converted from KOM multiplied by 1.724, Briggs 1981)
1.40 (calculated-KOW, wet sediment, Wolff & Crossland 1985)
2.29 (Sabljic 1987)
2.05 (soil, quoted, Sabljic 1987)
2.29, 2.08 (soil, quoted, calculated-MCI . and fragment contribution, Meylan et al. 1992)
2.29 (calculated-MCI 1., Sabljic et al. 1995)
2.26, 2.39 (RP-HPLC-k. correlation including MCI related to non-dispersive intermolecular interactions,
hydrogen-bonding indicator variable, Hong et al. 1996)
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization: first order rate constant k(calc) = 5.0 . 10–3 d–1 (Wolff & Crossland 1985).
Photolysis: phototransformation rate constant k = 0.12 to 0.20 d–1 (Wolff & Crossland 1985).
Oxidation:
Hydrolysis: not expected to occur (Wolff & Crossland 1985).
Biodegradation:
Biotransformation:
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
k1 = 78.5 h–1 (zebrafish, Zok et al. 1991)
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Surface water: overall rate of loss predicted from outdoor ponds was calculated based on direct phototransformation,
and indirect phototransformation k = 0.13 to 0.22 d–1 corresponding to t. = 3.2 to 5.3 d; the observed
rate of loss varied from 0.11 to 0.17 d–1 corresponding to t. = 4.1 – 6.3 d (Wolff & Crossland 1985).
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3263
16.1.3.6 o-Toluidine (2-Methylbenzeneamine)
Common Name: o-Toluidine
Synonym: 2-aminotoluene, o-aminotoluene, 2-methylaniline, 2-methylbenzeneamine
Chemical Name: 2-aminotoluene, o-methylaniline, o-toluidine
CAS Registry No: 95-53-4
Molecular Formula: C7H9N, C6H4(CH3)NH2
Molecular Weight: 107.153
Melting Point (°C):
–14.41 (Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
200.3 (Lide 2003)
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
0.9984, 0.99430 (10, 25°C, Dreisbach 1955, Riddick et al. 1986)
0.9984 (20°C, Weast 1982–83)
Molar ]Volume (cm3/mol):
107.3 (20°C, calculated-density, Stephenson & Malanowski 1987)
132.4 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Dissociation Constant, pKa:
4.40, 4.447, 4.46 (Perrin 1972)
4.44 (Weast 1982–83)
4.45 (protonated cation + 1, Dean 1985)
4.43 (Sangster 1989)
Enthalpy of Vaporization, .HV (kJ/mol):
56.739, 44.597 (25°C, bp, Riddick et al. 1986)
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
7.535 (Dreisbach 1955)
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 1.0
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C):
16330 (20°C, shake flask-GC, Chiou 1981; Chiou & Schmedding 1981; Chiou et al. 1982)
15000 (quoted, Verschueren 1983)
16300 (calculated-KOW, Muller & Klein 1992)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C and reported temperature dependence equations. Additional data at other temperatures
designated * are compiled at the end of this section):
133.3* (48.2°C, static method, measured range 48.2–199.7°C, Kahlbaum 1898)
42.72* (extrapolated-regression of tabulated data, temp range 44–199.7°C, Stull 1947)
log (P/mmHg) = 7.60681 – 2033.6/(230 + t/°C) (Antoine eq., Dreisbach & Martin 1949)
7605* (118.46°C, ebulliometry, measured range 118.46–200.30°C, Dreisbach & Shrader 1949)
42.26 (calculated by formula, Dreisbach 1955)
log (P/mmHg) = 7.28896 – 1768.7/(201.0 + t/°C); temp range 103–320°C (Antoine eq. for liquid state, Dreisbach
1955)
log (P/atm) = [–0.2185 . 12663.4/(T/K)] + 8.440371; temp range 41–203.3°C (Antoine eq., Weast 1972–73)
42.93 (extrapolated-Cox eq., Chao et al. 1983)
log (P/mmHg) = [1 – 473.369/(T/K)] . 10^{0.907135 – 6.44774 . 10–4·(T/K) + 4.94693 . 10–7·(T/K)2}; temp
range: 300.0–710.0 K (Cox eq., Chao et al. 1983)
13.33, 40.0 (20°C, 30°C, quoted, Verschueren 1983)
33.96 (extrapolated-Antoine eq., Boublik et al. 1984)
NH2
CH3
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3264 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
log (P/kPa) = 6.20039 – 1623.158/(186.641 + t/°C); temp range 118.5–200.3°C (Antoine eq. from reported exptl.
data, Boublik et al. 1984)
43.0 (selected lit., Riddick et al. 1986)
log (P/mmHg) = 6.73171 – 2033.6/(230.0 + t/°C); temp range: not specified (Antoine eq., Riddick et al. 1986)
34.18 (extrapolated-Antoine eq., Dean 1985, 1992)
log (P/mmHg) = 7.08203 – 1627.72/(187.13 + t/°C); temp range 118–200°C (Antoine eq., Dean l985, 1992)
36.46 (extrapolated-Antoine eq., Stephenson & Malanowski 1987)
log (PL/kPa) = 6.26948 – 1672.87/(–81.47 + T/K); temp range 391–474 K, (Antoine eq., Stephenson &
Malanowski 1987)
log (P/mmHg) = 96.5685 – 6.2643 . 103/(T/K) – 32.265·log (T/K) + 1.2361 . 10–2·(T/K) + 6.2915 . 10–13·(T/K)2;
temp range 249–694 K (vapor pressure eq., Yaws 1994)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol at 25°C):
0.095 (calculated-P/C)
0.201 (gas stripping-GC, Altschuh et al. 1999)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
1.29 (shake flask-UV, Leo et al. 1971)
1.43 (HPLC-k. correlation, Carlson et al. 1975)
1.63 (RP-HPLC-RT correlation, Veith et al. 1979a)
1.42 (shake flask-UV at pH 7.5, Martin-Villodre et al. 1986)
1.34 (HPLC-RT correlation, average, Ge et al. 1987)
1.32 (shake flask, Log P Database, Hansch & Leo 1987)
1.32 (recommended, Sangster 1989)
1.44, 1.57 (shake flask, HP:C-RT correlation, Wang et al. 1989)
1.43 (recommended, Sangster 1993)
1.32 (recommended, Hansch et al. 1995)
Octanol/Air Partition Coefficient, log KOA:
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
1.24 (calculated-KOW, Kollig 1993)
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization:
Photolysis:
Hydrolysis:
Oxidation: rate constant k = 1 . 104 M–1 s–1 for oxidation by RO2 radicals at 30°C in aquatic systems with
t. = 0.8 d (Howard 1972; Hendry et al. 1974; quoted, Mill 1982);
rate constant k < 2 . 102 M–1 s–1 for oxidation by singlet oxygen at 25°C in aquatic systems with t. > 100
yr (Foote 1976; Mill 1979; quoted, Mill 1982);
photooxidation t. = 62.4 – 3480 h in water, based on estimated rate constants for reactions of representative
aromatic amines with OH and RO2 radicals (Mill & Mabey 1985; quoted, Howard et al. 1991);
photooxidation t. = 0.394 – 3.94 h in air, based on estimated rate constant for the reaction with hydroxyl
radical in air (Atkinson 1987; quoted, Howard et al. 1991).
Biodegradation: decomposition by a soil microflora in > 64 d (Alexander & Lustigman 1966; quoted, Verschueren
1983);
aqueous aerobic t. = 24 – 168 h, based on aqueous aerobic screening test data (Baird et al. 1977; Sasaki
1978; quoted, Howard et al. 1991);
average biodegradation k = 15.1 mg COD g–1 h–1 for 97.7% removal (Scow 1982);
aqueous anaerobic t. = 96 – 672 h, based on estimated unacclimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation halflife
(Howard et al. 1991).
Biotransformation:
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3265
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Air: photooxidation t. = 0.394 – 3.94 h, based on estimated rate constant for the reaction with hydroxyl radical
in air (Atkinson 1987; quoted, Howard et al. 1991);
atmospheric transformation lifetime was estimated to be < 1 d (Kelly et al. 1994).
Surface water: estimated t. = 1.0 d for methylaniline in Rhine River in case of a first order reduction process
(Zoeteman et al. 1980)
photooxidation t. = 62.4 – 3480 h, based on estimated rate constants for reactions of representative aromatic
amines with OH and RO2 radicals (Mill & Mabey 1985; quoted, Howard et al. 1991).
Groundwater: t. = 48 – 336 h, based on estimated unacclimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life (Howard
et al. 1991).
Sediment:
Soil: t. = 24 – 168 h, based on estimated unacclimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life (Howard et al.
1991).
Biota:
TABLE 16.1.3.6.1
Reported vapor pressures of o-toluidine at various temperatures
Kahlbaum 1898 Stull 1947 Dreisbach & Shrader 1949
static method-manometer* summary of literature data ebulliometry
t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa
48.2 133.3 44.0 133.3 118.46 7605
55.3 266.6 69.3 666.6 122.22 8851
61.4 400.0 81.4 1333 125.99 10106
65.7 533.3 95.1 2666 139.0 16500
69.3 666.6 110.0 5333 168.06 42066
81.4 1333.2 119.8 7999 184.80 67661
94.9 2666.4 133.0 13332 200.30 101325
103.6 3999.7 153.0 26664
110.0 5332.9 170.2 53329
115.1 6666.1 199.7 101325
125.4 9999.2
133.0 13332 mp/°C –16.3
154.0 26664
166.2 39997
176.2 53329
183.9 66661
190.5 79993
196.2 93326
199.7 101325
*complete list see ref.
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3266 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
FIGURE 16.1.3.6.1 Logarithm of vapor pressure versus reciprocal temperature for o-toluidine.
o -Toluidine: vapor pressure vs. 1/T
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
0.0018 0.0022 0.0026 0.003 0.0034 0.0038 0.0042
1/(T/K)
P( gol
S
) aP/
Kahlbaum 1898
Dreisbach & Shrader 1949
Stull 1947
b.p. = 200.3 °C m.p. = -14.41 °C
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3267
16.1.3.7 m-Toluidine (3-Methylbenzeneamine)
Common Name: m-Toluidine
Synonym: 3-aminotoluene, 3-methylbenzeneamine, 3-methylaniline
Chemical Name: 3-aminotoluene, m-amino-methylbenzene, m-methylaniline, m-toluidine
CAS Registry No: 108-44-1
Molecular Formula: C6H4(CH3)NH2
Molecular Weight: 107.153
Melting Point (oC):
–31.3 (Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
203.3 (Stull 1947; Weast 1982–83; Lide 2003)
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
0.9889 (Dreisbach 1955; Weast 1982–83)
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
108.4 (20°C, Stephenson & Malanowski 1987)
132.4 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Dissociation Constant, pKa:
4.66, 4.712, 4.72 (Perrin 1972)
4.73 (Weast 1982–83)
4.71 (protonated cation + 1, Dean 1985)
4.70 (Sangster 1989)
Enthalpy of Vaporization, .HV (kJ/mol):
57.283, 44.848 (25°C, bp, Riddick et al. 1986)
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
7.08 (Dreisbach 1955)
3.891 (Riddick et al. 1986)
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 1.0
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C):
15031 (20°C, shake flask-GC, Chiou 1981; Chiou & Schmedding 1981; Chiou et al. 1982)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C and reported temperature dependence equations. Additional data at other temperatures
designated * are compiled at the end of this section):
133.3* (49.8°C, static method, measured range 49.8–203.3°C, Kahlbaum 1898)
49.54* (extrapolated-regression of tabulated data, temp range 41–203.3°C, Stull 1947)
log (P/mmHg) = 7.616512 – 2052.0/(230 + t/°C) (Antoine eq., Dreisbach & Martin 1949)
7605* (121.77°C, ebulliometry, measured range 121.77-203.34°C, Dreisbach & Shrader 1949)
36.64 (calculated by formula, Dreisbach 1955)
log (P/mmHg) = 7.27435 – 1772.06/(200.0 + t/°C); temp range 105–320°C (Antoine eq. for liquid state,
Dreisbach 1955)
log (P/mmHg) = [–0.2185 . 12104.1/(T/K)] + 8.440371; temp range 41–203°C (Antoine eq., Weast 1972–73)
33.49 (calculated-Cox eq., Chao et al. 1983)
log (P/atm) = [1– 476.329/(T/K)] . 10^{0.923479 – 6.91988 . 10–4·(T/K) + 5.41104 . 10–7·(T/K)2}; temp range:
280.0–705.0 K (Cox eq., Chao et al. 1983)
27.91 (extrapolated-Antoine eq., Boublik et al. 1984)
log (P/kPa) = 6.21454 – 1620.608/(203.346 + t/°C); temp range 121.9–203.4°C (Antoine eq. from reported exptl.
data, Boublik et al. 1984)
25.66 (extrapolated-Antoine eq., Dean 1985, 1992)
NH2
CH3
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3268 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
log (P/mmHg) = 7.09367 – 1631.43/(183.91 + t/°C); temp range 122–203°C (Antoine eq., Dean l985, 1992)
36.0 (quoted lit., Riddick et al. 1986)
log (P/kPa) = 17.6292 – 3200.9/(T/K) – 3.323·log (T/K), temp range not specified (vapor pressure eq., Riddick
et al. 1986)
26.86 (extrapolated-Antoine eq., Stephenson & Malanowski 1987)
log (PL/kPa) = 6.27299 – 1669.26/(–85.339 + T/K); temp range 394–447 K (Antoine eq., Stephenson &
Malanowski 1987)
25.50 (calculated-Cox eq., Chao et al. 1990)
log (P/mmHg) = 7.0317 – 3.2034 . 103/(T/K) + 2.3006·log (T/K) – 9.7791 . 10–3·(T/K) + 4.6824 . 10–6·(T/K)2;
temp range 243–709 K (vapor pressure eq., Yaws 1994)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol at 25°C):
0.257 (calculated-P/C)
0.169 (gas stripping-GC, Altschuh et al. 1999)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
1.40 (shake flask-UV, Fujita et al. 1964)
1.43 (HPLC-k. correlation, Carlson et al. 1975)
1.42 (20°C, shake flask-UV, Briggs 1981)
1.43 (shake flask, Log P Database, Hansch & Leo 1987)
1.40 (recommended, Sangster 1989)
1.49, 1.37 (shake flask, HPLC-RT correlation, Wang et al. 1989)
1.40 (recommended, Hansch et al. 1995)
Octanol/Air Partition Coefficient, log KOA:
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
1.41 (soil, quoted obs. as log KOM, Sabljic 1987)
1.65 (soil, calculated-MCI 1., Sabljic et al. 1995)
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization:
Photolysis:
Hydrolysis:
Oxidation: rate constant k = 1 . 104 M–1 s–1 for oxidation by RO2 radical at 30°C in aquatic systems with t. = 0.8 d
(Howard 1972; Hendry et al. 1974; quoted, Mill 1982);
k < 2 . 102 M–1 s–1 for oxidation by singlet oxygen at 25°C in aquatic systems with t. > 100 yr (Foote 1976;
Mill 1979; quoted, Mill 1982).
Biodegradation: decomposition by a soil microflora in 8 d (Alexander & Lustigman 1966; quoted, Verschueren
1983);
average biodegradation rate of 30.0 mg COD g–1 h–1 for 97.7% removal (Scow 1982).
Biotransformation:
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Surface water: estimated t. = 1.0 d for methylaniline in Rhine River in case of a first order reduction process
(Zoeteman et al. 1980)
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3269
TABLE 16.1.3.7.1
Reported vapor pressures of m-toluidine at various temperatures
Kahlbaum 1898 Stull 1947 Dreisbach & Shrader 1949
static method-manometer* summary of literature data ebulliometry
t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa
49.8 133.3 41.0 133.3 121.77 7605
58.9 266.6 68.0 666.6 125.57 8851
64.8 400.0 82.0 1333 129.03 10114
69.3 533.3 96.7 2666 142.27 16500
72.8 666.6 113.5 5333 171.18 42066
85.3 1333.2 123.8 7999 187.87 67661
98.5 2666.4 136.7 13332 203.34 101325
107.1 3999.7 157.6 26664
113.6 5332.9 180.6 53329
118.7 6666.1 203.3 101325
129.0 9999.2
136.6 13332 mp/°C –31.5
157.6 26664
169.8 39997
179.8 53329
187.5 66661
194.0 79993
199.8 93326
203.3 101325
*complete list see ref.
FIGURE 16.1.3.7.1 Logarithm of vapor pressure versus reciprocal temperature for m-toluidine.
m-Toluidine: vapor pressure vs. 1/T
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
0.0018 0.0022 0.0026 0.003 0.0034 0.0038 0.0042 0.0046
1/(T/K) P ( g o l S ) a P /
Kahlbaum 1898
Dreisbach & Shrader 1949
Stull 1947
b.p. = 203.3 °C m.p. = -31.3 °C
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3270 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
16.1.3.8 p-Toluidine (4-Methylbenzeneamine)
Common Name: p-Toluidine
Synonym: 4-aminotoluene, 4-methylaniline, 4-methylbenzenamine
Chemical Name: 4-aminotoluene, p-amino-methylbenzene, p-methylaniline, p-toluidine
CAS Registry No: 106-49-0
Molecular Formula: C6H4(CH3)NH2
Molecular Weight: 107.153
Melting Point (°C):
43.6 (Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (C):
200.4 (Lide 2003)
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
0.9619 (20°C, Weast 1982–83)
1.043 (Verschueren 1983)
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
132.4 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Dissociation Constant, pKa:
5.02, 5.08, 5.084 (Perrin 1972)
5.08 (Weast 1982–83; Sangster 1989)
5.08 (protonated cation + 1, Dean 1985)
5.17 (shake flask-HPLC/UV, Johnson & Westall 1990)
Enthalpy of Vaporization, .HV (kJ/mol):
56.195, 44.271 (25°C, bp, Riddick et al. 1986)
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
17.32 (Tsonopoulos & Prausnitz 1971)
18.91 (Riddick et al. 1986)
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
54.81 (Tsonopoulos & Prausnitz 1971)
57.61 (observed, Yalkowsky & Valvani 1980)
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 0.657 (mp at 43.6°C)
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C as indicated):
65400 (20–25°C, shake flask-gravimetric, Dehn 1917)
8965 (Seidell 1941, 1952)
7400 (21°C, Verschueren 1983)
6643, 5370 (20°C, shake flask-UV, calculated, Hashimoto et al. 1984)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C or as indicated and reported temperature dependence equations. Additional data at other
temperatures designated * are compiled at the end of this section):
133.3* (46.9°C, static method, measured range 46.9–200.4°C, Kahlbaum 1898)
log (P/mmHg) = –2597/(T/K) + 8.366 (isoteniscope method, temp range not specified, Kobe et al. 1941)
46.27* (extrapolated-regression of tabulated data, temp range 42–200.4°C, Stull 1947)
44.70 (calculated by formula, Dreisbach 1955)
log (P/mmHg) = 7.25173 – 1755.0/(201.0 + t/°C); temp range 103–330°C (Antoine eq. for liquid state, Dreisbach
1955)
log (P/atm) = [–0.2185 . 12428.6/(T/K)] + 8.748585; temp range 42–200.4°C (Antoine eq., Weast 1972–73)
38.13 (calculated-Cox eq., Chao et al. 1983)
NH2
CH3
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Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3271
log (P/mmHg) = [1– 473.445/(T/K)] . 10^{0.915691 – 6.57014 . 10–4·(T/K) + 5.11261 . 10–7·(T/K)2}; temp
range 290.0–700.0 K (Cox eq., Chao et al. 1983)
40.17 (calculated-Antoine eq., Dean 1985, 1992)
log (P/mmHg) = 7.26022 – 1758.55/(201.0 + t/°C); temp range not specified (Antoine eq., Dean 1985,1992)
45.0 (quoted lit., Riddick et al. 1986)
log (P/kPa) = 18.2818 – 3269.3/(T/K) – 3.877·log (T/K); temp range not specified (vapor pressure eq., Riddick
et al. 1986)
27.03 (extrapolated-Antoine eq., Stephenson & Malanowski 1987)
log (PL/kPa) = 6.17451 – 1585.0/(–93.44 + T/K); temp range 393–474 K (Antoine eq., Stephenson & Malanowski
1987)
log (P/mmHg) = –13.9927 – 2.5795 . 103/(T/K) –10.823·log (T/K) –1.7705 . 10–2·(T/K) + 7.6741 . 10–6·(T/K)2;
temp range 317–693 K (vapor pressure eq., Yaws 1994)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol at 25°C):
0.656 (calculated-P/C)
0.0768 (gas stripping-GC, Altschuh et al. 1999)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
1.39 (shake flask-UV, Fujita et al. 1964)
1.41 (HPLC-k. correlation, Carlson et al. 1975)
1.56 (shake flask-UV, Ezumi & Kubota 1980)
1.40 (20°C, shake flask-UV, Briggs 1981)
1.44 ± 0.03 (HPLC-RV correlation-ALPM, Garst & Wilson 1984)
1.42 (HPLC-k. correlation, Haky & Young 1984)
1.39 (shake flask-UV at pH 7.5, Martin-Villodre et al. 1986)
1.41 (HPLC-RT correlation, average, Ge et al. 1987)
1.39 (shake flask, Leahy et al. 1989)
1.39 (recommended, Sangster 1989, 1993)
1.38, 1.39 (shake flask, HPLC-RT correlation, Wang et al. 1989)
1.40 (shake flask-HPLC/UV, Johnson & Westall 1990)
1.40 (shake flask-UV, Roberts et al. 1991)
1.40 (32°C, shake flask-UV, pH 7, Takahashi et al.1993)
1.39 (recommended, Hansch et al. 1995)
Octanol/Air Partition Coefficient, log KOA:
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
2.51, 2.70, 2.71 (Morocco soil, Oakville soil, Milford soil, Graveel et al. 1986)
1.66 (soil, quoted obs. as log KOM, Sabljic 1987)
2.74, 2.22, 2.20 (Podzol soil, Alfisol soil, sediment, von Oepen et al. 1991)
1.24 (calculated-KOW, Kollig 1993)
1.90 (soil, calculated-MCI 1., Sabljic et al. 1995)
2.21; 1.86 (HPLC-screening method; calculated-PCKOC fragment method, Muller & Kordel 1996)
3.28, 2.01, 2.30, 2.084 (first generation Eurosoils ES-1, ES-2, ES-3, ES-4, shake flask/batch equilibrium-
HPLC/UV, Gawlik et al. 1998)
2.138, 2.133, 2.212, 2.041 (second generation Eurosoils ES-1, ES-2, ES-3, ES-4, shake flask-batch equilibrium-
HPLC/UV and HPLC-k. correlation, Gawlik et al. 2000)
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization:
Photolysis:
Hydrolysis:
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3272 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
Oxidation: rate constant k = 1 . 104 M–1 s–1 for oxidation by RO2 radical at 30°C in aquatic systems with t. = 0.8 d
(Howard 1972; Hendry et al. 1974; quoted, Mill 1982);
k < 2 . 102 M–1 s–1 for oxidation by singlet oxygen at 25°C in aquatic systems with t. > 100 yr (Foote 1976;
Mill 1979; quoted, Mill 1982).
Biodegradation: decomposition by a microflora in 4 d (Alexander & Lustigman 1966; quoted, Verschueren 1983);
average biodegradation rate of 20 mg COD g–1 h–1 for 97.7% removal (Scow 1982).
Biotransformation:
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Surface water: estimated t. = 1.0 d for methylaniline in Rhine River in case of a first order reduction process
(Zoeteman et al. 1980)
TABLE 16.1.3.8.1
Reported vapor pressures of p-toluidine at various
temperatures
Kahlbaum 1898 Stull 1947
static method-manometer* summary of literature data
t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa
46.9 133.3 42.0 133.3
55.9 266.6 68.2 666.6
62.0 400.0 81.8 1333
66.4 533.3 95.8 2666
70.1 666.6 111.5 5333
82.2 1333.2 121.5 7999
95.6 2666.4 133.7 13332
104.3 3999.7 154.0 26664
110.7 5332.9 176.9 53329
115.8 6666.1 200.4 101325
126.1 9999.2
133.7 13332 mp/°C 44.5
154.7 26664
166.9 39997
176.9 53329
184.6 66661
191.1 79993
196.9 93326
200.4 101325
*complete list see ref.
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3273
FIGURE 16.1.3.8.1 Logarithm of vapor pressure versus reciprocal temperature for p-toluidine.
p -Toluidine: vapor pressure vs. 1/T
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
0.0018 0.002 0.0022 0.0024 0.0026 0.0028 0.003 0.0032 0.0034
1/(T/K)
P( gol
S
) aP/
Kahlbaum 1898
Stull 1947
b.p. = 200.4 °C m.p. = 43.6 °C
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3274 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
16.1.3.9 N,N’-Dimethylaniline
Common Name: N,N.-Dimethylaniline
Synonym: N,N.-dimethylbenzenamine
Chemical Name: N,N.-dimethylaniline
CAS Registry No: 121-69-7
Molecular Formula: C8H11N, C6H5N(CH3)2
Molecular Weight: 121.180
Melting Point (°C):
2.42 (Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
194.0 (Weast 1982–83)
194.15 (Lide 2003)
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
0.9557 (Weast 1982–83)
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
154.6 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Dissociation Constant pK:
5.15 (pKBH
+ , Riddick et al. 1986)
5.10 (Sangster 1993)
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
11.42 (Tsonopoulos & Prausnitz 1971)
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
41.46 (Tsonopoulos & Prausnitz 1971)
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 1.0
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C or as indicated):
1105 (shake flask-GC, Chiou et al. 1982)
1540, 1680 (20, 30°C, shake flask-GC/TC, measured range 0–90°C, Stephenson 1993c)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C and reported temperature dependence equations):
106.3 (extrapolated-regression of tabulated data, temp range 20.0–193.1°C, Stull 1947)
133.3 (29.5°C, Stull 1947)
83.90 (calculated-Antoine eq., Boublik et al. 1973)
log (P/atm) = [–0.2185 . 11320.4/(T/K)] + 8.197379; temp range: 29.5–193°C, (Antoine eq., Weast 1972–73)
68.95 (calculated-Cox eq., Chao et al. 1983)
log (P/mmHg) = [1– 466.445/(T/K)] . 10^{0.909397 – 7.07673 . 10–4 ± (T/K) + 5.69581 . 10–7 ± (T/K)2}; temp
range 275.0–685.0 K (Cox eq., Chao et al. 1983)
84.5 (extrapolated-Antoine eq., Boublik et al. 1984)
log (P/kPa) = 6.5031 – 1865.084/(211.171 + t/°C); temp range 71.02–196.8°C (Antoine eq. from reported exptl.
data, Boublik et al. 1984)
83.91 (extrapolated-Antoine eq., Dean 1985, 1992)
log (P/mmHg) = 6.91048 – 946.35/(246.68 + t/°C); temp range –87 to 7°C (Antoine eq., Dean 1985, 1992)
670.0 (quoted from Stull 1947, Riddick et al. 1986)
107.0 (extrapolated-Antoine eq., Stephenson & Malanowski 1987)
log (PL/kPa) = 7.07329 – 2301.63/(–12.001 + T/K); temp range 302–467 K (liquid, Antoine eq.-I, Stephenson
& Malanowski 1987)
log (PL/kPa) = 6.55663 – 1864.075/(–55.854 + T/K); temp range 363–418 K (liquid, Antoine eq.-II, Stephenson
& Malanowski 1987)
N
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Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3275
log (P/mmHg) = 2–.177 – 3.1095 . 103/(T/K) – 4.0127·log (T/K) + 5.8538 . 10–10·(T/K) + 3.5387 . 10–7·(T/K)2;
temp range 276–687 K (vapor pressure eq., Yaws 1994)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol):
11.73 (calculated-P/C)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
2.31 (shake flask-UV, Fujita et al. 1964)
2.62 (shake flask-UV at pH 7.4, Rogers & Cammarata 1969)
1.66 (shake flask-UV, Leo et al. 1971)
2.29 (shake flask-UV, Yaguzhinskii et al. 1973)
2.30 (shake flask at pH 7, Unger et al. 1978)
2.43 (HPLC-RT correlation, Miyake et al. 1986)
2.28 (RP-HPLC-RT correlation, ODS column with masking agent, Bechalany et al. 1989)
2.32 (CPC correlation, El Tayar et al. 1991)
2.31 (recommended, Sangster 1993)
2.31 (recommended, Hansch et al. 1995)
2.05 (microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography-retention factor correlation, Poole et al. 2000)
Octanol/Air Partition Coefficient, log KOA:
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
1.99; 2.53; 2.06 (Alfisol soil; Podzol soil; sediment, von Oepen et al. 1991)
2.26, 1.89 (soil, quoted, calculated-MCI . and fragment contribution, Meylan et al. 1992)
2.26 (soil, calculated-MCI 1., Sabljic et al. 1995)
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization:
Photolysis:
Oxidation: rate constant k; for gas-phase second order rate constants, kOH for reaction with OH radical, kNO3
with NO3 radical and kO3 with O3 or as indicated, *data at other temperatures see reference:
k = 1 . 104 M–1 s–1 for oxidation by RO2 radical at 30°C in aquatic systems with t. = 0.8 d (Howard 1972;
Hendry et al. 1974; quoted, Mill 1982)
k < 2 . 102 M–1 s–1 for oxidation by singlet oxygen at 25°C in aquatic systems with t. > 100 yr (Foote 1976;
Mill 1979; quoted, Mill 1982)
kOH*(exptl) = (1.48 ± 0.11) . 10–10 cm3 molecule–1 s–1, measured range 278–464 K; kO3 = (9.1 ± 1.0) . 10–18
cm3 molecule–1 s–1 at 296 ± 2 K (relative rate method, Atkinson et al. 1987)
kOH = 1.5 . 10–10 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 with atmospheric lifetimes of 1.9 h in clean troposphere and 1.0 h in
moderately polluted atmosphere; kO3 = 9.1 . 10–18 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 with atmospheric lifetimes of 1.8 d
in clean troposphere and 14 h in moderately polluted atmosphere at room temp. (Atkinson et al. 1987)
kOH(calc) = 4.66 . 10–10 cm3 molecule–1 s–1, kOH(obs) = 1.48 . 10–10 cm3 molecule–1 s–1, (SAR structureactivity
relationship, Atkinson 1987)
kOH(calc) = 1.78 . 10–10 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 (molecular orbital calculations, Klamt 1993)
Hydrolysis:
Biodegradation: aerobic t. = 672–4320 h, based on unacclimated aqueous screening test data and anaerobic
t. = 2880–17280 h, based on estimated unacclimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life (Howard et al.
1991)
Biotransformation:
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Air: atmospheric lifetimes of 1.9 h in clean troposphere and 1.0 h in moderately polluted atmosphere, based on
the gas-phase reaction with hydroxyl radical in air at room temp.; atmospheric lifetimes of 1.8 d in clean
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3276 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
troposphere and 14 h in moderately polluted atmosphere, based on the gas-phase reaction with O3 in air at
room temp. (Atkinson et al. 1987);
t. = 2.7–21 h, based on photooxidation half-life in air (Howard et al. 1991);
atmospheric transformation lifetime was estimated to be < 1 d (Kelly et al. 1994).
Surface water: estimated t. = 2.3 d in Rhine River in case of a first order reduction process (Zoeteman et al.
1980)
t. = 19.3–1925 h, based on reaction with singlet oxygen in aqueous solution (Howard et al. 1991)
Groundwater: t. = 1344–8640 h, based on estimated unacclimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life
(Howard et al. 1991)
Sediment:
Soil: t. = 672–4320 h, based on estimated unacclimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life (Howard
et al. 1991)
Biota:
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Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3277
16.1.3.10 2,6-Xylidine (2,6-Dimethylbenzeneamine)
Common Name: 2,6-Xylidine
Synonym: 2,6-dimethylaniline, 2,6-dimethylbenzeneamine
Chemical Name: 2,6-dimethylaniline
CAS Registry No: 87-62-7
Molecular Formula: C8H11N, 2,6-(CH3)2C6H3NH2
Molecular Weight: 121.180
Melting Point (°C):
11.20 (Weast 1982–83; Riddick et al. 1986; Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
214.0 (at 739 mm Hg, Weast 1982–83; Verschueren 1983)
215 (Lide 2003)
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
0.9842 (Weast 1982–83; Riddick et al. 1986)
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
123.1 (20°C, calculated-density)
154.6 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Dissociation Constant pK:
3.95 (pKBH
+ , Riddick et al. 1986)
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 1.0
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C):
slightly soluble (Dean 1985; Budavari 1989)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C and reported temperature dependence equations):
43.03 (extrapolated-regression of tabulated data, temp range 44–217.9°C, Stull 1947)
log (P/atm) = [1– 490.795/(T/K)] . 10^{0.926009 – 6.89676 . 10–4·(T/K) + 5.31053 . 10–7·(T/K)2}; temp range:
285.0–720.0 K (Cox eq., Chao et al. 1983)
17.33 (Howard et al. 1986)
670.0 (quoted from Stull 1947, Riddick et al. 1986)
35.99 (calculated-solvatochromic parameters, Banerjee et al. 1990)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol at 25°C):
17.28 (calculated-P/C from selected value)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
1.96 (calculated, Verschueren 1983)
1.91 (calculated-CLOGP, Jackel & Klein 1991)
Octanol/Air Partition Coefficient, log KOA:
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
NH2
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3278 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization:
Photolysis:
Oxidation: rate constant k = 1 . 104 M–1 s–1 for oxidation by RO2 radical at 30°C in aquatic systems with t. = 0.8 d
(Howard 1972; Hendry et al. 1974; quoted, Mill 1982);
k < 2 . 102 M–1 s–1 for oxidation by singlet oxygen at 25°C in aquatic systems with t. > 100 yr (Foote 1976;
Mill 1979; quoted, Mill 1982);
photooxidation t. = 0.33–3.3 h in air, based on estimated reaction rate constant with OH radical (Atkinson
1987; selected, Howard et al. 1991) and photooxidation t. = 62.4–3480 h in water, based on reaction
rate constants of amine class with RO2· and OH radicals in water (Guesten et al. 1981; Mill & Mabey
1985; selected, Howard et al. 1991).
Hydrolysis: no hydrolyzable group (Howard et al. 1991).
Biodegradation: aqueous aerobic biodegradation t. = 672–4320 h, based on a biological screening study (Baird
et al. 1977; selected Howard et al. 1991) and a soil degradation study (Bollag et al. 1978; selected, Howard
et al. 1991); aqueous anaerobic biodegradation t. = 2688–17280 h, based on estimated aqueous biodegradation
half-lives (Howard et al. 1991).
Biotransformation:
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Air: t. = 0.33–3.3 h, based on estimated photooxidation half-lives in air from estimated reaction rate constant
with OH radical in air (Atkinson 1987; selected, Howard et al. 1991).
Surface water: estimated t. = 2.0 d for dimethylaniline in Rhine River in case of a first order reduction process
(Zoeteman et al. 1980)
t. = 62.4–3480 h, based on photooxidation half-life in water (Howard et al. 1991).
Groundwater: t. = 1344–8640 h, based on estimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-lives (Howard et al.
1991).
Sediment:
Soil: t. = 72–7584 h, based on soil persistence and soil biodegradation studies (Bollag et al. 1978; Medvedev
& Davidov 1981; selected, Howard et al. 1991).
Biota:
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Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3279
16.1.3.11 Diphenylamine
Common Name: Diphenylamine
Synonym: N-diphenylamine, N-phenyl aniline, DPA
Chemical Name: N-diphenylamine, diphenylamine
CAS Registry No: 122-39-4
Molecular Formula: C12H11N, C6H5NHC6H5
Molecular Weight: 169.222
Melting Point (°C):
53.2 (Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
302.0 (Stull 1947; Weast 1982–83; Verschueren 1983; Dean 1985; Lide 2003)
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
1.160 (Weast 1982–83; Dean 1985)
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
145.9 (20°C calculated-density)
200.3 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Dissociation Constant, pKa:
0.89 (Perrin 1972)
0.90 (protonated cation + 1, Dean 1985)
0.78 (Sangster 1989)
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
17.53 (Tsonopoulos & Prausnitz 1971)
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
53.56 (Tsonopoulos & Prausnitz 1971)
54.81; 56.5 (exptl., calculated, Yalkowsky & Valvani 1980)
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 0.529 (mp at 53.2°C)
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C as indicated):
150 (20–25°C, shake flask-gravimetric method, Dehn 1917)
308 (Briggs 1981)
48 (20°C, shake flask and membrane filter-fluorophotometric, Hashimoto et al. 1982)
52, 54 (20°C, shake flask and glass fiber filters-fluorophotometric, Hashimoto et al. 1982)
300 (Verschueren 1983)
53 (20°C, Yalkowsky et al. 1987)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C and reported temperature dependence equations. Additional data at other temperatures
designated * are compiled at the end of this section):
0.5682* (extrapolated-regression of tabulated data, temp range 108.3–302°C, Stull 1947)
log (P/mmHg) = [–0.2185 . 14920.3/(T/K)] + 8.564067; temp range 108.3–302°C (Antoine eq., Weast 1972–73)
log (P/atm) = [1 – 575.114/(T/K)] . 10^{0.936992 – 6.17195 . 10–4·(T/K) + 4.32696 . 10–7·(T/K)2}; temp range
335.0–670.0 K (Cox eq., Chao et al. 1983)
0.0612 (calculated-Antoine eq.-I, Stephenson & Malanowski 1987)
log (PS/kPa) = 12.704 – 5043.9/(T/K); temp range 298–323 K (solid, Antoine eq.-I, Stephenson & Malanowski 1987)
log (PL/kPa) = 7.15045 – 2778.28/(–35.102 + T/K); temp range 381–575 K (liquid, Antoine eq.-II, Stephenson &
Malanowski 1987)
log (PL/kPa) = 6.5746 – 2430.7/(–41.15 + T/K); temp range 573–673 K (liquid, Antoine eq.-III, Stephenson &
Malanowski 1987)
log (P/mmHg) = 9.7736 – 3.9008 . 103/(T/K) + 0.91207·log (T/K) – 5.898 . 10–3·(T/K) + 2.3012 . 10–6·(T/K)2;
temp range 326–817 K (vapor pressure eq., Yaws 1994)
HN
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3280 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa m3/mol at 25°C):
0.285 (calculated-P/C, Meylan & Howard 1991)
0.106 (estimated-bond contribution, Meylan & Howard 1991)
0.035 (calculated-P/C from selected values)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
3.23 (shake flask-UV, pH 7.4, Rogers & Cammarata 1969)
3.34 (unpublished result, Leo et al. 1971)
3.34, 3.50, 3.72 (unpublished results, Rekker 1977)
2.37 (RP-HPLC-RT correlation, Veith et al. 1979a)
3.45 (Hansch & Leo 1979)
3.42 (shake flask-UV, Briggs 1981)
3.37 (inter-laboratory shake flask average, Eadsforth & Moser 1983)
3.72 ± 0.03 (HPLC-RV correlation-ALPM, Garst & Wilson 1984)
2.69 (HPLC-RT correlation, average, Ge et al. 1987)
3.42 (shake flask, Log P Database, Hansch & Leo 1987)
3.50 (recommended, Sangster 1989, 1993)
3.70, 3.68 (shake flask, HPLC-RT correlation, Wang et al. 1989)
3.50 (recommended, Hansch et al. 1995)
2.99, 3.13, 3.04, 3.18 (HPLC-k. correlation, different combinations of stationary and mobile phases under
isocratic conditions, Makovskaya et al. 1995)
3.35 (microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography-retention factor correlation, Poole et al. 2000)
Octanol/Air Partition Coefficient, log KOA:
7.64 (calculated-Soct and vapor pressure P, Abraham et al. 2001)
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
1.48 (fathead minnow, Veith et al. 1979b)
1.48, 2.10 (quoted, calculated-KOW, Mackay 1982)
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
2.78 (sorption isotherm-GC, converted from KOM organic matter-water in various soils, Briggs 1981)
2.78, 3.28 (soil, calculated-MCI . and fragment contribution, Meylan et al. 1992)
3.30 (calculated-KOW, Kollig 1993)
2.70 (soil, calculated-MCI 1., Sabljic et al. 1995)
2.80, 2.93 (RP-HPLC-k. correlation including MCI related to non-dispersive intermolecular interactions,
hydrogen-bonding indicator variable, Hong et al. 1996)
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization:
Photolysis:
Oxidation: rate constant k = 1 . 104 M–1 s–1 for oxidation by RO2 radical at 30°C in aquatic systems with t. = 0.8 d
(Howard 1972; Hendry et al. 1974; quoted, Mill 1982);
k < 2 . 102 M–1 s–1 for oxidation by singlet oxygen at 25°C in aquatic systems with t. > 100 yr (Foote 1976;
Mill 1979; quoted, Mill 1982);
photooxidation t. = 31–1740 h in water, based on photooxidation rate constants with OH and RO2 radicals
for the amine class (Mill & Mabey 1985; Guesten et al. 1981; selected, Howard et al. 1991);
photooxidation t. = 0.247–2.47 h, based on estimated rate data for the reaction with hydroxyl radicals in
air (Atkinson 1987; selected, Howard et al. 1991).
Hydrolysis: rate constant k = 1.2 . 1010 L mol–1 s–1 for reactions with hydroxyl radical in aqueous solution,
(Buxton et al. 1986; quoted, Armbrust 2000);
measured hydroxy radical rate constant k = 4.9 . 1013 M–1·h–1 (Armbrust 2000)
Biodegradation: aqueous aerobic t. = 168–672 h, based on estimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation screening
test data (Malaney 1960; quoted, Howard et al. 1991);
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Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3281
aqueous anaerobic t. = 672–2688 h, based on estimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life (Howard
et al. 1991).
Biotransformation:
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Air: photooxidation t. = 0.247–2.47 h, based on estimated rate data for the reaction with hydroxyl radical in air
(Atkinson 1987; selected, Howard et al. 1991).
Surface water: photooxidation t. = 31–1740 h in water, based on photooxidation rate constants with OH and
RO2 radicals for the amine class (Mill & Mabey 1985; Guesten et al. 1981; selected, Howard et al. 1991);
t. = 31–672 h, based on estimated unacclimated aqueous aerobic degradation half-life and photooxidation
half-life in water (Howard et al. 1991).
Groundwater: t. = 336–1344 h, based on estimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life (Howard et al. 1991).
Sediment:
Soil: t. = 168–672 h, based on estimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life (Howard et al. 1991).
Biota:
TABLE 16.1.3.11.1
Reported vapor pressures of diphenylamine at
various temperatures
Stull 1947
summary of literature data
t/°C P/Pa
108.3 133.3
141.7 666.6
157.0 1333
175.2 2666
194.3 5333
206.9 7999
222.9 13332
247.5 26664
274.1 53329
302.0 101325
mp/°C 52.9
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3282 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
FIGURE 16.1.3.11.1 Logarithm of vapor pressure versus reciprocal temperature for diphenylamine.
Diphenylamine: vapor pressure vs. 1/T
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
0.0016 0.0018 0.002 0.0022 0.0024 0.0026 0.0028 0.003 0.0032
1/(T/K)
P( gol
S
) aP/
Stull 1947
b.p. = 302 °C m.p. = 53.2 °C
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Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3283
16.1.3.12 Benzidine
Common Name: Benzidine
Synonym: p,p.-bianiline, 4,4.-diaminobiphenyl, 4,4.-biphenyldiamine, (1,1.-biphenyl)-4,4.-diamine
Chemical Name: p-benzidine
CAS Registry No: 92-87-5
Molecular Formula: C12H12N2, NH2C6H4C6H4NH2
Molecular Weight: 184.236
Melting Point (°C):
128 (Weast 1982–83)
120 (Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
400 (Weast 1982–83)
401 (Lide 2003)
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
1.250 (Verschueren 1983)
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
213.0 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Dissociation Constant, pKa:
4.66 (pK1), 3.57 (pK2) (30°C, Perrin 1965; quoted, Mabey et al. 1982; Howard 1989)
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 0.117 (mp at 120°C)
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C as indicated):
400 (12°C, Verschueren 1977, 1983)
520 (Shriner et al. 1978)
360 (24°C at pH 5.9, shake flask-LSC, Means et al. 1980)
276 (20°C, Schmidt-Bleek et al. 1982)
359 (Gerstl & Helling 1987)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C):
0.724 (calculated-Trouton’s rule, Mabey et al. 1982)
1.0 . 10–6 (20°C, Schmidt-Bleek et al. 1982)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol at 25°C or as indicated):
3.93 . 10–6 (estimated, Hine & Mookerjee 1975)
0.0394 (calculated-P/C at 12°C, Mabey et al. 1982)
4.60 . 10–7 (calculated-P/C, this work)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
1.34 (shake flask, Korenman 1971)
1.34 (recommended, Sangster 1993)
1.34 (recommended, Hansch et al. 1995)
Octanol/Air Partition Coefficient, log KOA:
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
1.74, 2.66, 2.81, 3.4 (fish, mosquitoes, snail, algae; Lu et al. 1977)
1.60 (bluegills, USEPA 1980; quoted, Howard 1989)
1.00 (microorganisms-water, calculated-KOW, Mabey et al. 1982)
H2N NH2
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3284 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
1.90, 2.93, 3.08 (golden ide, algae, activated sludge, Freitag et al. 1985)
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
1.66 (soil/sediment, equilibrium sorption isotherm by shake flask-LSC at pH 5.9, Means et al. 1980)
1.02 (sediment-water, calculated-KOW, Mabey et al. 1982)
5.95; 5.68; 5.35; 5.91 (Russell soil; Chalmers soil; Kokomo soil; Milford soil, Graveel et al. 1986)
3.00 (calculated-MCI ., Gerstl & Helling 1987)
3.46, 3.44 (soil, quoted, calculated-MCI . and fragment contribution, Meylan et al. 1992)
1.26 (calculated-KOW, Kollig 1993)
3.46 (soil, calculated-MCI 1., Sabljic et al. 1995)
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization:
Photolysis:
Hydrolysis:
Oxidation: aqueous oxidation rate constants for singlet oxygen k < 4 . 107 M–1 h–1 and for peroxy radical of
1.1 . 108 M–1 h–1 at 25°C (Mabey et al. 1982);
photooxidation t. = 0.312–3.12 h, based on estimated rate constant for the reaction with hydroxyl radical
in air (Atkinson 1987; quoted, Howard et al. 1991).
Biodegradation: aqueous aerobic t. = 48–192 h, based on aerobic soil die-away test data (Lu et al. 1977; quoted,
Howard et al. 1991);
overall biodegradation t. = 76 d, when in sludge was applied to a sandy loam soil in a biological soil reactor
and worked into the top 20 cm of soil (Kincannon & Lin 1985; quoted, Howard 1989);
aqueous aerobic t. = 192–768 h, based on estimated unacclimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life
(Howard et al. 1991).
Biotransformation: rate constant for bacterial transformation of 1 . 10–10 mL·cell–1·h–1 in water (Mabey et al.
1982).
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Air: t. = 0.312–3.12 h, based on estimated rate constant for the reaction with hydroxyl radical in air (Atkinson
1987; quoted, Howard et al. 1991);
estimated t. ~ 1 d for the reaction with hydroxyl radical and ozone (Howard 1989);
atmospheric transformation lifetime was estimated to be < 1 d (Kelly et al. 1994).
Surface water: estimated t. ~ 1 d for the reaction with radicals and redox reactions with naturally occurring
cations, etc. and perhaps with photodegradation (Howard 1989);
t. = 31.2–192 h, based on estimated photooxidation half-life in water and estimated unacclimated aqueous
aerobic biodegradation half-life (Howard et al. 1991).
Ground water: t. = 96–484 h, based on estimated unacclimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life (Howard
et al. 1991).
Sediment:
Soil: t. < 10 d in soil (USEPA 1979; quoted, Ryan et al. 1988);
t. = 48–192 h, based on aerobic soil die-away test data (Lu et al. 1977; quoted, Howard et al. 1991);
overall biodegradation t. = 76 d, when in sludge was applied to a sandy loam soil in a biological soil reactor
and worked into the top 20 cm of soil (Kincannon & Lin 1985; quoted, Howard 1989).
Biota: depuration t. ~ 7 d from bluegills (Lu et al. 1977; quoted, Howard 1989).
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3285
16.1.3.13 3,3’-Dichlorobenzidine
Common Name: 3,3.-Dichlorobenzidine
Synonym: 3,3.-dichloro-4,4.-diamino(1,1.-biphenyl), DCB
Chemical Name: 3,3.-dichlorobenzidine
CAS Registry No: 91-94-1
Molecular Formula: C12H10Cl2N2, NH2C6H3(Cl)C6H3(Cl)NH2
Molecular Weight: 253.126
Melting Point (°C):
132.5 (Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
254.8 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Dissociation Constant, pKb:
11.7 (Kollig 1993)
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 0.0882 (mp at 132.5°C)
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C or as indicated):
4.00 (22°C, as dihydrochloride, Banerjee et al. 1978)
3.99 (22°C, at pH 6.9 as DCB.2HCl, quoted, Verschueren 1983)
3.11 (shake flask-UV/LSC, Banerjee et al. 1980)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C):
0.00133 (estimated, Mabey et al. 1982)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol at 25°C):
0.0811 (calculated-P/C, Mabey et al. 1982)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
3.02 (calculated as per Leo et al.1971)
3.51 (23°C, shake flask, Banerjee et al. 1980)
3.35 (calculated-activity coeff. . from UNIFAC, Banerjee & Howard 1988)
3.51 (recommended, Sangster 1993)
3.51 (recommended, Hansch et al. 1995)
Octanol/Air Partition Coefficient, log KOA:
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
2.70 (bluegill sunfish, Appleton & Sikka 1980)
2.97 (microorganisms-water, calculated-KOW, Mabey et al. 1982)
2.79, 2.97, 3.49 (fish, algae, activated sludge, Freitag et al. 1985)
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
3.19 (sediment-water, calculated-KOW, Mabey et al. 1982)
4.35, 3.87 (soil: quoted, calculated-MCI . and fragment contribution, Meylan et al. 1992)
3.30 (calculated-KOW, Kollig 1993)
4.35 (soil, calculated-MCI 1., Sabljic et al. 1995)
H2N NH2
Cl Cl
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3286 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization:
Photolysis:
direct aqueous photolysis rate constant k = 2.1 . 10–6 h–1 in summer at 40°N latitude (Mabey et al. 1982);
both aqueous and atmospheric photolysis t. = 0.025–0.075 h, based on direct photolysis in distilled water
in midday summer sunlight (Banerjee et al. 1978; Sikka et al. 1978; quoted, Callahan et al. 1979; Howard
et al. 1991) and approximate winter sunlight direct photolysis half-life (Banerjee et al. 1978; Sikka
et al. 1978; Lyman et al. 1982; quoted, Howard et al. 1991).
Hydrolysis:
Oxidation: aqueous oxidation rate constants for singlet oxygen k < 4 . 107 M–1 h–1 and for peroxy radical
k < 4 . 107 M–1 h–1 at 25°C (Mabey et al. 1982);
photooxidation t. = 31.2 – 1740 h in water, based on estimated rate constants for reactions with OH and
RO2 radicals in water (Mill & Mabey 1985; quoted, Howard et al. 1991);
photooxidation t. = 0.905 – 9.05 h in air, based on estimated rate constant for the reaction with hydroxyl
radical in air (Atkinson 1987; quoted, Howard et al. 1991)
Biodegradation: aqueous aerobic t. = 672 – 4320 h, based on lake die-away study test data (Appleton et al.
1978; quoted, Howard et al. 1991) and a soil die-away test (Boyd et al. 1984; quoted, Howard et al. 1991);
aqueous anaerobic t. = 2688 – 17280 h, based on estimated unacclimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation
half-life (Howard et al. 1991).
Biotransformation: rate constant for bacterial transformation k = 3 . 10–12 mL·cell–1·h–1 in water (Mabey et al.
1982).
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Air: t. = 0.905 – 9.05 h, based on estimated rate constant for the reaction with hydroxyl radical in air (Atkinson
1987; quoted, Howard et al. 1991);
estimated t. ~ 1 d for the reaction with hydroxyl radical and ozone (Howard 1989);
atmospheric transformation lifetime by photolysis was estimated to be < 1 d (Kelly et al 1994).
Surface water: t. = 0.025 – 0.075 h, based on direct photolysis in distilled water in midday summer sunlight
(Banerjee et al. 1978; Sikka et al. 1978; quoted, Howard et al. 1991) and approximate winter sunlight
direct photolysis half-life (Banerjee et al. 1978; Sikka et al. 1978; Lyman et al. 1982; quoted, Howard
et al. 1991).
Ground water: t. = 1344 – 8640 h, based on estimated unacclimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life
(Howard et al. 1991).
Sediment: t. = 30 min by suspended microcrystalline clays may be considered the most important fate process
in the aquatic environment (Callahan et al. 1979).
Soil: t. = 672 – 4320 h, based on estimated unacclimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life (Howard
et al. 1991).
Biota:
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Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3287
16.1.3.14 N,N’-Bianiline
Common Name: N,N.-Bianiline
Synonym: 1,2-diphenylhydrazine, hydrazobenzene
Chemical Name: 1,2-diphenylhydrazine, hydrazobenzene
CAS Registry No: 122-66-7
Molecular Formula: C12H12N2, C6H5NHNHC6H5
Molecular Weight: 184.236
Melting Point (°C):
131 (Weast 1982–83; Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
293 (as azobenzene, IARC 1975)
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
1.158 (16°C, Weast 1982–83)
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
213.0 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Dissociation constant pKb:
13.2 (Kollig 1993)
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 0.0912 (mp at 131°C)
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C):
0.252 (20°C, as azobenzene, Takagishi et al. 1968)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C or as indicated and reported temperature dependence equations):
0.00347 (quoted, Mabey et al. 1982)
log (P/mmHg) = 16.8982 – 5.0039 . 103/(T/K) –0.35846·log (T/K) –9.9629 . 10–3·(T/K) + 4.2938 . 10–6·(T/K)2;
temp range 404–573 K (vapor pressure eq., Yaws 1994)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol at 25°C):
3.45 . 10–4 (calculated-P/C, Mabey et al. 1982)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
3.82 (shake flask-UV as for azobenzene, Fujita et al. 1964)
3.03 (calculated as per Leo et al. 1971, Callahan et al. 1979)
2.94 (shake flask, Hansch & Leo 1979; 1987)
2.94 (recommended, Sangster 1993)
2.94 (recommended, Hansch et al. 1995)
Octanol/Air Partition Coefficient, log KOA:
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
2.46 (microorganisms-water, calculated-KOW, Mabey et al. 1982)
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
2.62 (sediment-water, calculated-KOW, Mabey et al. 1982)
1.40 (calculated-KOW, Kollig 1993)
HN
NH
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3288 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization:
Photolysis:
Hydrolysis:
Oxidation: aqueous oxidation rate constants for singlet oxygen k < 4 . 107 M–1 h–1 and for peroxy radical,
k < 1 . 109 M–1 h–1 at 25°C (Mabey et al. 1982);
photooxidation t. = 31 – 1740 h, based on photooxidation rate constants with OH and RO2 radicals for the
amine class (Guesten et al. 1981; Mill & Mabey 1985; quoted, Howard et al. 1991);
photooxidation t. = 0.3 – 3.0 h in air, based on estimated rate data for the reaction with hydroxyl radical
in air (Atkinson 1987; quoted, Howard et al. 1991).
Biodegradation: aqueous aerobic t. = 672 – 4320 h, based on acclimated aerobic aqueous screening test data
(Malaney 1960; quoted, Howard et al. 1991); aqueous anaerobic t. = 2880 – 17280 h, based on estimated
unacclimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life (Howard et al. 1991).
Biotransformation: bacterial transformation k = 1 . 10–10 mL·cell–1·h–1 in water (Mabey et al. 1982).
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Air: photooxidation t. = 0.3 – 3.0 h, based on estimated rate data for the reaction with hydroxyl radical in air
(Atkinson 1987; quoted, Howard et al. 1991);
atmospheric transformation lifetime was estimated to be < 1 d (Kelly et al. 1994).
Surface water: photooxidation t. = 31 – 1740 h, based on photooxidation rate constants with OH and RO2 radicals
for the amine class (Guesten et al. 1981; Mill & Mabey 1985; quoted, Howard et al. 1991).
Groundwater: t. = 1344 – 8640 h, based on estimated unacclimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life
(Howard et al. 1991).
Sediment:
Soil: t. = 672 – 4320 h, based on estimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life (Howard et al. 1991).
Biota:
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Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3289
16.1.3.15 .-Naphthylamine (1-Aminonaphthalene)
Common Name: 1-Naphthylamine
Synonym: 1-naphthalenamine, .-naphthylamine, 1-NA, 1-aminonaphthalene, naphthalidine
Chemical Name: 1-naphthalenamine
CAS Registry No: 134-32-7
Molecular Formula: C10H7NH2
Molecular Weight: 143.185
Melting Point (°C):
49.2 (Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
300.7 (Lide 2003)
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
1.1229 (25°C, Weast 1982–8)
1.123 (Dean 1985)
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
161.8 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Dissociation Constant pKa:
3.92 (Sangster 1993)
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
14.23 ± 0.105 (Tsonopoulos & Prausnitz 1971)
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
44.35 ± 3.35 (Tsonopoulos & Prausnitz 1971)
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 0.579 (mp at 49.2°C)
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C):
1700 (Verschueren 1983)
590 parts in water (Budavari 1989)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C and reported temperature dependence equations):
0.803 (extrapolated-regression of tabulated data, temp range 104.3–300.8°C, Stull 1947)
log (P/mmHg) = [–0.2185 . 14529.5/(T/K)] + 8.29900; temp range 104.3–300.8°C (Antoine eq., Weast 1972–73)
0.557 (extrapolated-Cox eq., Chao et al. 1983)
log (P/atm) = [1– 574.066/(T/K)] . 10^{0.822931 – 2.94554 . 10–4·(T/K) + 2.19845 . 10–7·(T/K)2}; temp range:
325.0–645.0 K (Cox eq., Chao et al. 1983)
0.446 (extrapolated, liquid, Antoine eq., Stephenson & Malanowski 1987)
log (PL/kPa) = 6.88407 – 2570.55/(–46.989 + T/K); temp range 377–574 K (Antoine eq., Stephenson &
Malanowski 1987)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol at 25°C):
6.197 (gas stripping-GC, Altschuh et al. 1999)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
2.23 (Leo et al. 1969)
2.25 (shake flask, Hansch & Leo 1979)
2.27 (shake flask-UV at pH 7.5, Martin-Villodre et al. 1986)
2.33 (HPLC-k. correlation, Minick et al. 1988)
2.25 (recommended, Sangster 1993)
2.25 (recommended, Hansch et al. 1995)
2.34 (microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography-retention factor correlation, Poole et al. 2000)
NH2
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3290 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
Octanol/Air Partition Coefficient, log KOA:
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
3.58, 3.43, 3.50 (Milford soil, Morocco soil, Oakville soil, Graveel et al. 1986)
2.63, 2.68, 3.15 (sediment, Alfisol soil, Podzol soil, von Oepen et al. 1991)
3.51, 3.48 (soil, quoted exptl., calculated-MCI ., Meylan et al. 1992)
3.51 (soil, calculated-MCI 1., Sabljic et al. 1995)
2.0–2.65 (5 soils, pH 2.8–7.4, batch equilibrium-sorption isotherm, Li et al. 2000)
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization:
Photolysis:
Oxidation: rate constant k = 1 . 104 M–1 s–1 for oxidation by RO2 radical at 30°C in aquatic systems with t. = 0.8 d
(Howard 1972; Hendry et al. 1974; quoted, Mill 1982);
rate constant k < 2 . 102 M–1 s–1 for oxidation by singlet oxygen at 25°C in aquatic systems with t. > 100 yr
(Foote 1976; Mill 1979; quoted, Mill 1982);
atmospheric t. = 0.292–2.92 h, based on estimated rate constants for the reaction with OH radical in air
and aqueous photooxidation t. = 62.4–3480 h, based on estimated rate constants for reaction of representative
aromatic amines with OH and RO2 radicals in aqueous solution (Howard et al. 1991);
photooxidation t. = 0.08–0.13 h under sunlight and t. = 0.25–9.1 h under UV light when adsorbed on silica;
t. = 0.10–0.15 h under sunlight and t. = 0.15–10.5 h under UV light when adsorbed on alumina on the
TLC plates under simulated atmospheric conditions (Hasegawa et al. 1993).
Hydrolysis:
Biodegradation: aqueous aerobic biodegradation t. = 672–4320 h and aqueous anaerobic biodegradation
t. = 2688–17280 h, based on slow biodegradation observed in aerobic soil die-away test study and aerobic
activated sludge screening tests (Howard et al. 1991).
Biotransformation:
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Air: t. = 0.292–2.92 h, based on estimated photooxidation half-life in air (Howard et al. 1991).
Surface water: t. = 0.62.4–3840 h, based on estimated rate constants for reactions of aromatic amines with OH
and RO2 radicals in aqueous solutions (Howard et al. 1991).
Groundwater: t. = 1344–8640 h, based on slow biodegradation observed in an aerobic soil die-away test study
and aerobic activated sludge screening tests (Howard et al. 1991).
Sediment:
Soil: t. = 672–4320 h, based on slow biodegradation observed in an aerobic soil die-away test study and aerobic
activated sludge screening tests (Howard et al. 1991).
Biota:
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3291
16.1.3.16 .-Naphthylamine (2-Aminonaphthalene)
Common Name: 2-Naphthylamine
Synonym: 2-naphthalenamine, .-naphthylamine, 2-NA, 2-aminonaphthalene, naphthalidine
Chemical Name: 2-naphthalenamine
CAS Registry No: 91-59-8
Molecular Formula: C10H7NH2
Molecular Weight: 143.185
Melting Point (°C):
113 (Weast 1982–83; Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
306.2 (Lide 2003)
Density (g/cm3):
1.0614 (at 98°C, Weast 1982–83; Verschueren 1983; Dean 1985)
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
161.8 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Dissociation Constant pKa:
4.15 (Sangster 1993)
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
21.97 (Tsonopoulos & Prausnitz 1971)
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
57.32 (Tsonopoulos & Prausnitz 1971)
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 0.137 (mp at 113°C)
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C or as indicated):
6.40 (18°C, Ciusa 1922; quoted, Tsonopoulos & Prausnitz 1971)
0.19 (18–20°C, Neish 1948; quoted, Tsonopoulos & Prausnitz 1971)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C and reported temperature dependence equations):
0.634 (extrapolated-regression of tabulated data, temp range 108–306.1°C, Stull 1947)
log (P/atm) = [–0.2185 . 14679.6/(T/K)] + 8.435133; temp range 108–306.1°C (Antoine eq., Weast 1972–73)
0.369 (extrapolated-Cox eq., Chao et al. 1983)
log (P/atm) = [1 – 579.422/(T/K)] . 10^{0.860256 – 4.44286 . 10–4·(T/K) + 3.71453 . 10–7·(T/K)2}; temp
range: 385.0–645.0 K (Cox eq., Chao et al. 1983)
0.035 (Howard et al. 1986)
0.035 (interpolated, solid, Antoine eq., Stephenson & Malanowski 1987)
0.362 (extrapolated, liquid, Antoine eq., Stephenson & Malanowski 1987)
log (PS/kPa) = 8.4859 – 3859/(T/K), temp range: 283–323 K, (Antoine eq.-I, Stephenson & Malanowski 1987)
log (PL/kPa) = 6.88978 – 2604.31/(–46.068 + T/K), temp range 388–579 K (Antoine eq.-II, Stephenson &
Malanowski 1987)
0.340 (calculated-solvatochromic parameters, Banerjee et al. 1990)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol at 25°C):
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
2.28 (shake flask, Hansch & Leo 1979)
2.26 (20°C, shake flask, Korenman & Polumestnaya, 1982)
2.40 (calculated-UNIFAC activity coeff., Campbell & Luthy 1985)
2.40 (shake flask-AS, pH 7.5, Martin-Villodre et al. 1986)
2.34 (recommended, Sangster 1993)
2.28 (recommended, Hansch et al. 1995)
NH2
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3292 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
Octanol/Air Partition Coefficient, log KOA:
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
1.77 (calculated-KOW, Kollig 1993)
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization:
Photolysis:
Oxidation: rate constant k = 1 . 104 M–1 s–1 for oxidation by RO2 radicals at 30°C in aquatic systems with
t. = 0.8 d (Howard 1972; Hendry et al. 1974; quoted, Mill 1982);
rate constant k < 2 . 102 M–1 s–1 for oxidation by singlet oxygen at 25°C in aquatic systems with t. > 100
yr (Foote 1976; Mill 1979; quoted, Mill 1982);
photooxidation t. = 0.30–2.90 h in air, based on estimated rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction with
hydroxyl radical in air (Atkinson 1987; quoted, Howard et al. 1991);
aqueous photooxidation t. = 62–3480 h, based on estimated rate constants for reaction of representative
aromatic amines with OH and RO2 radicals in aqueous solution (Guesten et al. 1981; Mill & Mabey
1985; quoted, Howard et al. 1991);
photooxidation t. = 0.05–0.14 h under sunlight and 0.20–10.0 h under UV light when adsorbed on silica
and t. = 0.16–0.19 h under sunlight and t. = 0.22–10.8 h under UV light when adsorbed on alumina
TLC plates under simulated atmospheric conditions (Hasegawa et al. 1993).
Hydrolysis:
Biodegradation: aqueous aerobic biodegradation t. = 672–4320 h, based on unacclimated aerobic screening test data
(Fochtman & Eisenberg 1979; quoted, Howard et al. 1979) and unacclimated soil grab sample data (Medvedev
& Davidov 1981; quoted, Howard et al. 1991); aqueous anaerobic biodegradation t. = 2880–17280 h, based on
estimated unacclimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life (Howard et al. 1991).
Biotransformation:
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Air: photooxidation t. = 0.30–2.90 h, based on estimated rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction with hydroxyl
radical in air (Atkinson 1987; quoted, Howard et al. 1991).
Surface water: t. = 62.0–3840 h, based on estimated rate constants for reactions of aromatic amines with OH
and RO2 radicals in aqueous solutions (Guesten et al. 1981; Mill & Mabey 1985; quoted, Howard et al. 1991).
Groundwater: t. = 1344–8640 h, based on estimated unacclimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life
(Howard et al. 1991).
Sediment:
Soil: t. = 672–4320 h, based on unacclimated aerobic screening test data (Fochtman & Eisenberg 1979; quoted,
Howard et al. 1991) and unacclimated aerobic soil grab sample data (Medvedev & Davidov 1981; quoted,
Howard et al. 1981).
Biota:
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Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3293
16.1.3.17 2-Nitroaniline
Common Name: 2-Nitroaniline
Synonym: 1-amino-2-nitrobenzene, o-aminonitrobenzene, o-nitroaniline, 2-nitrophenylamine, 2-nitrobenzeneamine
Chemical Name: 1-amino-2-nitrobenzene, o-nitroaniline, 2-nitroaniline
CAS Registry No: 88-74-4
Molecular Formula: C6H6N2O2, C6H4NH2NO2
Molecular Weight: 138.124
Melting Point (°C):
71.0 (Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
284 (Lide 2003)
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
1.442 (15°C, Weast 1982–83; Verschueren 1983; Dean 1985)
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
138.7 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Dissociation Constant, pKa:
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
16.11 (Tsonopoulos & Prausnitz 1971)
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
46.86 (Tsonopoulos & Prausnitz 1971)
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 0.354 (mp at 71.0°C)
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C or as indicted):
1212, 2423 (25, 40°C, synthetic method-shake flask-titration, Collet & Johnson 1926)
1740 (calculated-KOW, Yalkowsky & Morozowich 1980)
1260 (Verschueren 1983)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C and reported temperature dependence equations):
log (P/mmHg) = 8.81842 – 3336.52/(T/K); measured range 150–215°C (isoteniscope, Berliner & May 1925)
log (P/mmHg) = 9.55950 – 4037.7/(T/K); measured range 190–250°C (isoteniscope, Berliner & May 1925)
0.620 (extrapolated-regression of tabulated data, temp range 104–284.5°C, Stull 1947)
0.072 (Knudsen method, calculated-Antoine eq., Hoyer & Peperle 1958)
log (P/mmHg) = 12.50 – 4701/(T/K), temp range 0–50°C (Knudsen effusion method, Hoyer & Peperle 1958)
log (P/mmHg) = [–0.2185 . 15284.0/(T/K)] + 8.868383; temp range 104–284.5°C (Antoine eq., Weast 1972–73)
< 13.3 (30°C, Verschueren 1983)
0.650 (extrapolated-Antoine eq., Dean 1985, 1992)
log (P/mmHg) = 8.8684 – 3336.5/(T/K); temp range 150–260°C (Antoine eq., Dean 1985, 1992)
log (PS/kPa) = 11.625 – 4701/(T/K); temp range 273–323 K (Antoine eq.-I, Stephenson & Malanowski 1987)
log (PL/kPa) = 11.3629 – 7444.3/(240.83 + T/K); temp range 423–553 K (Antoine eq.-II, Stephenson &
Malanowski 1987)
log (P/mmHg) = –112.5774 –1.5945 . 103/(T/K) + 54.577·log (T/K) –7.6775 . 10–2·(T/K) + 3.6152 . 10–5·(T/K)2;
temp range 345–558 K (vapor pressure eq., Yaws 1994)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol):
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
1.44 (shake flask-UV, Fujita et al. 1964)
1.83 (shake flask-UV, Hansch & Anderson 1967)
1.62 (HPLC-RT correlation, Carlson et al. 1975)
1.81 (Hansch & Leo 1979)
NH2
NO2
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3294 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
1.72 (shake flask, Eadsforth & Moser 1983)
1.67 (calculated-HPLC-k. correlation, Deneer et al. 1987)
1.50 (calculated-linear extrapolation exptl. log k at various solvent compositions, Deneer et al. 1987)
1.93, 1.73 (25°C, 60°C, shake flask-UV, Kramer & Henze 1990)
1.85 (recommended, Sangster 1993)
1.80 ± 0.14, 1.35 ± 0.51 (solvent generated liquid-liquid chromatography SGLLC-correlation, RP-HPLC-k.
correlation, Cichna et al. 1995)
1.85 (recommended, Hansch et al. 1995)
Octanol/Air Partition Coefficient, log KOA:
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
0.91; 1.49, 0.55, 0.83 (quoted exptl.; calculated values-KOW, Bintein et al. 1993)
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Surface water: estimated t. = 1.4 d in Rhine River in case of a first order reduction process (Zoeteman et al. 1980)
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Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3295
16.1.3.18 4-Nitroaniline
Common Name: 4-Nitroaniline
Synonym: 1-amino-4-nitrobenzene, p-aminonitrobenzene, p-nitroaniline, 4-nitrobenzenamine, 4-nitrophenylamine
Chemical Name: 1-amino-4-nitrobenzene, p-nitroaniline, 4-nitroaniline
CAS Registry No: 100-01-6
Molecular Formula: C6H6N2O2, C6H4NH2NO2
Molecular Weight: 138.124
Melting Point (°C):
147.5 (Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
332 (Lide 2003)
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
1.424 (Weast 1982–83; Verschueren 1983)
1.4370 (14°C, Dean 1985)
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
138.7 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Dissociation Constant, pKa:
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
21.09 (Tsonopoulos & Prausnitz 1971)
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
50.21 (Tsonopoulos & Prausnitz 1971)
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 0.0628 (mp at 147.5°C)
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C or as indicated):
568, 1157 (25, 40°C, synthetic method-shake flask-titration, Collet & Johnson 1926)
728 (30°C, shake flask-interferometry, Gross et al. 1931)
603 (calculated-KOW, Yalkowsky & Morozowich 1980)
380 (20°C, shake flask-membrane filter-fluorophotometry, Hashimoto et al. 1982)
390, 400 (20°C, shake flask-glass fiber filters-fluorophotometry, Hashimoto et al. 1982)
800; 22000 (19°C, 100°C, Verschueren 1983)
800 (Dean 1985)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C and reported temperature dependence equations):
log (P/mmHg) = 9.55950 – 4037.7/(T/K); measured range 190–250°C (isoteniscope, Berliner & May 1925)
0.035 (extrapolated-regression of tabulated data, temp range 142.4–336°C, Stull 1947)
log (P/mmHg) = 13.69 – 5707/(T/K), temp range 30–90°C, (Knudsen effusion method, Hoyer & Peperle 1958)
log (P/mmHg) = [–0.2185 . 17220.2/(T/K)] + 9.041879; temp range 142.4–336°C (Antoine eq., Weast 1972–73)
0.200, 0.933 (20°C, 30°C, Verschueren 1983)
0.014 (extrapolated-Antoine eq., Dean 1985)
log (P/mmHg) = 9.5595 – 4039.73/(T/K); temp range 190–260°C (Antoine eq., Dean 1985, 1992)
log (PS/kPa) = 11.1109 – 5093/(T/K); temp range 346–366 K (solid, Antoine eq.-I, Stephenson & Malanowski
1987)
log (PL/kPa) = 8.7988 – 4071.3/(T/K); temp range 473–538 K (liquid, Antoine eq.-II., Stephenson & Malanowski
1987)
log (P/mmHg) = 56.1642 – 5.3655 . 103/(T/K) –17.958·log (T/K) + 9.092 . 10–3·(T/K) + 7.0305 . 10–10·(T/K)2;
temp range 421–609 K (vapor pressure eq., Yaws 1994)
NH2
NO2
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3296 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol):
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
1.39 (shake flask-UV, Fujita et al. 1964; Hansch & Leo 1979)
0.59 (calculated-activity coeff. . from UNIFAC, Campbell & Luthy 1985)
1.16 (HPLC-k. correlation, Deneer et al. 1987)
1.10 (calculated-linear extrapolation exptl. values of log k at various solvent compositions, Deneer et al.
1987)
1.15 (HPLC-RT correlation, Wang et al. 1989)
1.51, 1.36 (25°C, 60°C, shake flask-UV, Kramer & Henze 1990)
1.30 (CPC-RV correlation, Tsai et al. 1991)
1.30 (CPC-RV correlation, El Tayar et al. 1991)
1.35 (recommended, Sangster 1993)
1.39 ± 0.14, 0.75 ± 0.48 (solvent generated liquid-liquid chromatography SGLLC-correlation, RP-HPLC-k. correlation,
Cichna et al. 1995)
1.37 (recommended, Hansch et al. 1995)
Octanol/Air Partition Coefficient, log KOA:
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
2.26; 2.66; 2.12 (Alfisol soil; Podzol soil; sediment, von Oepen et al. 1991)
0.64; 1.25, –0.18, 0.41 (quoted exptl.; calculated values-KOW, Bintein et al. 1993)
2.16, 2.22, 2.19 (RP-HPLC-k. correlation on 3 different stationary phases, Szabo et al. 1995)
1.86, 1.84 (RP-HPLC-k. correlation including MCI related to non-dispersive intermolecular interactions, hydrogen-
bonding indicator variable, Hong et al. 1996)
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Surface water: estimated t. = 2.3 d in Rhine River in case of a first order reduction process (Zoeteman et al. 1980)
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Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3297
16.1.4 NITROAROMATIC COMPOUNDS
16.1.4.1 Nitrobenzene
Common Name: Nitrobenzene
Synonym: nitrobenzol, oil of mirbane
Chemical Name: nitrobenzene
CAS Registry No: 98-95-3
Molecular Formula: C6H5NO2
Molecular Weight: 123.110
Melting Point (°C):
5.7 (Stull 1947; Dreisbach 1955; Weast 1982–83; Howard 1989; Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
210.8 (Weast 1982–83; Lide 2003)
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
1.2032, 1.1982 (20°C, 25°C, Dreisbach 1955)
1.2036 (20°C, Weast 1982–83)
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
102.0 (calculated from density, Rohrschneider 1973; Chiou 1985)
112.0 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Dissociation Constant pKa:
Enthalpy of Vaporization, .HV (kJ/mol):
55.186, 43.421 (25°C, bp, Dreisbach 1961)
55.013, 40.769 (25°C, bp, Riddick et al. 1986)
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
11.59 (Dreisbach 1955)
12.13 (Tsonopoulos & Prausnitz 1971)
11.63 (Riddick et al. 1986)
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
43.51 (Tsonopoulos & Prausnitz 1971)
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 1.0
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C or as indicated. Additional data at other temperatures designated * are
compiled at the end of this section):
1780, 2050 (15, 30°C, shake flask-interferometry, Gross et al. 1931)
2060* (30°C, shake flask-interferometry and titration, measured range 0–60°C, Vermillion et al. 1941)
1204 (shake flask-centrifuge, Booth & Everson 1948)
1930 (Seidell 1941)
2018 (shake flask-interferometry, Donahue & Bartell 1952)
1950 (Deno & Berkheimer 1960)
2259 (35°C, shake flask-UV spectrophotometry, Hine et al. 1963)
2060 (Hansch et al. 1968)
1900 (20°C, Verschueren 1977, 1983)
2093 (shake flask-LSC, Banerjee et al. 1980)
2090 (shake flask-radioactive analysis, Veith et al. 1980)
2043 (20–27°C, shake flask-GC, Chiou 1985)
1900 (20°C, Riddick et al. 1986; quoted, Howard 1989)
1930* (20°C, shake flask-UV spectrophotometry, measured range 10–40°C, Benes & Dohnal 1999)
NO2
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3298 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C or as indicated and reported temperature dependence equations. Additional data at other
temperatures designated * are compiled at the end of this section):
133.3* (53.1°C, static-manometer, measured range 53.1–208.3°C, Kahlbaum 1898)
38.80 (saturated vapor density-gas saturation, Puck & Wise 1946)
42.06* (extrapolated-regression of tabulated data, temp range 44.4–210.6°C, Stull 1947)
10063* (134.1°C, ebulliometry, measured range 134.1–210.629°C, Brown 1952)
37.86 (calculated by formula, Dreisbach 1955; quoted, Hine & Mookerjee 1975)
log (P/mmHg) = 7.08283 – 1722.2/(199.0 + t/°C); temp range 108–300°C (Antoine eq. for liquid state, Dreisbach 1955)
32.3* (23.14°C, gas saturation, measured range 6.09–23.14°C, Lynch & Wilke 1960)
log (P/mmHg) = 7.545 – 2064/(t/°C + 230); temp range 6.09–23.14°C (gas saturation, Lynch & Wilke 1960)
80.0 (35°C, gas saturation-gravitational or UV spectrophotometry, Hine et al. 1963)
log (P/mmHg) = [–0.2185 . 12168.2/(T/K)] + 8.416268; temp range 44.4–210.6°C (Antoine eq., Weast 1972–73)
34.60 (extrapolated-Antoine eq., Boublik et al. 1973)
log (P/mmHg) = 7.11562 – 1746.585/(201.783 + t/°C), temp range 134–210.6°C (Antoine eq. from reported
exptl. data, Boublik et al. 1973)
20.00 (20°C, Verschueren 1977, 1983)
28.37 (calculated-bp, Mackay et al. 1982)
34.36 (extrapolated-Antoine eq., Boublik et al. 1984)
log (P/kPa) = 6.23424 – 1741.779/(201.257 + t/°C); temp range 134–210.6°C (Antoine eq. from reported exptl.
data, Boublik et al. 1984)
log (P/kPa) = 4.06596 – 323.457/(–58.276 + t/°C); temp range 239–291°C (Antoine eq. from reported exptl.
data, Boublik et al. 1984)
34.63 (extrapolated-Antoine eq., Dean 1985; 1992)
log (P/mmHg) = 6.91048 – 946.35/(246.68 + t/°C); temp range –87 to 7°C (Antoine eq., Dean 1985, 1992)
37.0 (quoted lit., Riddick et al. 1986)
log (P/kPa) = 6.670 – 2064.0/(230.0 + t/°C), temp range not specified (Antoine eq., Riddick et al. 1986)
37.65 (extrapolated-Antoine eq.-II, Stephenson & Malanowski 1987)
log (PL/kPa) = 6.22069 – 1732.222/(–72.886 + T/K); temp range 407–484 K (Antoine eq.-I, Stephenson &
Malanowski 1987)
log (PL/kPa) = 6.6699 – 2064/(–43.15 + T/K); temp range 279–296 K (Antoine eq.-II, Stephenson & Malanowski 1987)
33.33 (Howard et al. 1986)
log (P/mmHg) = –54.4937 –2.1123 . 103/(T/K) + 29.321·log (T/K) –4.4839 . 10–2·(T/K) + 2.0162 . 10–5·(T/K)2;
temp range 279–719 K (vapor pressure eq., Yaws 1994)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol at 25°C):
2.367, 4.51, 4.723 (exptl., calculated-group contribution, calculated-bond contribution, Hine & Mookerjee 1975)
1.327 (calculated-P/C, Mabey et al. 1982)
2.472 (estimated, Lyman et al. 1982)
5.06 (calculated-molecular structure, Russell et al. 1992)
0.868 (gas stripping-GC, Altschuh et al. 1999)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
1.85 (shake flask-UV, Fujita et al. 1964; Hansch et al. 1968; Leo et al. 1969, 1971; Hansch & Leo 1979,
1985;)
1.74 (Neely et al. 1974)
1.85, 1.84 (Hansch & Leo 1979)
1.82 (HPLC-RT correlation, Veith et al. 1979a)
1.83 (shake flask-LSC, Banerjee et al. 1980)
1.98, 1.78 (HPLC-k. correlation, McDuffie 1981)
1.85 (generator column-HPLC, Wasik et al. 1981; Tewari et al. 1982;)
1.88 (shake flask-UV, Unger & Chiang 1981)
1.99 (RP-HPLC-k. correlation, Miyake & Terada 1982)
1.83, 1.84 (calculated-activity coeff. . from UNIFAC, octanol and water solubility considered; calculatedactivity
coeff. . from UNIFAC, octanol and water solubility not considered, Arbuckle 1983)
1.85, 1.88 (lit. values, Verschueren 1983)
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Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3299
1.83 ± 0.02 (HPLC-RV correlation-ALPM, Garst & Wilson 1984)
1.84 (calculated-activity coefficient . from UNIFAC, Campbell & Luthy 1985)
1.87 (Lu et al. 1986)
1.85 (RP-HPLC-k. correlation, Minick et al. 1988)
1.89 (HPLC-k. correlation, Deneer et al. 1987)
1.84 (calculated-activity coeff. . from UNIFAC, Banerjee & Howard 1988)
1.70 (RP-HPLC-RT correlation, ODS column with masking agent, Bechalany et al. 1989)
1.828 ± 0.001 (shake flask/slow-stirring-GC, De Bruijn et al. 1989)
1.85 (recommended, Sangster 1989, 1993)
1.836 ± 0.051; 1.828 ± 0.001 (average values, stir-flask method by BRE; by RITOX, Brooke et al. 1990)
1.83, 1.85, 1.88 (CPC-retention volume correlation; Gluck & Martin 1990)
1.94, 2.25 (25°C, 60°C, shake flask-UV, Kramer & Henze 1990)
1.57 (shake flask-UV, Nakagawa et al. 1992)
1.85 (shake flask-GC, Alcron et al. 1993)
1.85 (recommended, Hansch et al. 1995)
2.25, 2.12, 2.20, 2.23 (HPLC-k. correlation, different combinations of stationary and mobile phases under
isocratic conditions, Makovskaya et al. 1995)
1.88 (shake flask-dialysis tubing-HPLC/UV, both phases, Andersson & Schrader 1999)
1.93 (microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography-retention factor correlation, Poole et al. 2000)
Octanol/Air Partition Coefficient, log KOA:
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
1.18 (fathead minnows, Veith et al. 1979b)
0.06 (calculated-KOW, Veith et al. 1980)
< 1.0; 1.36 (golden orfe; green algae, Freitag et al. 1982)
1.38; 1.42 (alga Chlorella fusca, wet wt. basis; calculated-KOW, Geyer et al. 1984)
0.78 (P. reticulata, Canton et al. 1985; quoted, Howard 1989)
< 1.0, 1.38, 1.60 (golden orfe, algae, activated sludge, Freitag et al. 1982)
< 1.0, 1.30, 1.60 (golden ide, algae, activated sludge, Freitag et al. 1985)
1.47 ± 0.12 (guppy-fat wt. basis, Deneer et al. 1987)
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
1.94 (20°C, sorption isotherm-GC, converted from KOM multiplied by 1.724, Briggs 1981)
2.30 (Lincoln fine sand, calculated exptl. value, Wilson et al. 1981)
2.23, 2.57 (Danish subsoils, Loekke 1985)
1.63, 1.84 (two Norwegian organic soils, Seip et al. 1986)
1.70 (soil, quoted, Sabljic 1987)
1.95 ± 0.84, 2.02 ± 1.18; 1.99 (Captina slit loam, McLaurin sandy loam; weighted mean, batch equilibriumsorption
isotherm, Walton et al. 1992)
1.43 (predicted-KOW, Walton et al. 1992)
1.51 (calculated-KOW, Kollig 1993)
2.20 (soil, calculated-QSAR MCI 1., Sabljic et al. 1995)
2.05, 2.16, 2.15 (RP-HPLC-k. correlation on 3 different stationary phases, Szabo et al. 1995)
1.99, 1.84 (RP-HPLC-k. correlation including MCI related to non-dispersive intermolecular interactions,
hydrogen-bonding indicator variable, Hong et al. 1996)
2.20; 2.28 (HPLC-screening method; calculated-PCKOC fragment method, Muller & Kordel 1996)
2.51, 2.03, 2.26, 2.09, 1.90 (soil: calculated-KOW; HPLC-screening method using LC-columns of different
stationary phases, Szabo et al. 1999)
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization: t.(calc) . 200 h from water bodies (Mackay & Leinonen 1975; quoted, Callahan et al. 1979)
t. = 45 d was estimated in a model river 1 m deep with a 1.0 m/s current and a 3 m/s wind (Lyman et al.
1982; quoted, Howard 1989).
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3300 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
Photolysis: aqueous photolysis t. = 67–200 d, based on measured photolysis rate constant in distilled water
under midday sun at 40°N latitude (Simmons & Zepp 1986; Howard 1989; Howard et al. 1991);
atmospheric photolysis t. = 67–200 d, based on measured photolysis rate constant in distilled water under
midday sun at 40°N latitude (Simmons & Zepp 1986; quoted, Howard 1989; Howard et al. 1991);
rate constant k = 2.37 . 10–3 h–1 with H2O2 under photolysis at 25°C in F-113 solution and with HO- in the
gas (Dilling et al. 1988).
Hydrolysis:
Oxidation: rate constant k, for gas-phase second order rate constants, kOH for reaction with OH radical, kNO3
with NO3 radical and kO3 with O3 or as indicated *data at other temperatures see reference:
photooxidation t. = 125 d to 22 yr in water, based on measured rate constant for reaction with hydroxyl
radical in water (Dorfman & Adams 1973; Anbar & Neta 1967; quoted, Howard et al. 1991)
k << 360 M–1 h–1 for singlet oxygen, k << 1.0 M–1 h–1 for peroxy radical at 25°C (Mabey et al. 1982)
k = (0.09 ± 0.02) M–1 s–1 for 5–10 mM to react with ozone in water using 50–1000 mM of t-BuOH as
scavenger at pH 2 and 20–23°C (Hoigne & Bader 1983)
kOH(obs.) = 0.15 . 10–12 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 at 296 K (Becker et al. 1984; quoted, Carlier et al. 1986)
kOH = 0.21 . 10–12 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 at room temp. (Zetzsch 1982)
kOH(calc) = 0.30 . 10–12 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 and 0.27 . 10–12 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 at room temp. (Atkinson
1985; Atkinson et al. 1985)
kOH* = 0.137 . 10–12 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 at 299 K, measured range 259–362 K (flash photolysis-resonance
fluorescence, Witte et al. 1986)
kOH(calc) = 1.1 . 10–13 cm3 molecule–1 s–1, 1.7 . 10–13 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 (addition of OH for different
positions of the electrophilic attack, Witte et al. 1986)
kO3 < 7 . 10–21 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 at 296 ± 2 K (relative rate method, Atkinson et al. 1987)
kOH = 1.3 . 10–13 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 with atmospheric lifetimes . = 180 d in clean troposphere and 90 d in
moderately polluted atmosphere; kO3 < 7 . 10–21 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 with atmospheric lifetimes . > 6 yr
in clean troposphere and . > 2 yr in moderately polluted atmosphere at room temp. (Atkinson et al. 1987)
kOH(calc) = 2.5 . 10–13 cm3·molecule–1 s–1, kOH(obs.) = 1.4 . 10–13 cm3·molecule–1 s–1 (SAR structure-activity
relationship, Atkinson 1987)
kOH = (0.16 – < 0.90) . 10–12 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 at 296 K (review, Atkinson 1989)
phototransformation decay rate constant of 0.17 min–1 on 0.20 g/L of TiO2, 8.8 min–1 on 0.20 g/L of ZnO
and 3.1 min–1 on 1.0 g/L of Al2O3 (Minero et al. 1994)
Abiotic Transformation: Degradation in reductive environment:
k = 0.187 min–1 with solute concn of 50 µM in a 19 day-old 0.2g/L magnetite suspension at pH 7 and
1.5 mM Fe(II) at 25°C (Klusen et al. 1995)
k = (7.39 ± 1.28) . 10–2 M–1 s–1 in H2S with (mercapto)juglone (an abiotic reductant found in natural systems)
solution at pH 6.65 (Wang & Arnold 2003)
Biodegradation:
decomposition by a soil microflora in more than 64 d (Alexander & Lustigman 1966; quoted, Verschueren 1983)
t.(aq. anaerobic) = 48–300 h, based on anaerobic natural die-away test data for 2,4-dinitrotoluene (Spanggord
et al. 1980; quoted, Howard et al. 1991)
k = 14 mg COD g–1 h–1 average biodegradation rate for 98% removal (Scow 1982)
t.(aq. aerobic) = 322–4728 h, based on aerobic soil column biodegradation study data (Kincannon & Lin
1985; quoted, Howard et al. 1991)
t.(aerobic) = 13 d, t.(anaerobic) = 2 d in natural waters (Capel & Larson 1995)
Biotransformation: first-order rate constant of 0.7 d–1 corresponding to a half-life of 1 d in adopted activated
sludge under aerobic conditions (Mills et al. 1982); rate constant for bacterial transformation of 3 . 10–9
mL cell–1 h–1 in water (Mabey et al. 1982).
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Air: atmospheric lifetimes: . = 180 d in clean troposphere and . = 90 d in moderately polluted atmosphere, based
on gas-phase reaction with OH radical in atmosphere at room temp. and atmospheric lifetimes . > 6 yr in
clean troposphere and . > 2 yr in moderately polluted atmosphere, based on gas-phase reaction with O3
(estimated rate constant) in atmosphere at room temp. (Atkinson et al. 1987);
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3301
photooxidation t. = 0.544 – 5.44 h, based on measured rate constant for reaction with hydroxyl radical in
air (Atkinson et al. 1987; quoted, Howard 1989; Howard et al. 1991);
atmospheric transformation lifetime was estimated to be > 5 d (Kelly et al. 1994).
Surface water: photooxidation t. = 125 d to 22 yr, based on measured rate constant for reaction with hydroxyl
radical in water (Dorfman & Adams 1973; Anbar & Neta 1967; quoted, Howard et al. 1991);
estimated t. = 0.3 – 3.0 d in rivers (Zoeteman et al. 1980);
t. = 322 – 4728 h, based on estimated unacclimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life (Howard et al. 1991)
t.(aerobic) = 13 d, t.(anaerobic) = 2 d in natural waters (Capel & Larson 1995).
Groundwater: estimated t. = 1.0 d in Rhine River in case of a first order reduction process (Zoeteman et al. 1980)
t. = 48 – 9456 h, based on estimated unacclimated aqueous anaerobic biodegradation half-life for 2,4-
dinitrotoluene and estimated unacclimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life (Howard et al. 1991).
Sediment:
Soil: estimated degradation t. = 625 d in activated sludge (Freitag et al. 1985; quoted, Anderson et al. 1991)
t. = 322 – 4728 h, based on aerobic soil column biodegradation study data (Kincannon & Lin 1985; quoted,
Howard et al. 1991);
calculated t. = 9.1 d from first-order kinetic of degradation rate in sterilized soils (Anderson et al. 1991).
Biota:
TABLE 16.1.4.1.1
Reported aqueous solubilities of nitrobenzene at various temperatures
Gross et al. 1931 Vermillion et al. 1941 Benes & Dohnal 1999
shake flask-interferometry interferometry shake flask-UV
t/°C S/g·m–3 t/°C S/g·m–3 t/°C S/g·m–3
15 1780 0 1660 10 1770
30 2050 6 1700 20 1930
30 2060 30 2060
60 3120 40 2200
titration .Hsol/(kJ mol–1) =5.4 ± 0.2
30 2060 at 25°C.
50 2640
FIGURE 16.1.4.1.1 Logarithm of mole fraction solubility (ln x) versus reciprocal temperature for nitrobenzene.
Nitrobenzene: solubility vs. 1/T
-9.0
-8.5
-8.0
-7.5
-7.0
0.0028 0.003 0.0032 0.0034 0.0036 0.0038
1/(T/K)
x
nl
Gross et al. 1931
Vermillion et al. 1941
Benes & Dohnal 1999
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3302 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
TABLE 16.1.4.1.2
Reported vapor pressures of nitrobenzene at various temperatures and the coefficients for the vapor pressure
equations
log P = A – B/(T/K) (1) ln P = A – B/(T/K) (1a)
log P = A – B/(C + t/°C) (2) ln P = A – B/(C + t/°C) (2a)
log P = A – B/(C + T/K) (3)
log P = A – B/(T/K) – C·log (T/K) (4)
Kahlbaum 1898* Stull 1947 Lynch & Wilke 1960 Brown 1952
static-manometer summary of literature data gas saturation ebulliometry
t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa
53.1 133.3 44.4 133.3 6.09 8.799 134.1 10063
59.8 266.6 71.6 666.6 12.57 14.80 139.75 13372
64.9 400.0 84.9 1333 12.67 13.33 143.17 16084
69.2 533.3 99.3 2666 14.67 16.93 149.73 18692
72.9 666.6 115.4 5333 14.72 17.73 154.61 21866
85.4 1333.2 125.8 7999 21.37 29.06 159.77 25704
99.1 2666.4 139.9 13332 21.54 29.33 164.45 29641
108.2 3999.7 161.2 26664 23.12 32.26 168.72 33649
114.9 5332.9 185.8 53329 23.14 32.26 172.96 38002
120.0 6666.1 210.6 101325 176.48 44455
131.1 9999.2 bp/°C 210.8 182.07 49014
139.9 13332 mp/°C 5.7 185.70 54019
160.5 26664 eq. 2 P/mmHg 188.90 58839
174.5 39997 A 7.545 196.63 65426
184.5 53329 B 2064 200.41 71843
192.5 66661 C 230 203.88 78997
199.5 79993 206.62 86075
205.0 93326 209.49 92023
208.3 101325 210.626 101322
210.629 101330
*complete list see ref.
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3303
FIGURE 16.1.4.1.2 Logarithm of vapor pressure versus reciprocal temperature for nitrobenzene.
Nitrobenzene: vapor pressure vs. 1/T
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
0.0018 0.0022 0.0026 0.003 0.0034 0.0038 0.0042
1/(T/K)
P( gol
S
) aP/
Kahlbaum 1898
Brown 1952
Lynch & Wilke 1960
Stull 1947
b.p. = 210.8 °C m.p. = 5.7 °C
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3304 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
16.1.4.2 2-Nitrotoluene
Common Name: 2-Nitrotoluene
Synonym: 1-methyl-2-nitrobenzene, o-nitrotoluene, 2-methylnitrobenzene
Chemical Name: 2-nitrotoluene, o-nitrotoluene
CAS Registry No: 88-72-2
Molecular Formula: C7H7NO2, CH3C6H4NO2
Molecular Weight: 137.137
Melting Point (°C):
–10.4 (Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
222 (Lide 2003)
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
1.15693, 1.15232 (20°C, 25°C, Dreisbach & Martin 1949)
1.1629 (Weast 1982–83)
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
117.9 (20°C, Stephenson & Malanowski 1987)
153.0 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Dissociation Constant pKa:
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 1.0
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C. Additional data at other temperatures designated * are compiled at the end
of this section):
652 (30°C, shake flask-interferometer, Gross et al. 1933)
656 (quoted, Deno & Berkheimer 1960)
< 233 (shake flask-centrifuge, Booth & Everson 1948)
324 (Hansch et al. 1968)
656, 2076 (quoted, predicted-KOW, Valvani et al. 1981)
652 (30°C, Verschueren 1983)
656, 771 (quoted, calculated-fragment const., Wakita et al. 1986)
641; 444 (quoted exptl.; calculated-group contribution method, Kuhne et al. 1995)
609* (20°C, shake flask-UV spectrophotometry, measured range 10–40°C, Benes & Dohnal 1999)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C and reported temperature dependence equations. Additional data at other temperatures
designated * are compiled at the end of this section):
23.97* (extrapolated-regression of tabulated data, Kahlbaum 1898)
27.69* (extrapolated-regression of tabulated data, temp range 50–222.3°C, Stull 1947)
log (P/mmHg) = 7.49454 – 2086.1/(230 + t/°C) (Antoine eq., Dreisbach & Martin 1949)
3640* (115.842°C, ebulliometry, measured range 115.842–174.744°C, Dreisbach & Shrader 1949)
log (P/mmHg) = [–0.2185 . 12239.7/(T/K)] + 8.286642; temp range 50–222.3°C (Antoine eq., Weast 1972–73)
13.33 (20°C, Verschueren 1983)
1.670 (extrapolated-Antoine eq., Boublik et al. 1984)
log (P/kPa) = 5.01415 – 967.744/(99.208 + t/°C); temp range 129.31–222.2°C (Antoine eq. from reported exptl.
data, Boublik et al. 1984)
1.440 (extrapolated-Antoine eq., Dean 1985, 1992)
log (P/mmHg) = 5.851 – 946/(96 + t/°C), temp range 129–222°C (Antoine eq., Dean 1985, 1992)
log (PL/kPa) = 6.32043 – 1827.66/(–71.63 + T/K); temp range 402–496 K (Antoine eq., Stephenson &
Malanowski 1987)
NO2
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Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3305
24.80* (ebulliometry, average from extrapolated-Antoine eq., Aim 1994)
log (P/mmHg) = 7.8266 – 2.9906 . 103/(T/K) + 1.1064·log (T/K) – 4.9168 . 10–3·(T/K) + 2.2375 . 10–6·(T/K)2;
temp range 270–720 K (vapor pressure eq., Yaws 1994)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol at 25°C):
5.811 (exptl., Hine & Mookerjee 1975)
4.723, 4.616 (calculated-group contribution, calculated-bond contribution, Hine & Mookerjee 1975)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
2.30 (Leo et al. 1971; Hansch & Leo 1985)
2.30 (HPLC-k. correlation, Deneer et al. 1987)
2.30 (unpublished data quoted from CLOGP Database and recommended, Sangster 1989)
2.39, 2.43, 2.58 (CPC-RV correlation, Gluck & Martin 1990)
2.46, 2.60; 2.30 (25°C, 60°C, shake flask-UV; quoted lit. value, Kramer & Henze 1990)
2.13 (shake flask-UV, Nakagawa et al. 1992)
2.30 (recommended, Sangster 1993)
2.40 ± 0.15, 2.21 ± 0.53 (solvent generated liquid-liquid chromatography SGLLC-correlation, RP-HPLC-k.
correlation, Cichna et al. 1995)
2.30 (recommended, Hansch et al. 1995)
Octanol/Air Partition Coefficient, log KOA:
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
< 2.0 (carprinus carpio, Sasaki 1978; Kawasaki 1980)
1.52, 1.20 (calculated-KOW, S, Lyman et al. 1982; quoted, Howard 1989)
2.28 ± 0.06 (guppy-fat basis, Deneer et al. 1987)
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
2.63, 2.09 (soil, calculated-KOW, S, Lyman et al. 1982; quoted, Howard 1989)
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization: estimated t. = 21 h using Henry’s law constant for a model river 1-m deep flowing 1 m/s with a
wind speed of 3 m/s (Lyman et al. 1982; quoted, Howard 1989).
Photolysis:
Oxidation: rate constant k =3.0 . 10–11 cm3 molecules–1 s–1 for the reaction with 8 . 10–5 molecules/cm3 photochemically
produced hydroxyl radical in air (GEMS 1986; quoted, Howard 1989); rate constant
k = 7.0 . 10–11 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 for the gas-phase reactions with OH radical at 298 K (Atkinson 1989).
Hydrolysis:
Abiotic Transformation: Degradation in reductive environment:
k = 0.141 min–1 with solute concn of 50 µM in a 19 day-old 0.2g/L magnetite suspension at pH 7 and 1.5
mM Fe(II) at 25°C (Klusen et al. 1995)
Biodegradation: average biodegradation rate of 32.5 mg COD g–1 h–1 for 98% removal (Scow 1982).
Biotransformation:
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Air: t. = 8 h, based on a rate constant k = 3.0 . 10–11 cm3 molecules–1 s–1 for the reaction with 8 . 10–5
molecules/cm3 photochemically produced hydroxyl radical in air (GEMS 1986; quoted, Howard 1989).
Surface water: estimated t. = 3.2 d in Rhine River in case of a first order reduction process (Zoeteman et al. 1980)
midday t.(calc) = 45 min in Aucilla River water due to indirect photolysis using an experimentally
determined reaction rate constant k = 0.92 h–1 (Zepp et al. 1984; quoted, Howard 1989);
estimated t. = 3.2 d for a river 4 to 5 m deep, based on monitoring data (Zoeteman et al. 1980; quoted,
Howard 1989).
Ground water:
Sediment:
Soil:
Biota:
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3306 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
TABLE 16.1.4.2.1
Reported aqueous solubilities of 2-nitrotoluene at
various temperatures
Gross et al. 1931 Benes & Dohnal 1999
shake flask-interferometry shake flask-UV
t/°C S/g·m–3 t/°C S/g·m–3
15 - 10 531
30 652 20 609
30 688
40 773
.Hsol/(kJ mol–1) = 9.4 ± 0.1
25°C
FIGURE 16.1.4.2.1 Logarithm of mole fraction solubility (ln x) versus reciprocal temperature for 2-nitrotoluene.
TABLE 16.1.4.2.2
Reported vapor pressures of 2-nitrotoluene at various temperatures and the coefficients for the vapor
pressure equations
log P = A – B/(T/K) (1) ln P = A – B/(T/K) (1a)
log P = A – B/(C + t/°C) (2) ln P = A – B/(C + t/°C) (2a)
log P = A – B/(C + T/K) (3)
log P = A – B/(T/K) – C·log (T/K) (4)
Kahlbaum 1898 Stull 1947 Dreisbach & Shrader 1949 Aim 1994
static method summary of literature data ebulliometry comparative ebulliometry
t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa
81.8 666.6 50.0 133.3 129.31 6287 115.842 3640
94.8 1333.2 79.1 666.6 134.51 7605 115.847 3639
109.6 2666.4 93.8 1333 138.75 8851 127.245 5773
114.8 3333.1 109.6 2666 142.43 10114 127.268 5778
2-Nitrotoluene: solubility vs. 1/T
-10.0
-9.5
-9.0
-8.5
-8.0
0.0028 0.003 0.0032 0.0034 0.0036 0.0038
1/(T/K)
x nl
Benes & Dohnal 1999
Gross et al. 1931
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Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3307
TABLE 16.1.4.2.2 (Continued)
Kahlbaum 1898 Stull 1947 Dreisbach & Shrader 1949 Aim 1994
static method summary of literature data ebulliometry comparative ebulliometry
t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa
119.2 3999.7 126.3 5333 156.61 16500 137.028 8376
122.8 4666.3 137.6 7999 185.48 42077 137.052 8375
126.1 5333 151.5 13332 205.48 67661 144.838 11104
131.7 6666 173.7 26664 222.15 101325 151.379 13955
150.6 13332 197.7 53329 151.415 13946
172.4 26664 222.3 101325 bp/°C 222.15 157.004 16843
186.1 39997 157.028 16827
196.0 53329 mp/°C –4.1 162.792 20322
204.2 66661 162.840 20311
211.3 79993 168.856 24597
217.5 93326 168.917 24587
220.4 101325 174.744 29405
mp/°C –2.90
bp/°C 222.946
eq. 3 P/kPa
A 6.45342
B 1906.532
C 65.441
for temp range: 115–175°C
FIGURE 16.1.4.2.2 Logarithm of vapor pressure versus reciprocal temperature for 2-nitrotoluene.
2-Nitrotoluene: vapor pressure vs. 1/T
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
0.0018 0.0022 0.0026 0.003 0.0034 0.0038 0.0042
1/(T/K)
P( gol
S
) aP/
Kahlbaum 1898
Dreisbach & Shrader 1949
Aim 1994
Stull 1947
b.p. = 222 °C m.p. = -10.4 °C
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3308 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
16.1.4.3 4-Nitrotoluene
Common Name: 4-Nitrotoluene
Synonym: 1-methyl-4-nitrobenzene, p-nitrotoluene, 4-methylnitrobenzene
Chemical Name: 4-nitrotoluene, p-nitrotoluene
CAS Registry No: 99-99-0
Molecular Formula: CH3C6H4NO2
Molecular Weight: 137.137
Melting Point (°C):
51.63 (Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
238.3 (Stull 1947; Weast 1982–83; Dean 1985; Howard 1989)
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
1.16278, 1.15799 (20°C, 25°C, Dreisbach & Martin 1949)
1.392 (Dean 1985)
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
124.2 (75°C, Stephenson & Malanowski 1987)
153.0 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Dissociation Constant, pK:
–11.27 (Perrin 1972)
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
17.15 (Tsonopoulos & Prausnitz 1971)
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
50.21 (Tsonopoulos & Prausnitz 1971)
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 0.548 (mp at 51.63°C)
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C or as indicated. Additional data at other temperatures designated * are
compiled at the end of this section):
442 (30°C, shake flask-interferometer, Gross et al. 1933)
< 278 (shake flask-centrifuge, Booth & Everson 1948)
302 (Tsonopoulos & Prausnitz 1971)
442 (30°C, Verschueren 1983)
288 (20°C, shake flask-UV spectrophotometry, Hashimoto et al. 1984)
307 (calculated-group contribution method, Kuhne et al. 1995)
242* (20°C, shake flask-UV spectrophotometry, measured range 10–40°C, Benes & Dohnal 1999)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C or as indicated and reported temperature dependence equations. Additional data at other
temperatures designated * are compiled at the end of this section):
13.98* (extrapolated-regression of tabulated data, measured range 92–237°C, Kahlbaum 1898)
log (P/mmHg) = –2630/(T/K) + 8.025 (isoteniscope method, temp range not specified, Kobe et al. 1941)
22.81* (extrapolated-regression of tabulated data, temp range 53.7–238.2°C, Stull 1947)
log (P/mmHg) = 7.52323 – 2150.6/(230 + t/°C) (Antoine eq., Dreisbach & Martin 1949)
8851* (147.71°C, ebulliometry, measured range 147.71–233.25°C, Dreisbach & Shrader 1949)
0.622* (23.886°C, Knudsen effusion, measured range 297.036–309.518 K, Lenchitz & Velicky 1970)
log (P/mmHg) = 11.5424 – 4130.0708/(T/K); temp range 297–310 K (Knudsen effusion, Lenchitz & Velicky
1970)
log (P/mmHg) = [–0.2185 . 11915.0/(T/K)] + 7.965025; temp range 53.7–238.3°C (Antoine eq., Weast 1972–73)
5.50* (ebulliometry, fitted to Antoine eq., measured range 144–239°C, Ambrose & Gundry 1980)
9.50 (extrapolated-supercooled liq., Ambrose & Gundry 1980)
NO2
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Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3309
13.33 (20°C, Verschueren 1983; quoted, Howard 1989)
8.347 (extrapolated-Antoine eq., Boublik et al. 1984)
log (P/kPa) = 6.11507 – 1716.897/(184.543 + t/°C); temp range 147.7–233.3°C (Antoine eq. from reported exptl.
data, Boublik et al. 1984)
8.38 (extrapolated-Antoine eq., Dean 1985, 1992)
log (P/mmHg) = 6.9948 – 1720.39/(184.9 + t/°C); temp range 148–233°C (Antoine eq., Dean l985, 1992)
0.653 (interpolated-Antoine eq.-I, Stephenson & Malanowski 1987)
log (PS/kPa) = 10.6673 – 4130.07/(T/K); temp range 296–310 K (solid, Antoine eq.-I, Stephenson & Malanowski 1987)
log (PL/kPa) = 7.40605 – 2889.12/(23.37 + T/K); temp range 423–512 K (liquid, Antoine eq.-II, Stephenson &
Malanowski 1987)
15.18* (ebulliometry, average of extrapolated-Antoine eq., Aim 1994)
log (P/mmHg) = 9.9641 – 2.6549 . 103/(T/K) – 0.80182·log (T/K) + 5.3926 . 10–4·(T/K) – 4.109 . 10–14·(T/K)2;
temp range 325–736 K (vapor pressure eq., Yaws 1994)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol at 25°C):
5.065 (calculated, Hine & Mookerjee 1975)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
2.37 (shake flask-UV, Fujita et al. 1964)
2.40 (unpublished result, Leo et al. 1971)
2.34 (HPLC-k. correlation, Deneer et al. 1987)
2.42 (recommended, Sangster 1989)
2.10, 2.05 (25°C, 60°C, shake flask-UV, Kramer & Henze 1990)
2.61 (shake flask-UV, Nakagawa et al. 1992)
2.37 (recommended, Sangster 1993)
2.37 ± 0.15 (solvent generated liquid-liquid chromatography SGLLC-correlation, Cichna et al. 1995)
2.42 (recommended, Hansch et al. 1995)
2.18 (microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography-retention factor correlation, Poole et al. 2000)
Octanol/Air Partition Coefficient, log KOA:
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
< 2.0 (Carprinus carpio, Sasaki 1978; Kawasaki 1980)
1.57, 1.30 (calculated-KOW, S, Lyman et al. 1982; quoted, Howard 1989)
2.37 ± 0.05 (guppy-fat basis, Deneer et al. 1987)
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
2.67, 2.18 (soil, calculated-KOW, S, Lyman et al. 1982; quoted, Howard 1989)
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization: based on Henry’s law constant an estimated t. = 25 h was obtained for a model river of 1- m
deep with a current of 1 m/s and wind speed of 3 m/s (Lyman et al. 1982; quoted, Howard 1989).
Photolysis:
Oxidation: photooxidation t. = 8.0 h in air, based on measured rate constant k = 3 . 10–11 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 at
25°C for the reaction with photochemically produced 8 . 105 molecules/cm3 hydroxyl radical (GEMS 1986;
quoted, Howard 1989).
Hydrolysis:
Abiotic Transformation: Degradation in reductive environment:
k = 0.101 min–1 with solute concn of 50 µM in a 19 d-old 0.2g/L magnetite suspension at pH 7 and 1.5
mM Fe(II) at 25°C (Klusen et al. 1995)
Biodegradation: average biodegradation rate of 32.5 mg COD g–1 h–1 for 98% removal (Scow 1982).
Biotransformation:
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3310 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Air: photooxidation t. = 8.0 h, based on measured rate constant of 3 . 10–11 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 at 25°C for the
reaction with photochemically produced 8 . 105 molecules/cm3 hydroxyl radical (GEMS 1986; quoted,
Howard 1989).
Surface water: estimated t. = 2.7 d in Rhine River in case of a first order reduction process (Zoeteman et al. 1980)
estimated t. = 2.7 d, based on monitoring data for a river of 4 to 5-m deep (Zoeteman et al. 1980; quoted,
Howard 1989).
Groundwater:
Sediment:
Soil:
Biota:
TABLE 16.1.4.3.1
Reported aqueous solubilities of 4-nitrotoluene at
various temperatures
Gross et al. 1931 Benes & Dohnal 1999
shake flask-interferometry shake flask-UV
t/°C S/g·m–3 t/°C S/g·m–3
15 - 10 179
30 442 20 242
30 322
40 418
.Hsol/(kJ mol–1) = 21.1 ± 0.1
25°C
FIGURE 16.1.4.3.1 Logarithm of mole fraction solubility (ln x) versus reciprocal temperature for 4-nitrotoluene.
4-Nitrotoluene: solubility vs. 1/T
-11.0
-10.5
-10.0
-9.5
-9.0
0.0028 0.003 0.0032 0.0034 0.0036 0.0038
1/(T/K)
x
nl
Benes & Dohnal 1999
Gross et al. 1931
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Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3311
TABLE 16.1.4.3.2
Reported vapor pressures of 4-nitrotoluene at various temperatures and the coefficients for the vapor
pressure equations
log P = A – B/(T/K) (1) ln P = A – B/(T/K) (1a)
log P = A – B/(C + t/°C) (2) ln P = A – B/(C + t/°C) (2a)
log P = A – B/(C + T/K) (3)
log P = A – B/(T/K) – C·log (T/K) (4)
1.
Kahlbaum 1898 Stull 1947 Dreisbach & Shrader 1949 Lenchitz & Velicky 1970
static method-manometer summary of literature data ebulliometry Knudsen effusion
t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa
92.3 666.6 53.7 133.3 147.71 8851 23.886 0.6218
105.6 1333.2 85.0 666.6 151.43 10114 23.888 0.6283
120.3 2666.4 100.5 1333 165.98 16500 26.042 0.7311
125.7 3333 117.7 2666 197.75 42077 26.06 0.7330
130.4 3999.7 136.0 5333 216.17 67661 28.029 0.9426
134.4 4666 147.9 7999 233.25 101325 28.065 0.8994
137.9 5333 163.0 13332 30.205 1.0348
143.8 6666 186.7 26664 bp/°C 233.25 30.207 1.0423
164.0 13332 212.5 53329 32.012 1.3291
186.5 26664 238.3 101325 32.033 1.2987
201.2 39997 34.16 1.6681
212.2 53329 mp/°C 51.9 34.165 1.6551
220.8 66661 35.348 2.3313
228.4 79993 35.358 2.2839
234.8 93326 36.368 2.3087
237.7 101325
mp/°C 51.5
enthalpy of sublimation:
.Hsub = 43.095 kJ mol–1
at 25°C
eq. 1 P/mmHg
A 11.5424
B 4130.0828
2.
Ambrose & Gundry 1980 Aim 1994
bubble-cap ebulliometer comparative ebulliometry
t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa
143.498 5649 128.161 3639
148.11 7742 128.167 3639
153.159 9254 140.078 5776
158.081 10956 140.132 5787
163.205 12999 150.293 8378
168.438 15403 150.369 8400
173.494 18066 158.455 11107
180.103 22110 158.487 11118
185.757 26135 165.32 13946
(Continued)
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3312 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
TABLE 16.1.4.3.2 (Continued)
Ambrose & Gundry 1980 Aim 1994
bubble-cap ebulliometer comparative ebulliometry
t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa
192.227 31460 165.32 13967
198.564 37505 171.181 16823
205.643 44864 171.225 16845
212.568 54256 171.236 16848
218.948 63659 177.246 20306
225.722 75033 177.30 20332
233.058 89121 183.698 24639
238.685 101268
239.269 102565 mp/°C 51.5
bp/°C 238.343
tp/°C 51.64
bp/°C 238.675 eq. 2 P/kPa
.Hfus = 16.81 kJ mol–1 A 6.36793
.HV = 46.60 kJ mol–1, at bp B 1931.718
C 68.661
eq. 3 P/kPa for temp range: 128–184°C
A 6.27217
B 1682,295
C –75.321
for temp range: 416 to 513 K
vapor pressure eq. for solid:
eq. 1 P/kPa
A 32.2514
B 9018.0
at triple pt P = 67.72 Pa
at 298.15 K P = 5.5Pa
FIGURE 16.1.4.3.2 Logarithm of vapor pressure versus reciprocal temperature for 4-nitrotoluene.
4-Nitrotoluene: vapor pressure vs. 1/T
-1.0
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
0.0018 0.0022 0.0026 0.003 0.0034 0.0038
1/(T/K)
P( gol
S
) aP/
experimental data
Lenchitz & Velicky 1970
Stull 1947
b.p. = 238.3 °C m.p. = 51.63 °C
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3313
16.1.4.4 2,4-Dinitrotoluene (DNT)
Common Name: 2,4-Dinitrotoluene
Synonym: dinitrotoluol, 1-methyl-2,4-dinitrobenzene, DNT
Chemical Name: 2,4-dinitrotoluene, 1-methyl-2,4-dinitrobenzene
CAS Registry No: 121-14-2
Molecular Formula: C7H6N2O4, CH3C6H3(NO2)2
Molecular Weight: 182.134
Melting Point (°C):
70.5 (Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
300 dec. (Weast 1982–83; Lide 2003)
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
1.521 (15°C, Verschueren 1983)
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
175.2 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Dissociation Constant, pK:
–13.53 (Perrin 1972)
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
58.99 (Yalkowsky & Valvani 1980)
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 0.358 (mp at 70.5°C)
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C or as indicated and reported temperature dependence equations. Additional
data at other temperatures designated * are compiled at the end of this section):
270 (22°C, Verschueren 1977, 1983)
300 (22°C, Dunlap 1981)
276; 145 (quoted exptl.; calculated-group contribution method, Kuhne et al. 1995)
199 (25.2°C, shake flask-HPLC/UV, Phelan & Barnett 2001)
188* (22°C, shake flask-HPLC/UV, measured range 12.4–61.8°C, Phelan & Barnett 2001)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C and reported temperature dependence equations. Additional data at other temperatures
designated * are compiled at the end of this section):
0.133* (59°C, Knudsen effusion, measured range 59–69°C, Lenchitz & Velicky 1970)
0.00321 (extrapolated-Antoine eq., Lenchitz & Velicky 1970)
log (P/mmHg) = 12.6177 – 5139.058/(T/K); temp range 331.913–342.277 K (Knudsen effusion, Lenchitz &
Velicky 1970)
0.0177* (20°C, gas saturation-GC/ECD, measured range 277.5–344.15 K, Pella 1977)
0.0290 (gas saturation-GC/ECD, interpolated-Antoine eq., measured range 277.5–344.15 K Pella 1977)
log (P/mmHg) = (13.08 ± 0.19) – (4992 ± 59)/(T/K); temp range 277.5–344.15 K (gas saturation, Pella 1977)
0.0147 (20°C, Spanggord et al. 1980)
0.6800 (quoted, Mabey et al. 1982)
log (P/kPa) = 5.06336 – 1216.523/(76.54 + t/°C); temp range 100–199°C (Antoine eq. from reported exptl. data,
Boublik et al. 1984)
0.0296, 0.0032 (extrapolated-Antoine eq.-I, eq.-II, Stephenson & Malanowski 1987)
log (PS/kPa) = 12.27361 – 5009.432/(T/K); temp range 277–343 K (solid, Antoine eq.-I, Stephenson &
Malanowski 1987)
log (PS/kPa) = 11.7426 – 5139.058/(T/K); temp range 331–342 K (solid, Antoine eq.-II, Stephenson &
Malanowski 1987)
NO2
NO2
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3314 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
log (PL/kPa) = 7.1423 – 3039/(T/K); temp range 473–572 K (liquid, Antoine eq.-III, Stephenson & Malanowski
1987)
log (PL/kPa) = 6.04898 – 1956.095/(–108.183 + T/K); temp range 344–572 K (liquid, Antoine eq.-IV, Stephenson &
Malanowski 1987)
log (P/mmHg) = 5.798 – 1118/(61.8 + t/°C); temp range 200–299°C (Antoine eq., Dean 1992)
log (P/mmHg) = 11.5966 – 3.0079 . 103/(T/K) –1.6468·log (T/K) + 1.5949 . 10–3·(T/K) – 1.8722 . 10–14·(T/K)2;
temp range 343–814 K (vapor pressure eq., Yaws 1994)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol at 25°C):
0.0160 (calculated-P/C, Smith et al. 1981)
0.4560 (calculated-P/C, Mabey et al. 1982)
0.0878 (Smith et al. 1983; quoted, Howard 1989)
32.23 (quoted from WERL Treatability database, Ryan et al. 1988)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
1.98 (shake flask, Hansch & Leo 1985)
2.04 (HPLC-k. correlation, Deneer et al. 1987)
1.98 (recommended, Sangster 1993)
1.98 (recommended, Hansch et al. 1995)
Octanol/Air Partition Coefficient, log KOA:
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
1.59 (microorganisms-water, calculated-KOW, Mabey et al. 1982)
1.11, 1.76 (daphnia magna, lumbriculus variegatus, Liu et al. 1983)
> 3.30 (selanastrum capricornutum, Liu et al. 1983)
1.89, 0.602 (bluegill sunfish in viscera, bluegill sunfish in muscle, Liu et al. 1983)
2.31 ± 0.03 (guppy-fat basis, Deneer et al. 1987)
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
1.65 (sediment-water, calculated-KOW, Mabey et al. 1982)
1.68 (calculated-KOW, Kollig 1993)
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization: half-life of approximately 100 d (Mills et al. 1982).
Photolysis: direct photolysis rate constant k = 1.6 . 10–2 h–1 for summer at 40°N latitude in water (Mabey et al.
1982);
aqueous photolysis t. = 23–72 h, based on measured photolysis rates in water (Mill & Mabey 1985;
Simmons & Zepp 1986; quoted, Howard et al. 1991);
atmospheric transformation lifetime . ~ 1–5 d (Kelly et al. 1994).
Hydrolysis:
Oxidation: aqueous oxidation rate constants k << 360 M–1 h–1 for singlet oxygen and k = 144 M–1 h–1 for peroxy
radical at 25°C (Mabey et al. 1982);
photooxidation t. = 284 – 2840 h in air, based on estimated rate constant for the reaction with hydroxyl
radical in air (Atkinson 1987; quoted, Howard et al. 1991);
photooxidation t. = 3–33 h, based on measured photooxidation rates in natural waters (Spanggord et al.
1980; Simmons & Zepp 1986; quoted, Howard et al. 1991).
Biodegradation: aqueous anaerobic t. = 48–240 h, based on anaerobic natural water die-away test data (Spanggord
et al. 1980; quoted, Howard et al. 1991); aqueous aerobic t. = 672–4320 h, based on aerobic natural water
die-away test data (Spanggord et al. 1981; quoted, Howard et al. 1991).
Biotransformation: rate constant of 1 . 10–7 mL cell–1 h–1 for bacterial transformation in water (Mabey et al. 1982).
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3315
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Air: photooxidation t. = 284–2840 h, based on estimated rate constant for the reaction with hydroxyl radical in
air (Atkinson 1987; quoted, Howard et al. 1991);
atmospheric transformation lifetime . ~ 1–5 d (Kelly et al. 1994).
Surface water: photooxidation t. = 3–33 h, based on measured photooxidation rates in natural waters (Spanggord
et al. 1980; Simmons & Zepp 1986; quoted, Howard et al. 1991);
estimated t. = 1.7 d in Rhine River in case of a first order reduction process (Zoeteman et al. 1980)
sunlight photolysis t. ~ 42 h in pure water but ranged from 3 h to 10 h in three natural waters (Mabey
et al. 1982).
Groundwater: t. = 48 – 8640 h, based on estimated unacclimated aqueous anaerobic and aerobic biodegradation
half-life (Howard et al. 1991).
Sediment:
Soil: t. = 672 – 4320 h, based on estimated unacclimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life (Howard
et al. 1991).
Biota:
TABLE 16.1.4.4.1
Reported aqueous solubilities and vapor pressures of 2,4-dinitrotoluene at various temperatures and the
coefficients for the vapor pressure equations
log P = A – B/(T/K) (1) ln P = A – B/(T/K) (1a)
log P = A – B/(C + t/°C) (2) ln P = A – B/(C + t/°C) (2a)
log P = A – B/(C + T/K) (3)
log P = A – B/(T/K) – C·log (T/K) (4)
Aqueous solubility Vapor pressure
Phelan & Barnett 2001 Lenchitz & Velicky 1970 Pella 1977
shake flask-HPLC/UV Knudsen effusion gas saturation-GC
t/°C S/g·m–3 t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa
12.4 129 58.765 0.1731 4.0 0.00164
22.0 188 59.927 0.2073 10.0 0.0038
21.7 182 59.927 0.2138 20.0 0.0177
32.0 269 60.883 0.2328 30.0 0.0453
42.0 410 62.926 0.2568 40.0 0.171
51.0 608 62.824 0.3192 50.0 0.695
61.8 975 64.002 0.3450 60.0 1.663
41.2 397 65.115 0.3836 71.0 5.295
25.2 199 67.023 0.4380
68.10 0.4952 mp/°C 69.75–70.95
69.127 0.5202
eq. 1 P/mmHg
mp/°C 71.1 A 13.08
B 4992
enthalpy of sublimation:
.Hsubl = 98.324 kJ mol–1 enthalpy of sublimation:
(at 25°C) .Hsubl = 95.81 kJ mol–1
eq. 1 P/mmHg
A 12.6177
B 5139.058
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3316 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
FIGURE 16.1.4.4.1 Logarithm of vapor pressure versus reciprocal temperature for 2,4-dinitrotoluene.
2,4-Dinitrotoluene: vapor pressure vs. 1/T
-4.0
-3.0
-2.0
-1.0
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
0.0028 0.003 0.0032 0.0034 0.0036 0.0038
1/(T/K)
P( gol
S
) aP/
Lenchitz & Velicky 1970
Pella 1977
m.p. = 70.5 °C
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3317
16.1.4.5 2,6-Dinitrotoluene
Common Name: 2,6-Dinitrotoluene
Synonym: dinitrotoluol, 1-methyl-2,6-dinitrobenzene, 2-methyl-1,3-dinitrobenzene
Chemical Name: 2,6-dinitrotoluene, 1-methyl-2,6-dinitrobenzene
CAS Registry No: 606-20-2
Molecular Formula: C7H6N2O4, CH3C6H3(NO2)2
Molecular Weight: 182.134
Melting Point (°C):
66.0 (Weast 1982–83; Howard 1989; Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
285 (Verschueren 1977; Callahan et al. 1979; Howard 1989; Lide 2003)
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
1.2833 (111°C, Weast 1982–83; Dean 1985)
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
141.9 (111°C, Stephenson & Malanowski 1987)
175.2 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Dissociation Constant pKa:
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 0.396 (mp at 66.0°C)
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C or as indicated.):
180 (20°C, estimated, Mabey et al. 1982)
300 (selected, Mills et al. 1982)
182; 155 (quoted exptl.; calculated-group contribution method, Kuhne et al. 1995)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C and reported temperature dependence equations. Additional data at other temperatures
designated * are compiled at the end of this section):
2.40 (29°C, Mabey et al. 1982)
0.0756* (gas saturation-GC/ECD, fitted to Antoine eq., temp range 277.5–323.15 K, Pella 1977)
log (P/mmHg) = (13.99 ± 0.18) – (5139 ± 52)/(T/K), temp range 277.5–323.15 K (gas saturation, Pella 1977)
0.0756 (Howard et al. 1986; quoted, Banerjee et al. 1990)
0.0767 (interpolated-Antoine eq.-I, Stephenson & Malanowski 1987)
log (PS/kPa) = 11.9436 – 4446.22/(–21.279 + T/K); temp range 277–323 K (solid, Antoine eq.-I, Stephenson &
Malanowski 1987)
log (PL/kPa) = 7.329 – 2971/(T/K); temp range 423–523 K (liquid, Antoine eq.-II, Stephenson & Malanowski
1987)
log (PL/kPa) = 6.70024 – 2160.968/(–93.282 + T/K); temp range 330–533 K (liquid, Antoine eq.-III,
Stephenson & Malanowski 1987)
0.0756, 1.008 (quoted, calculated-solvatochromic parameters, Banerjee et al. 1990)
log (P/mmHg) = 4.372 – 380/(–43.6 + t/°C); temp range 150–260°C (Antoine eq., Dean 1992)
log (P/mmHg) = –14.5673 – 4.2746 . 103/(T/K) + 12.904·log (T/K) – 2.380 . 10–2·(T/K) + 9.4513 . 10–6·(T/K)2;
temp range 339–770 K (vapor pressure eq., Yaws 1994)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol at 25°C)
0.800 (calculated-P/C, Mabey et al. 1982)
32.23 (quoted from WERL Treatability database, Ryan et al. 1988)
0.022 (SOGC 1987; quoted, Howard 1989)
NO2 O2N
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3318 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
1.72 (shake flask, Hansch & Leo 1985)
2.02 (HPLC-k. correlation, Deneer et al. 1987)
2.02 (shake flask-HPLC, Leggett et al. 1992)
2.07 (shake flask-UV, Nakagawa et al. 1992)
2.06 (recommended, Sangster 1993)
2.10 (recommended, Hansch et al. 1995)
Octanol/Air Partition Coefficient, log KOA:
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
3.72 (algal biomass, Davis et al. 1981)
1.71 (microorganisms-water, calculated-KOW, Mabey et al. 1982)
1.08 (calculated-KOW, Lyman et al. 1982; quoted, Howard 1989)
2.44 ± 0.04 (guppy-fat basis, Deneer et al. 1987)
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
1.96 (sediment-water, calculated-KOW, Mabey et al. 1982)
2.31 (soil, calculated-KOW, Lyman et al. 1982; quoted, Howard 1989)
1.40 (calculated-KOW, Kollig 1993)
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization: t. ~ 100 d (Mills et al. 1982).
Photolysis: aqueous photolysis t. = 17–25 h, based on measured photolysis rates in water (Simmons & Zepp
1986; Mill & Mabey 1985; quoted, Howard et al. 1991)
89% was photo-transformed in 24 h and none left after 72 h from seawater solution under UV light (Nipper
et al. 2004).
Hydrolysis:
Oxidation: aqueous oxidation rate constants k << 360 M–1 ± h 1 for singlet oxygen and k = 144 M–1 h–1 for peroxy
radical at 25°C (Mabey et al. 1982);
photooxidation t. = 2–17 h in water, based on measured photooxidation rates in natural waters (Simmons
& Zepp 1986; quoted, Howard et al. 1991);
photooxidation t. = 284–2840 h, based on estimated rate constant for the reaction with hydroxyl radical in
air (Atkinson 1987; quoted, Howard et al. 1991).
Biodegradation: aqueous anaerobic t. = 48–300 h, based on anaerobic natural water die-away test data for
2,4-dinitrotoluene; aqueous aerobic t. = 672–4320 h, based on aerobic natural water die-away test data
(Spanggord et al. 1981; quoted, Howard et al. 1991).
Biotransformation: k = 1 . 10–10 mL cell–1 h–1 for bacterial transformation in water (Mabey et al. 1982)
Biotransformation in marine sediments: all broken down in 28 d when incubated at 10°C, and in 7 d when
incubated at 20°C in the sandy sediment; degraded by days 7 and 3 for incubation at 10 and 20°C,
respectively, in fine-grained sediment (Nipper et al. 2004).
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Air: estimated atmospheric t. = 8 h, based on the vapor phase reaction with hydroxyl radical in air (GEMS
1985; quoted, Howard 1989); photooxidation t. = 284 – 2840 h, based on estimated rate constant for the
reaction with hydroxyl radical in air (Atkinson 1987; quoted, Howard et al. 1991).
Surface water: midday t. ~ 12 min in Aucilla river due to indirect photolysis using experimentally determined
rate constant k = 3.6 h–1 (Zepp et al. 1984);
photooxidation t. = 2 – 17 h in water, based on measured photooxidation rates in natural waters (Simmons
& Zepp 1986; quoted, Howard et al. 1991)
89% was photo-transformed in 24 h and none left after 72 h from seawater solution under UV light (Nipper
et al. 2004).
Ground water: t. = 48 – 8640 h, based on estimated unacclimated aqueous anaerobic biodegradation half-life
2,4-dinitrotoluene and estimated unacclimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life (Howard et al. 1991).
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3319
Sediment: degraded by days 28 and 7 for incubation at 10 and 20°C, respectively, in sandy marine sediment;
degraded by days 7 and 3 for incubation at 10 and 20°C, respectively, in fine-grain sediment (Nipper et al.
2004)
Soil: t. = 672 – 4320 h, based on estimated unacclimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life (Howard
et al. 1991).
TABLE 16.1.4.5.1
Reported vapor pressures of 2,6-dinitrotoluene at
various temperatures
Pella 1977
gas saturation-GC
t/°C P/Pa
4.0 0.00342
10.0 0.0107
20.0 0.0383
30.0 0.147
40.0 0.483
50.0 1.718
mp/°C 57.25–57.75
eq. 1 P/mmHg
log P = A – B/(T/K)
A 13.99
B 5139
enthalpy of sublimation:
.Hsubl = 98.324 kJ mol–1
FIGURE 16.1.4.5.1 Logarithm of vapor pressure versus reciprocal temperature for 2,6-dinitrotoluene.
2,6-Dinitrotoluene: vapor pressure vs. 1/T
-4.0
-3.0
-2.0
-1.0
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
0.0028 0.003 0.0032 0.0034 0.0036 0.0038
1/(T/K)
P( gol
S
) aP/
Pella 1977
m.p. = 66 °C
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3320 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
16.1.4.6 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT)
Common Name: 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene
Synonym: TNT
Chemical Name: 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene
CAS Registry No: 118-96-7
Molecular Formula: C7H5N3O6, (NO2)3C6H2CH3
Molecular Weight: 227.131
Melting Point (°C):
80.5 (Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
240 explodes (Weast 1982–83; Dean 1992; Lide 2003)
Density (g/cm3):
1.654 (20°C, Weast 1982–83; Dean 1992)
Dissociation Constant, pKa:
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
137.3 (20°C, calculated-density)
187.1 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 0.285 (mp at 80.5°C)
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C or as indicated and reported temperature dependence equations. Additional
data at other temperatures designated * are compiled at the end of this section):
120* (20°C, shake flask, measured range 0.30–99.5°C, Taylor & Rinkenbach 1923)
85.8 (21°C, Hale et al. 1979)
104* (20°C, temp range 10–30°C, Spanggord et al. 1983)
200 (15°C, Verschueren 1983)
100 (Dean 1992)
101.5* (average value at pH < 9.1, shake flask-HPLC/UV, measured range 6–42°C, Ro et al. 1996)
101.6, 100.5, 110.5 (pH 3.5, pH 6.8, pH 9.1, shake flask-HPLC/UV spectrophotometry, Ro et al. 1996)
ln [S/(mg L–1)] = 16.12 – 3413/(T/K), temp range 6–42°C, (pH < 8, shake flask-HPLC/spec., Ro et al. 1996)
115* (23.02°C, shake flask-HPLC/UV, measured range 13.6–61°C, Phelan & Barnett 2001)
99.85* 97.7* 99.9* (20°C, pH 4.2, 5.7, 6.2, shake flask-HPLC/UV, measured range 2.3–38°C, Lynch et al. 2001)
ln [S/(mg L–1)] = 16.981 – 3607.5/(T/K); temp range 2.3–38°C (composite solubility prediction correlation, shake
flask-HPLC/UV measurements, Lynch et al. 2001)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C or as indicated and reported temperature dependence equations. Additional data at other
temperatures designated * are compiled at the end of this section):
0.352* (53°C, Knudsen effusion, measured range 50–143°C, Edwards 1950)
log (PS/cmHg) = 14.34 – 6180/(T/K); range 50–81°C (solid, Knudsen effusion, Edwards 1950)
log (PL/cmHg) = 10.90 – 4960/(T/K); range 81–143°C (liquid, Knudsen effusion, Edwards 1950)
0.0568* (54.756°C, Knudsen effusion, measured range 55–76°C, Lenchitz & Velicky 1970)
log (P/mmHg) = 13.0776 – 5400.536/(T/K); temp range 55–76°C (Knudsen effusion, Lenchitz & Velicky 1970)
0.00107* (gas saturation-GC/ECD, measured range 287.15–329.65 K, Pella 1977)
log (P/mmHg) = (12.31 ± 0.34) – (5175 ± 105)/(T/K), temp range 287.15–329.65 K (gas saturation, Pella 1977)
log (P/kPa) = 7.36331 – 3199.923/(248.004 + t/°C); temp range 230–250°C (liquid, Antoine eq. from reported
exptl. data, Boublik et al. 1984)
0.00078 (interpolated-Antoine eq.-I, Stephenson & Malanowski 1987)
NO2
NO2
O2N
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Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3321
log (PS/kPa) = 13.596 – 5874.238/(T/K); temp range 293–353 K (solid, Antoine eq.-I, Stephenson & Malanowski
1987)
log (PS/kPa) = 12.2025 – 5400.536/(T/K); temp range 337–350 K (solid, Antoine eq-II., Stephenson &
Malanowski 1987)
log (PL/kPa) = 6.40336 – 2191.85/(–121.43 + T/K); temp range 353–523 K (liquid, Antoine eq.-III, Stephenson &
Malanowski 1987)
log (P/mmHg) = 7.67152 – 2669.4/(205.6 + t/°C); temp range 230–250°C (Antoine eq., Dean 1992)
log (P/mmHg) = 6.3156 – 2.6756 . 103/(T/K) – 4.6215·log (T/K) + 6.1747 . 10–9·(T/K) – 2.3743 . 10–12·(T/K)2;
temp range 354–518 K (vapor pressure eq., Yaws 1994)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol at 25°C):
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
1.60 (shake flask, Log P Database, Hansch & Leo 1987)
1.8 (shake flask-HPLC, Leggett et al. 1992)
1.73 (recommended, Sangster 1993)
2.05 (estimated-SPARC, Elovitz & Weber 1999)
Octanol/Air Partition Coefficient, log KOA:
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF or log KB:
1.09 (aquatic oligochaete Tubifex tubifex, Conder et al. 2004)
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, and Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization:
Photolysis: t. = 14 h in summer, t. = 22–84 h in winter in pure water and photolyzed very rapidly in natural
waters (Mabey et al. 1983)
photocatalytic degradation rates of TNT in a circular photocatalytic reactor using a UV lamp as a light source
and TiO2 as a photocatalyst: 1) at different initial TNT concns: k = 0.0989 min–1 with t. = 7.07 min at initial
concn of 10 mg/L; k = 0.0644 min–1 with t. = 10.76 min at initial concn of 20 mg/L; k = 0.0405 min–1 with
t. = 17.11 min at initial concn of 30 mg/L; k = 0.0269 min–1 with t. = 25.77 min at initial concn of 50
mg/L; and k = 0.0165 min–1 with t. = 42.01 min at initial concn of 100 mg/L. 2) at different pH: k = 0.0173
min–1 with t. = 27.6 min at pH 3.0; k = 0.0422 min–1 with t. = 20.1 min at pH 7.0 and k = 0.0451 min–1
with t. = 21.5 min at pH 11.0 (Son et al. 2004)
Photooxidation:
Hydrolysis:
Biodegradation: 95% disappearance within 2 h under aerobic conditions, and complete loss within 10 min under
anaerobic conditions in sediment-water systems (Elovitz & Weber 1999)
Biotransformation: 100 % biotransformed when incubated at both 10 and 20°C in 7 d in fine-grain sediment;
in sandy sediment although some picric acid could still be measured after 28 d of incubation at 10°C, none
left after 56 d of incubation at 20°C (Nipper 2004)
Bioconcentration and Uptake and Elimination Rate Constants (k1 and k2):
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Air:
Surface water: photolysis t. = 14 h in summer, t. = 22–84 h in water in pure water, less than 1/2 h in some
natural waters (Mabey et al. 1983)
photocatalytic degradation t. = 7.07 min to 42.1 min for different initial concn of TNT from 10- 100 mg/L, and
t. = 27.1 – 21.5 min at pH 3.0–7.0 in a circular reactor, using a UV lamp as a light source and TiO2 as a
photocatalyst (Son et al. 2004)
Ground water:
Sediment: rapid disappearance 95% within 2 h, of TNT in an aerobic sediment-water system; under anaerobic
conditions, TNT loss was complete within 10 min (Elovitz & Weber 1999)
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3322 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
100 % biotransformed when incubated at both 10 and 20°C in 7 d in fine-grain sediment; in sandy sediment
although some picric acid could still be measured after 28 d of incubation at 10°C, none left after 56 d
of incubation at 20°C (Nipper 2004)
Soil:
Biota: steady-state concn reached within 1-h in uptake experiments, and TNT depuration after a 24-h exposure
occurred completely by 3 h (aquatic oligochaete, Conder et al. 2004)
TABLE 16.1.4.6.1
Reported aqueous solubilities of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) at various temperatures
ln S = A – B/(T/K) (1)
1.
Taylor & Rinkenbach ‘23 Spanggord et al. 1983 Ro et al. 1996 Phelan & Barnett 2001
shake flask shake flask-HPLC/UV shake flask-HPLC/UV
t/°C S/g·m–3 t/°C S/g·m–3 t/°C pH S/g·m–3 t/°C S/g·m–3
average*
0.30 110 10 67 6 3.7 52.5 13.9 86
5.9 113 20 104 6 6.9 51.3 23.02 115
20.0 120 30 165 12 6.9 64.0 33.3 191
33.1 203 13 3.7 72.2 42.6 266
44.2 340 13 6.9 64.4 51.8 427
45.0 370 20 4.2 86.2 61.0 641
53.0 534 20 7.3 88.5 33.2 191
57.15 614 20 9.2 96.8 13.6 90
73.25 963 20 9.4 95.7 13.6 92
94.4 1375 20 10.1 91.2
99.5 1467 21 3.5 74.5
21 6.8 82.5
average of 3 sets of data 21 9.1 88.2
25 3.5 101.6
25 6.8 100.5
25 9 110.5
42 4.0 204.9
42 6.8 204.5
42 9.3 167.6
ln [S/(mg/L)] = 16.12 – 3413/(T/K)
for pH < 8
2.
Lynch et al. 2001
shake flask-HPLC/UV
t/°C S/g·m–3 t/°C S/g·m–3 t/°C S/g·m–3
pH 4.2 pH 5.7 pH 6.2
2.3 49.5 2.3 54.5 2.4 55.0
2.3 50.5 2.2 54.2 2.4 56.4
2.6 54.9 2.3 47.5 2.4 54.9
2.6 55.7 2.3 47.3 2.4 55.4
4.2 57.6 4.1 47.9 4.7 56.7
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3323
TABLE 16.1.4.6.1 (Continued)
Lynch et al. 2001
shake flask-HPLC/UV
t/°C S/g·m–3 t/°C S/g·m–3 t/°C S/g·m–3
4.2 57.7 4.1 48.2 4.7 57.4
4.2 45.7 4.6 58.1 5.2 56.7
4.2 48.4 4.6 59.1 5.2 56.1
20 100.7 20 96.7 20 99.6
20 99.0 20 98.7 20 100.2
20 99.2 20.1 98.9 20.1 99.5
20 101.7 20.1 100.6 20.1 96.3
20.1 96.3 20.2 98.8 20.1 99.5
20.1 95.9 20.2 99.8 20.1 99.8
20.1 96.0 20.2 97.5 20.2 94.6
20.1 97.8 20.2 100.4 20.2 97.2
36 211.7 35.7 208.5 35.9 216.5
36 213.1 35.7 213.5 35.9 213.9
36 208.5 36 215.2 36 212.2
36 211.6 36 214.3 36 215.3
37.7 219.6 37.7 229.7 37.6 229.4
37.7 219.4 37.7 230.6 37.6 231.4
37.8 218.2 37.7 226.2 38 234.4
37.8 214.8 37.7 228.3 38 235
eq. 1 S/(mg L–1) eq. 1 S/(mg L–1) eq. 1 S/(mg L–1)
A 22.741 A 22.399 A 23.244
B 6332 B 6230 B 6506.8
composite correlation eq. : ln [S/(mg L–1) = 16981 – 3607.5/(T/K); temp range 2.3–38°C
FIGURE 16.1.4.6.1 Logarithm of mole fraction solubility (ln x) versus reciprocal temperature for 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene.
2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT): solubility vs. 1/T
-12.5
-12.0
-11.5
-11.0
-10.5
-10.0
-9.5
0.0028 0.003 0.0032 0.0034 0.0036 0.0038
1/(T/K)
x nl
Taylor & Rinkenbach 1923
Spanggord et al. 1983
Phelan & Barnett 2001
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3324 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
TABLE 16.1.4.6.2
Reported vapor pressures of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (2,4,6-TNT) at various temperatures and the coefficients
for the vapor pressure equations
log P = A – B/(T/K) (1) ln P = A – B/(T/K) (1a)
log P = A – B/(C + t/°C) (2) ln P = A – B/(C + t/°C) (2a)
log P = A – B/(C + T/K) (3)
log P = A – B/(T/K) – C·log (T/K) (4)
Edwards 1950 Lenchitz & Velicky 1970 Pella 1977
Knudsen method Knudsen effusion gas saturation-GC
t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa
53.0 0.0352 54.756 0.0568 14.0 0.000302
60.1 0.0724 59.704 0.0935 19.0 0.000412
60.8 0.0843 64.853 0.1613 25.0 0.00107
61.5 0.0915 70.02 0.3118 25.3 0.00128
61.0 0.0829 72.469 0.3665 26.5 0.00170
72.1 0.4146 72.493 0.3409 35.0 0.00676
72.1 0.4186 75.065 0.5142 40.0 0.00887
78.5 0.8586 65.91 0.1811 45.0 0.0143
78.5 0.7839 68.933 0.2342 50.0 0.0243
78.3 0.8293 73.981 0.4453 55.0 0.0446
79.8 0.8733 76.057 0.5796 56.5 0.05406
80.2 0.9546
82.4 1.0612 mp/°C 81.1 mp/°C 80.15–81.25
86.9 1.5865
99.5 5.2529 enthalpy of sublimation: eq. 2 P/mmHg
99.5 5.4262 .Hsubl = 120.92 kJ mol–1 A 12.31
110.6 11.012 (at 25°C) B 5175
110.5 10.612
131.5 46.396 eq. 1 P/mmHg enthalpy of sublimation:
141.4 82.793 A 13.0776 .Hsubl = 99.161 kJ mol–1
142.0 87.728 B 5400.536
142.5 82.260
For solid:
eq. 1 P/cmHg
A 14.34
B 6180
.Hsubl = 118.41 kJ mol–1
For liquid:
eq. 1 P/cmHg
A 10.90
B 4960
.Hsubl = 94.98.34 kJ mol–1
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3325
FIGURE 16.1.4.6.2 Logarithm of vapor pressure versus reciprocal temperature for 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene.
2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene: vapor pressure vs. 1/T
-4.0
-3.0
-2.0
-1.0
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
0.0018 0.0022 0.0026 0.003 0.0034 0.0038
1/(T/K)
P( gol
S
) aP/
Edwards 1950
Lenchitz & Velicky 1970
Pella 1977
b.p. =240 °C explodes b.p. = 80.5 °C
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3326 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
16.1.4.7 1-Nitronaphthalene (.-Nitronaphthalene)
Common Name: 1-Nitronaphthalene
Synonym: .-nitronaphthalene
Chemical Name: 1-nitronaphthalene, .-nitronaphthalene
CAS Registry No: 86-57-7
Molecular Formula: C10H7NO2
Molecular Weight: 173.169
Melting Point (°C):
61 (Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
304.0 (Weast 1982–83; Dean 1985; Stephenson & Malanowski 1987)
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
1.3320 (Weast 1982–83)
1.2230 (Dean 1985)
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
176.1 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
135.8 (calculated-density)
Dissociation Constant pKa:
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
17.99 (Tsonopoulos & Prausnitz 1971)
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
54.39 (Tsonopoulos & Prausnitz 1971)
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 0.443 (mp at 61°C)
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C):
50.0 (Aqueous Solubility Database, Yalkowsky et al. 1987)
9.82 (generator column-HPLC/UV, Yu & Xu 1992)
9.83 (calculated-molar concentration, Yu & Xu 1992)
50; 34.6 (quoted exptl.; calculated-group contribution method, Kuhne et al. 1995)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C and reported temperature dependence equations):
0.202 (effusion method-fitted to Antoine eq., Radchenko & Kitiagorodskii 1974)
0.202 (solid, extrapolated-Antoine eq.-I, Stephenson & Malanowski 1987)
0.184 (liquid, extrapolated-Antoine eq.-III, Stephenson & Malanowski 1987)
log (PS/kPa) = 8.31261 – 3579.698/(T/K); temp range 309–326 K (solid, Antoine eq.-I, Stephenson &
Malanowski 1987)
log (PS/kPa) = 13.223 – 5584/(T/K); temp range 325–332 K (solid, Antoine eq.-II, Stephenson & Malanowski
1987)
log (PL/kPa) = 7.8959 – 3468.4/(T/K); temp range 332–580 K (liquid, Antoine eq.-III, Stephenson & Malanowski
1987)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa m3/mol at 25°C):
3.463 (calculated-P/C with selected values)
0.178 (gas stripping-GC, Altschuh et al. 1999)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
3.19 (Hansch & Leo 1979)
3.19 (shake flask, Hansch & Leo 1987)
NO2
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Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3327
3.19 (shake flask-UV, Debnath & Hansch 1992)
3.19 (recommended, Sangster 1993)
Octanol/Air Partition Coefficient, log KOA:
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization:
Photolysis: measured photolysis rate constant are: 15.9 . 10–4 s–1 in a 6400-L indoor all-Teflon chamber under
blacklamp irradiation and 1.37 . 10–4 s–1 outdoor in a 1000-L all-Teflon chamber under natural solar
irradiation (Atkinson et al. 1989);
photolysis rate kphot = 1.5 . 10–4 s–1 with a half-life of 1.7 h (Arey et al. 1990)
Hydrolysis:
Oxidation: rate constant k, for gas-phase second order rate constants, kOH for reaction with OH radical, kNO3
with NO3 radical and kO3 with O3 or as indicated, *data at other temperatures see reference:
kOH = (5.4 ± 1.8) . 10–12 cm3 molecule–1 s–1; kNO3 . 7.2 . 10–15 cm3 molecule–1 s–1, kO3 < 6.0 . 10–19 cm3
molecule–1 s–1 and kN2O5 = 1.3 . 10–18 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 with N2O5 and at 298 ± 2 K in the atmosphere
(Atkinson et al. 1989)
kOH = 5.4 . 10–12 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 with calculated lifetime of 2.9 d; kNO3 . 7.2 . 10–15 cm3 molecule–1 s–1
with calculated lifetime of –13 d, kO3 < 6.0 . 10–19 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 with a lifetime of > 28 d and
kN2O5 = 1.3 . 10–18 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 with N2O5 a calculated lifetime of 2.4 yr at 298 ± 2 K in the
atmosphere (Arey et al. 1990)
Biodegradation:
Biotransformation:
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Air: calculated lifetime of ~2 h based on measured outdoor photolysis rate and rate constants the gas-phase
reactions (Atkinson et al. 1989);
photolysis t. = 1.7 h using an average 12-h daytime NO2 photolysis rate k = 5.2 . 10–3 s–1 – a dominant
atmospheric loss process; calculated lifetimes of 2.9 d, –13 d, > 28 d and 2.4 yr due to reactions with
OH radial, NO3 radical, O3 and N2O5 (Arey et al. 1990)
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3328 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
16.1.5 AMIDES AND UREAS
16.1.5.1 Acetamide
Common Name: Acetamide
Synonym: ethanamide
Chemical Name: acetamide, acetic acid amine
CAS Registry No: 60-35-5
Molecular Formula: C2H5NO, CH3CONH2
Molecular Weight: 59.067
Melting Point (°C):
80.16 (Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
221 (Lide 2003)
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
0.9986 (78°C, Weast 1982–83)
1.159 (Verschueren, 1983)
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
59.2 (calculated-density, Stephenson & Malanowski 1987)
66.9 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Dissociation Constant pKa: 7.62
Enthalpy of Vaporization, .HV (kJ/mol):
56.1 (at bp, Riddick et al. 1986)
Enthalpy of Sublimation, .Hsubl (kJ/mol):
78.66 (25°C, Riddick et al. 1986)
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
17.707 (Riddick et al. 1986)
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 0.288 (mp at 80.16°C)
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C or as indicated):
975000 (20°C, Verschueren 1983)
408000 (20°C, Riddick et al. 1986)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C and reported temperature dependence equations):
8.61 (extrapolated-regression of tabulated data, temp range 65–222°C, Stull 1947)
log (P/mmHg) = [–0.2185 . 14025.3/(T/K)] + 9.088352; temp range 65.0–222°C (Antoine eq., Weast 1972–73)
100 (Riddick et al. 1986)
log (P/kPa) = 8.24516 – 3282.80/(T/K); temp range 65–150°C (Antoine eq., Riddick et al. 1986)
log (P/kPa) = 7.93409 – 2936.07/(T/K); temp range 65–bp (Antoine eq., Riddick et al. 1986)
2.44 (interpolated-Antoine eq.-I, Stephenson & Malanowski 1987)
log (PS/kPa) = 10.9717 – 4050.1/(T/K); temp range 298–349 K (solid, Antoine eq.-I, Stephenson & Malanowski 1987)
log (PL/kPa) = 7.97079 – 1998.3/(–89.32 + T/K); temp range 381–492 K (liquid, Antoine eq.-II, Stephenson &
Malanowski 1987)
log (P/mmHg) = –413.1683 + 8.1328 . 103/(T/K) + 172.9·log (T/K) – 0.16059·(T/K) + 5.3892 . 10–5·(T/K)2;
temp range 354–761 K (vapor pressure eq., Yaws 1994)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol at 25°C):
3.53 . 10–4 (calculated-P/C with selected values)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
–1.09 (shake flask-radiochemical method, Cornford 1982)
O
NH2
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Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3329
–1.26 (shake flask, Log P Database, Hansch & Leo 1987)
–1.26 (shake flask-GC, Sotomatsu et al. 1987)
–1.26 (recommended Sangster 1989, 1993)
–1.23 (calculated-QSAR, Kollig 1993)
–1.26 (recommended, Hansch et al. 1995)
Octanol/Air Partition Coefficient, log KOA:
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
–1.55 (calculated-KOW, Kollig 1993)
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization:
Photolysis:
Oxidation: photooxidation t. = 3.2–32 h in air, based on estimated rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction
with hydroxyl radical in air (Atkinson 1987; quoted, Howard et al. 1991);
atmospheric transformation lifetime was estimated to be < 1 d (Kelly et al. 1994).
Hydrolysis: overall rate constant kh = 5.5 . 10–12 s–1 with t. = 3950 yr; acid rate constant kA = 8.36 . 10–6 s–1
and base rate constant kB = 5.5 . 10–5 s–1 at 25°C and pH 7 (Mabey & Mill 1978)
acid rate constant k = 0.03 [M ± (H+) ± h]–1 at pH 5 and base rate constant k = 0.17 [M ± (OH–) ± h]–1 at
pH 9 with first-order hydrolysis t. = 3950 yr at pH 7 and 25°C, (Mabey & Mill 1978; quoted, Howard
et al. 1991).
Biodegradation: aqueous aerobic biodegradation t. = 24–168 h, based on aerobic aqueous screening test data
(Malaney & Gerhold 1962, 1969; Urano & Kato 1986; quoted, Howard et al. 1991); aqueous anaerobic
biodegradation t. = 96–672 h, based on estimated unacclimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life
(Howard et al. 1991).
Biotransformation:
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Air: photooxidation t. = 3.2–32 h, based on estimated rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction with hydroxyl
radical in air (Atkinson 1987; quoted, Howard et al. 1991);
atmospheric transformation lifetime was estimated to be < 1 d (Kelly et al. 1994).
Surface water: t. = 24–168 h, based on estimated unacclimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life (Howard
et al. 1991).
Groundwater: t. = 48–336 h, based on estimated unacclimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life (Howard
et al. 1991).
Sediment:
Soil: t. = 24–168 h, based on estimated unacclimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life (Howard et al. 1991).
Biota:
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3330 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
16.1.5.2 Acrylamide
Common Name: Acrylamide
Synonym: 2-propenamide
Chemical Name: acrylamide
CAS Registry No: 79-06-1
Molecular Formula: C3H5NO, CH2=CHCONH2
Molecular Weight: 71.078
Melting Point (°C):
84.5 (Lie 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
192.5 (Lide 2003)
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
1.122 (30°C, Dean 1985)
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
80.8 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Dissociation Constant pKa:
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 0.261 (mp at 84.5°C)
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C):
2050000 (quoted, Verschueren 1983)
2150000 (30°C, Dean 1985)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C and reported temperature dependence equations):
0.616 (average, extrapolated-Antoine eq.-I and II, Stephenson & Malanowski 1987)
log (PL/kPa) = 7.395 – 3213/(/K), temp range 357–413K (Antoine eq.-I, Stephenson & Malanowski 1987)
log (PL/kPa) = 10.31055 – 3994.667/(T/K), temp range 373–413 K (Antoine eq.-II, Stephenson & Malanowski 1987)
log (P/mmHg) = 17.0034 – 4.4434 . 103/(T/K) –1.7158·log (T/K) + 2.0063 . 10–6·(T/K) – 8.0394 . 10–10·(T/K)2;
temp range 358–477 K (vapor pressure eq., Yaws 1994)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pam3/mol at 25°C):
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
–0.90 (shake flask, Fujisawa & Masuhara 1980, 1981)
–1.24 (calculated-HPLC-RT correlation, Fujisawa & Masuhara 1981)
–0.67 (shake flask, Log P Database, Hansch & Leo 1987)
–0.78 (recommended, Sangster 1989)
–0.67 (recommended, Hansch et al. 1995)
Octanol/Air Partition Coefficient, log KOA:
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
–0.969 (calculated-KOW, Kollig 1993)
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Surface water: measured rate constant k = (1.0 ± 0.1) . 105 M–1 s–1 for direct reaction with ozone in water at pH
5.4–5.8 and 22 ± 1°C, with t. = 0.3 s at pH 7 (Yao & Haag 1991).
O
NH2
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Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3331
16.1.5.3 Benzamide
Common Name: Benzamide
Synonym: benzoylamide
Chemical Name: benzamide
CAS Registry No: 55-21-0
Molecular Formula: C7H7NO, C6H5CONH2
Molecular Weight: 121.137
Melting Point (°C):
127.3 (Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
290 (Lide 2003)
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
112.2 (130°C, Stephenson & Malanowski 1987)
132.4 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Dissociation Constant pKa:
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 0.0992 (mp at 127.3°C)
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C or as indicated):
13500 (20–25°C, shake flask-gravimetric method, Dehn 1917)
13499 (Tsonopoulos & Prausnitz 1971)
13490 (Windholz 1983)
13515 (1 g in 74 mL, Budavari 1989)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C and reported temperature dependence equations):
0.00522 (extrapolated, Antoine eq., Stephenson & Malanowski 1987)
log (PS/kPa) = 11.69847 – 5062.899/(T/K), temp range 325–342 K (solid, Antoine eq., Stephenson & Malanowski
1987)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pam3/mol at 25°C):
4.52 . 10–5 (calculated-P/C, this work)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
0.64 (shake flask-UV, Fujita et al. 1964)
0.65 (shake flask, Leo et al. 1971; Hansch & Leo 1979; Hansch & Leo 1987)
0.66 (shake flask-UV, Yaguzhinskii et al.1973)
0.84 (HPLC-k. correlation, Hammers et al. 1982)
0.64 (shake flask-UV, Sotomatsu et al. 1987)
0.50 (centrifugal partition chromatography CPC, Berthod et al. 1988)
0.81 (RP-HPLC-RT correlation, ODS column with masking agent, Bechalany et al. 1989)
0.64 (recommended, Sangster 1989, 1993)
0.65 (counter-current chromatography, Vallat et al. 1990)
0.65 (CPC-RV correlation, El Tayar et al. 1991)
0.64 (shake flask-GC, Alcorn et al. 1993)
0.64 (recommended, Hansch et al. 1995)
NH2
O
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3332 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
Octanol/Air Partition Coefficient, log KOA:
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
0.954; 1.301; 1.756 (sediment; Alfisol soil; Podzol soil, von Oepen et al. 1991)
1.46 (soil, quoted exptl., Meylan et al. 1992)
1.71 (soil, calculated-MCI . and fragment contribution, Meylan et al. 1992)
1.46 (soil, mean value, Kordel et al. 1993)
1.46 (soil, calculated-MCI 1., Sabljic et al. 1995)
1.46; 1.71 (HPLC-screening method; calculated-PCKOC fragment method, Muller & Kordel 1996)
1.87, 2.17, 1.12, 1.36, 1.645 (first generation Eurosoils ES-1, ES-2, ES-3, ES-4, ES-5, shake flask/batch
equilibrium-HPLC/UV, Gawlik et al. 1998)
1.46, 1.22; 2.18, 1.75, 1.88, 1.83, 1.31 (soil: quoted lit., calculated-KOW; HPLC-screening method using LCcolumns
of different stationary phases, Szabo et al. 1999)
1.747, 1.358, 1.236 (second generation of European reference soil set, Eurosoils ES-1, ES-3, ES-5, shake
flask/batch equilibrium-HPLC/UV and HPLC-k. correlation, Gawlik et al. 2000)
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization:
Photolysis:
Oxidation: aqueous photooxidation t. = 960–7.4 . 104 h, based on measured rates for reaction with OH radical
in water (Anbar et al. 1966; Dorfman and Adams 1973; selected, Howard et al. 1991);
photooxidation t. = 3.1 – 31 h in air, based on estimated rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction with
hydroxyl radicals in air (Atkinson et al. 1987; selected, Howard et al. 1991).
Hydrolysis: not expected to be significant based on estimated half-lives for hydrolysis of acetamide of 261, 3950,
and 46 yr at pH 5,7,9, respectively, which were calculated using experimental acid and base hydrolysis rate
constants for acetamide (Mabey & Mill 1978; selected, Howard et al. 1991).
Biodegradation: aqueous aerobic biodegradation t. = 48 – 360 h, and aqueous anaerobic biodegradation
t. = 192 – 1400 h, both based on grab sample aerobic soil column test data (Fournier & Salle 1974; selected,
Howard et al. 1991).
Biotransformation:
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Air: photooxidation t. = 3.1 – 31 h, based on estimated rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction with hydroxyl
radical in air (Atkinson et al. 1987; selected, Howard et al. 1991).
Surface water: t. = 48 – 360 h, based on grab sample aerobic soil column test data (Fournier & Salle 1974;
selected, Howard et al. 1991).
Ground water: t. = 96 – 720 h, based on grab sample aerobic soil column test data (Fournier & Salle 1974;
selected, Howard et al. 1991).
Sediment:
Soil: t. = 48 – 360 h, based on grab sample aerobic soil column test data (Fournier & Salle 1974; selected,
Howard et al. 1991).
Biota:
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3333
16.1.5.4 Urea
Common Name: Urea
Synonym: carbamide, carbonyldiamide, Aquacare, Aqiadrate, Basodexam, Keratinamin, Nutraplus, Onychomal,
Pastaron, Ureaphil, Ureophil, Ureapearl
Chemical Name: urea, carbamide, carbonyldiamide
CAS Registry No: 57-13-6
Molecular Formula: CH4N2O, H2NCONH2
Molecular Weight: 60.055
Melting Point (°C):
133 (Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
decompose (Weast 1982–83; Lide 2003)
Density (g/cm3):
1.323 (Weast 1982–83)
Dissociation Constant, pKa:
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
58.0 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol ± K), F: 0.0872 (mp at 133°C)
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C or as indicated. Additional data at other temperatures designated * are
compiled at the end of this section):
975000* (shake flask, measured range 0–69.5°C, Speyers 1902)
790000 (20–25°C, shake flask-gravimetric method, Dehn 1917)
1047000* (20°C, shake flask, measured range 0–70°C, Pinck & Kelly 1925)
53.97 wt %* (23.85°C, synthetic method, measured range 18.72–73.11°C, Shnidman & Sunier 1932)
log x = – 609.8/(T/K) + 1.468; temp range 20–70°C (synthetic method, Shnidman & Sunier 1932)
0.4388* (60°C, mole fraction solubility, synthetic method, measured range 60–100°C, Kakinuma 1941)
997400 (W indholz 1983)
1000000 (Dean 1985; Budavari 1989)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C and reported temperature dependence equations):
1.61 . 10–3 (extrapolated-Antoine eq., Stephenson & Malanowski 1987)
log (PS/kPa) = 9.565 – 4579/(T/K); temp range 345–368 K (solid, Antoine eq., Stephenson & Malanowski 1987)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pam3/mol):
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
–1.09 (Hansch & Leo 1979)
–3.00 (Kenaga & Goring 1980)
–1.21, –1.79 to –0.62 (shake flask method: mean, range of mean values, OECD 1981)
–1.54 (shake flask-radiochemical method, Cornford 1982)
–1.57 (HPLC-RT correlation, Harnish et al. 1983)
–1.56 (shake flask, OECD 1981 Guidelines, Geyer et al. 1984)
–1.66, –2.11 (shake flask, Log P Database, Hansch & Leo 1987)
–1.60 (shake flask-UV, pH 7.4, Huang 1990)
–2.11 (from Medchem software value, Chessells et al. 1992)
–2.11 (recommended, Sangster 1993)
–1.66 (Hansch et al. 1995)
O
H2N NH2
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3334 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
Octanol/Air Partition Coefficient, log KOA:
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
4.068 (alga chlorella fusca, wet wt. basis, Geyer et al. 1984)
–0.10 (alga chlorella fusca, calculated-KOW, Geyer et al. 1984)
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
0.50, 0.62 (soil, quoted, calculated-MCI . and fragment contribution, Meylan et al. 1992)
0.90 (soil, calculated-MCI 1., Sabljic et al. 1995)
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, and Half-Lives, t.:
Half-Lives in the Environment:
TABLE 16.1.5.4.1
Reported aqueous solubilities of urea at various temperatures
Speyers 1902 Shnidman & Sunier 1932 Kakinuma 1941
re-calcd by Pinck & Kelly synthetic method-heating -shake flask synthetic method
t/°C S/g·m–3 t/°C wt % x t/°C wt % x t/°C x
urea 1# urea 2#
0 674000 18.72 51.10 0.2387 21.59 52.80 0.2513 60 0.4388
11.0 875000 26.80 55.37 0.2712 23.85 53.97 0.2602 65 0.4610
19.8 975000 27.31 55.83 0.2740 30.38 57.51 0.2888 70 0.4903
31.7 1310000 35.42 59.94 0.3099 35.15 59.97 0.3102 75 0.5204
51.4 1930000 37.36 60.87 0.3183 41.11 62.95 0.3377 80 0.6617
69.5 2530000 43.94 64.19 0.3489 43.85 64.31 0.3510 85 0.5843
46.56 65.39 0.3618 54.97 69.53 0.4065 90 0.6190
54.77 69.33 0.4041 55.88 70.10 0.4131 95 0.6542
67.02 70.38 0.4163 69.13 71.49 0.4294 100 0.6910
.Hsol/(kJ mol–1) 61.76 72.59 0.4428 63.79 73.64 0.4561
25°C 73.11 77.57 0.5093 70.49 76.60 0.4956 log x = A –B/(T/K)
A 1.5314
mp/°C 132.7 mp/°C 132.6 B 631.86
Pinck & Kelly 1925 mole fraction solubility expressed as:
shake flask log x = – 609.8/(T/K) + 1.468; temp range 20–70°C
t/°C S/g·m–3
0 670000
10.0 840000
20.0 1047000
30.0 1360000
39.7 1654000
50.0 2050000
50.6 2064000
60.0 2460000
68.5 2950000
70.0 3146000
urea 1# – urea made by synthetic NH2 + CO2 process—re-crystallized from water
urea 2# – urea made from calcium-cyanamid — re-crystallized from water and methanol
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3335
FIGURE 16.1.5.4.1 Logarithm of mole fraction solubility (ln x) versus reciprocal temperature for urea.
Urea: solubility vs. 1/T
-2.5
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
0.0026 0.0028 0.003 0.0032 0.0034 0.0036 0.0038
1/(T/K)
x nl
Speyers 1902
Pinck & Kelly 1925
Shnidman & Sunier 1932
Kakinuma 1941
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3336 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
16.1.6 NITROSAMINES
16.1.6.1 N-Nitrosodimethylamine
Common Name: Dimethylnitrosoamine
Synonym: N-nitrosodimethylamine, N-methyl-N-nitrosomethanamine, nitrous dimethylamine
Chemical Name: dimethylnitrosoamine, N-nitrosodimethylamine
CAS Registry No: 62-75-9
Molecular Formula: C2H6N2O, CH3N(NO)CH3
Molecular Weight: 74.081
Melting Point (°C):
Boiling Point (°C):
152 (Lide 2003)
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
1.005 (18°C, Verschueren 1983)
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
73.7 (10°C, Stephenson & Malanowski 1987)
87.7 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Dissociation Constant pKa:
< 1.0 (Kollig 1993)
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F:
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C):
miscible (Mirvish et al. 1976)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C and the reported temperature dependence equations):
1080 (Mabey et al. 1982)
730 (extrapolated-Antoine eq., Stephenson & Malanowski 1987)
log (PL/kPa) = 7.10632 – 2159.476/(T/K), temp range 309–423 K (Antoine eq., Stephenson & Malanowski 1987)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pam3/mol at 25°C):
3.344 (calculated, Mabey et al. 1982)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
0.06 (Radding et al. 1977)
–0.57 (shake flask-UV, Singer et al. 1977)
–0.68 (calculated-f const., Mabey et al. 1982)
0.46 (30.5°C, shake flask-HPLC, Vera et al. 1992)
0.76 (calculated, Kollig 1993)
–0.57 (recommended, Sangster 1993)
–0.57 (recommended, Hansch et al. 1995)
Octanol/Air Partition Coefficient, log KOA:
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
–0.96 (microorganisms-water, calculated-KOW, Mabey et al. 1982)
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
–1.00 (sediment-water, calculated-KOW, Mabey et al. 1982)
0.448 (calculated-KOW, Kollig 1993)
NO
N
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Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3337
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization:
Photolysis: both aqueous and atmospheric photolysis t. = 0.5–1.0 h, based on measured rate of photolysis in
the vapor phase under sunlight (Hanst et al. 1977; quoted, Howard et al. 1991).
Hydrolysis:
Oxidation: rate constant k, for gas-phase second order rate constants, kOH for reaction with OH radical, kNO3
with NO3 radical and kO3 with O3 or as indicated, *data at other temperatures see reference:
rate constants k < 3600 M–1 h–1 for singlet oxygen, and k < 3600 M–1 h–1 for peroxy radical at 25°C (Mabey
et al. 1982);
kOH = 3.0 . 10–12 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 and kO3 . 1 . 10–20 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 at 298 K (Tuazon et al. 1984);
photooxidation t. = 25.4–254 h in air, based on measured rate constant for the reaction with OH radical in
air (Howard et al. 1991);
kOH = (2.53 – 3.6) . 10–12 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 for the gas-phase reactions with OH radical at 296–298 K
(Atkinson 1989).
Biodegradation: aqueous aerobic t. = 504–4320 h, based on aerobic soil die-away test data; and aqueous anaerobic
t. = 2016–17280 h, based on estimated unacclimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life (derived from
results of Tate & Alexander 1975; and Oliver et al. 1979; Howard et al. 1991).
Biotransformation: rate constant for bacterial transformation k = 3 . 10–12 mL ± cell–1 ± h–1 in water (Mabey
et al. 1982).
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Air: t. = 0.5–1.0 h, based on measured rate of photolysis in the vapor phase under sunlight (Hanst et al. 1977;
quoted, Howard et al. 1991);
estimated photolysis t. ~ 5 min, t. = 3 d for reaction with OH radical and t. > 2 yr for reaction with O3
(Tuazon et al. 1984);
photooxidation t. = 25.4–254 h, based on measured rate constant for the reaction with OH radical in air
(Atkinson 1985; quoted, Howard et al. 1991).
Surface water: t. = 0.5–1.0 h, based on measured rate of photolysis in the vapor phase under sunlight (Hanst
et al. 1977; quoted, Howard et al. 1991).
Groundwater: t. = 1008–8640 h, based on estimated unacclimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life
(Howard et al. 1991).
Sediment:
Soil: degradation t. ~ 3 wk in 4 aerobic soils (shake flask-GC, Oliver et al. 1979)
t. = 504–4320 h, based on aerobic soil die-away test data (derived from data of Tate & Alexander 1975
and Oliver et al. 1979, Howard et al. 1991).
Biota:
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3338 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
16.1.6.2 N-Nitrosodipropylamine
Common Name: Di-n-Propylnitrosoamine
Synonym: N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine, N-nitroso-N-propyl-1-propanamine
Chemical Name: di-n-propylnitrosoamine, N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine
CAS Registry No: 621-64-7
Molecular Formula: C6H14N2O, CH3CH2CH2N(NO)CH2CH2CH3
Molecular Weight: 130.187
Melting Point (°C):
Boiling Point (°C):
206 (Lide 2003)
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
176.5 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F:
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C):
9900 (Mirvish et al. 1976)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C):
53.33 (37°C, calculated-Troutin’s rule, Mabey et al. 1982)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pam3/mol at 25°C):
0.638 (calculated-P/C, Mabey et al. 1982)
0.355 (calculated-P/C, this work)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
1.31 (calculated as per Leo et al. 1971 from Mirvish et al. 1976 data, Callahan et al. 1979)
1.36 (shake flask-UV, Singer et al. 1977)
1.49 (calculated-f const., Mabey et al. 1982)
2.35 (30.5°C, shake flask-HPLC, Vera et al. 1992)
2.45 (recommended, Sangster 1993)
1.35 (Kollig 1993)
1.36 (recommended, Hansch et al. 1995)
Octanol/Air Partition Coefficient, log KOA:
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
0.99 (microorganisms-water, calculated-KOW, Mabey et al. 1982)
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
1.18 (sediment-water, calculated-KOW, Mabey et al. 1982)
1.09 (calculated-KOW, Kollig 1993)
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization:
Photolysis: both aqueous and atmospheric photolysis t. = 0.17–1.0 h, based on measured rate of photolysis in
the vapor phase under sunlight (Oliver 1981; quoted, Howard et al. 1991).
Hydrolysis:
NO
N
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Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3339
Oxidation: rate constants in water for singlet oxygen k < 3600 M–1 h–1 and for peroxy radical k < 3600 M–1 h–1
at 25°C (Mabey et al. 1982);
photooxidation t. = 2.66–26.6 h in air, based on estimated rate constant for the reaction with hydroxyl
radicals in air (Howard et al. 1991).
Biodegradation: aqueous aerobic t. = 504–4320 h, based on aerobic soil die-away test data, and aqueous anaerobic
t. = 2016–17280 h, based on estimated unacclimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life (derived rom
results of Tate & Alexander 1975 and Oliver et al. 1979, Howard et al. 1991).
Biotransformation: rate constant for bacterial biotransformation k ~ 3 . 10–12 mL ± cell–1 ± h–1 in water (Mabey
et al. 1982).
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Air: photooxidation t. = 2.66–26.6 h, based on estimated rate constant for the reaction with hydroxyl radicals
in air (Howard et al. 1991).
Surface water: t. = 0.17–1.0 h, based on measured rate of photolysis in the vapor phase under sunlight (Oliver
1981; quoted, Howard et al. 1991).
Groundwater: t. = 1008–8640 h, based on estimated unacclimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life
(Howard et al. 1991).
Sediment:
Soil: degradation t. ~ 3 wk in 4 aerobic soils (shake flask-GC, Oliver et al. 1979)
t. = 504 – 4320 h, based on aerobic soil die-away test data (derived from results of Tate & Alexander 1975
and Oliver et al. 1979, Howard et al. 1991).
Biota
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3340 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
16.1.6.3 Diphenylnitrosoamine
Common Name: Diphenylnitrosoamine
Synonym: N-nitrosodiphenylamine, N-nitroso-N-phenylbenzamine
Chemical Name: diphenylnitrosoamine, N-nitrosodiphenylamine
CAS Registry No: 86-30-6
Molecular Formula: C12H10N2O, C6H5N(NO)C6H5
Molecular Weight: 198.219
Melting Point (°C):
66.5 (Weast 1982–83; Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
151–153 (Windholz 1976; Callahan et al. 1979)
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
220.5 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Dissociation Constant pKa:
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 0.392 (mp at 66.5°C)
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C):
35.1 (shake flask-LSC, Banerjee et al. 1980)
40.0 (calculated-S, Mabey et al. 1982)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C):
13.33 (estimated, Mabey et al. 1982)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pam3/mol at 25°C):
66.87 (calculated-P/C, Mabey et al. 1982)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
3.13 (shake flask-LSC, Banerjee et al. 1980;)
3.13 (recommended, Sangster 1993)
3.13 (recommended, Hansch et al. 1995)
Octanol/Air Partition Coefficient, log KOA:
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
2.63 (microorganisms-water, calculated-KOW, Mabey et al. 1982)
2.34 (quoted, Isnard & Lambert 1988)
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
2.81 (sediment-water, calculated-KOW, Mabey et al. 1982)
2.84 (calculated-KOW, Kollig 1993)
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization:
Photolysis:
Hydrolysis:
NO
N
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Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3341
Oxidation: rate constants in water for singlet oxygen k < 3600 M–1 h–1 and for peroxy radical k < 3600 M–1 ± h–1
at 25°C (Mabey et al. 1982);
photooxidation t. = 0.70 – 7.0 h in air, based on measured rate constant for the reaction with hydroxyl
radicals in air (Howard et al. 1991).
Biodegradation: aqueous aerobic t. = 240 – 816 h, based on data from one soil-die-away test; a range was
bracketed around the reported t. = 22 d (Mallik & Tesfai 1981; quoted, Howard et al. 1991); aqueous
anaerobic t. = 960 – 3264 h, based on estimated unacclimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life
(Howard et al. 1991).
Biotransformation: rate constant for bacterial transformation k = 1 . 10–10 mL ± cell–1 ± h–1 in water (Mabey
et al. 1982).
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Air: photooxidation t. = 0.70 – 7.0 h, based on estimated rate constant for the reaction with hydroxyl radicals
in air (quoted, Howard et al. 1991).
Surface water: t. = 240 – 816 h, based on estimated unacclimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life
(Howard et al. 1991).
Groundwater: t. = 480 – 1632 h, based on estimated unacclimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life
(Howard et al. 1991).
Sediment:
Soil: t. = 240 – 816 h, based on estimated unacclimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life (Howard
et al. 1991).
Biota:
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3342 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
16.1.7 HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
16.1.7.1 Pyrrole
Common Name: Pyrrole
Synonym: 1H-pyrrole
Chemical Name: pyrrole, 1H-pyrrole
CAS Registry No: 109-97-7
Molecular Formula: C4H4NH
Molecular Weight: 67.090
Melting Point (°C):
–23.39 (Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
129.79 (Lide 2003)
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
0.9691 (Weast 1982–83; Dean 1985)
0.96985, 0.96565 (20°C, 25°C, Riddick et al. 1986)
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
69.2 (20°C, calculated-density, Stephenson & Malanowski 1987)
78.2 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point
Dissociation Constant, pKa:
–4.40 (Perrin 1972)
–3.80 (Riddick et al. 1986)
–4.10 (Sangster 1989)
Enthalpy of Vaporization, .HV (kJ/mol):
45.15, 38.75 (25°C, bp, Riddick et al. 1986)
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
7.908 (Riddick et al. 1986)
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 1.0
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C):
47000 (Dean 1985)
45000 (Riddick et al. 1986)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C and reported temperature dependence equations. Additional data at other temperatures
designated * are compiled at the end of this section):
358285* (176.67°C, static-Bourdon gauge, measured range 176.67–271.11°C, Kobe et al. 1956)
1102* (ebulliometry, extrapolated-Antoine eq., measured range 65.67–166°C, Scott et al. 1967; Osborn &
Douslin 1968)
log (P/mmHg) = 7.30295 – 1507.015/(t/°C + 211.010); temp range 65.67–166°C (Antoine eq., ebulliometry,
Scott et al. 1967)
log [(P/atm) = [1 – 402.914 ± (T/K)] . 10^{0.870073 – 5.43768 . 10–4 ± (T/K) + 4.16086 . 10–7 ± (T/K)2},
temp range: 65.67–166°C (ebulliometric method, Cox eq., Scott et al. 1967)
log (P/mmHg) = 7.30275 – 1506.877/(t/°C + 210.995), temp range 65.57–166°C (ebulliometric method, Antoine
eq., Scott et al. 1967; Osborn & Douslin 1968)
log [(P/atm) = [1 – 402.915 ± (T/K)] . 10^{0.872196 – 5.54923 . 10–4 ± (T/K) + 4.30369 . 10–7 ± (T/K)2},
temp range: 65.57–166°C (ebulliometric method, Cox eq., Osborn & Douslin 1968)
8386* (60.3°C, isoteniscope method, measured range 60.3–100.3°C, Eon et al. 1971)
1136 (calculated-Cox eq., Chao et al. 1983)
log (P/atm) = [1– 402.916/(T/K)] . 10^{0.880256 – 6.05913 . 10–4 ± (T/K) + 5.02726 . 10–7 ± (T/K)2}; temp
range: 250.0–635.0 K (Cox eq., Chao et al. 1983)
NH
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Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3343
1100 (extrapolated-Antoine eq., Boublik et al. 1984)
log (P/kPa) = 6.42113 – 1502.586/(129.775 + t/°C); temp range 65.67–166°C (Antoine eq. from exptl. data of
Scott et al. 1967, Boublik et al. 1984)
1100 (extrapolated-Antoine eq., Dean 1985, 1992)
log (P/mmHg) = 7.29470 – 1501.56/(210.42 + t/°C); temp range 66–166°C (Antoine eq., Dean l985, 1992)
1100 (quoted lit., Riddick et al. 1986)
log (P/kPa) = 6.42765 – 1506.877/(210.995 + t/°C); temp range not specified (Antoine eq., Riddick et al. 1986)
1103 (extrapolated-Antoine eq., Stephenson & Malanowski 1987)
log (PL/kPa) = 6.42263 – 1504.171/(–62.39 + T/K); temp range 338–440 K (Antoine eq., Stephenson &
Malanowski 1987)
log (P/mmHg) = 54.1597 – 4.2745 . 103/(T/K) –15.873·log (T/K) – 4.5171 . 10–10·(T/K) + 4.2338 . 10–6·(T/K)2;
temp range 250–640 K (vapor pressure eq., Yaws 1994)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa m3/mol at 25°C):
1.640 (calculated-P/C with selected values)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW at 25°C or as indicated
0.75 (shake flask-AS, Hansch & Anderson 1967; Leo et al. 1971; Hansch & Leo 1979)
0.62 (HPLC-RV correlation, Garst 1984)
0.82 (23°C, shake flask-HPLC, De Voogt et al. 1988)
0.80 (23°C, TLC-RT correlation, De Voogt et al. 1990)
0.75 (recommended, Sangster 1989, 1993)
0.75 (recommended, Hansch et al. 1995)
Octanol/Air Partition Coefficient, log KOA:
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization:
Photolysis:
Oxidation: rate constant k, for gas-phase second order rate constants, kOH for reaction with OH radical, kNO3
with NO3 radical and kO3 with O3 or as indicated, *data at other temperatures and/or the Arrhenius expression
see reference:
kOH = (1.22 ± 0.04) . 10–10 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 at 295 K (relative rate method, Atkinson et al. 1984)
kO3 = 1.6 . 10–17 cm3 ± molecule–1 s–1 with loss rate of 1.0 d–1, kOH = 1.2 . 10–10 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 with
loss rate of 10 d–1 and kNO3 = 4.9 . 10–11 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 with loss rate of 1000 d–1 (review, Atkinson
& Carter 1984)
kO3 = 1.6 . 10–17 cm3 ± molecule–1 s–1 with loss rate of 1.0 d–1, kOH = 1.2 . 10–10 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 with
loss rate of 5.2 d–1 and kNO3 = 4.9 . 10–11 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 with loss rate k = 1000 d–1 (review, Atkinson
1985)
kNO3 = (4.9 ± 1.1) . 10–11 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 at 295 ± 1 K (relative rate method, Atkinson et al. 1985)
kO3 = 1.6 . 10–17 cm3 ± molecule–1 s–1 with calculated tropospheric lifetime . = 24 h, kOH = 1.2 . 10–10 cm3
molecule–1 s–1 with .(calc) = 2.3 h during daylight hours, kNO3 = 4.9 . 10–11 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 with
.(calc) = 1.4 min during nighttime hours at room temp. (Atkinson et al. 1985)
kOH = 1.2 . 10–10 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 with a loss rate of 5.2 d–1 at room temp. (Atkinson 1985)
kOH* = (1.03 ± 0.06) . 10–10 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 at 298 K, measured range 298–442 K (flash photolysisresonance
fluorescence, Wallington et al. 1988)
kOH* = 9.31 . 10–10 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 at 298 K, measured range 298–442 K (flash photolysis-resonance
fluorescence, Atkinson 1989)
kOH = 1.10 . 10–12 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 at 298 K (recommended, Atkinson 1989)
kOH(calc) = 287.45 . 10–12 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 (molecular orbital calculations, Klamt 1993)
Hydrolysis:
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3344 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
Biodegradation:
Biotransformation:
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Air: calculated lifetimes of 2.3 h, 1.4 min and 24 h due to gas-phase reactions with OH radical (concn of
1 . 106 cm–3 during daylight hours), No3 radical (conc of 2.4 . 106 cm–3 during nighttime hours) and O3
(clean tropospheric conc of 7.2 . 1011 molecule cm–3), respectively, at room temp. (Atkinson et al.
1985)
TABLE 16.1.7.1.1
Reported vapor pressures of pyrrole at various temperatures and the coefficients for the vapor pressure
equations
log P = A – B/(T/K) (1) ln P = A – B/(T/K) (1a)
log P = A – B/(C + t/°C) (2) ln P = A – B/(C + t/°C) (2a)
log P = A – B/(C + T/K) (3)
log P = A – B/(T/K) – C·log (T/K) (4)
Kobe et al. 1956 Scott et al. 1967 Eon et al. 1971
static-Bourdon gauge ebulliometry isoteniscope/manometry
t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa
176.67 358285 65.671 9582 60.3 8386
182.22 399626 68.522 10884 70.3 13025
187.78 454747 71.374 12335 80.3 19732
193.33 509867 77.098 15740 90.3 29198
198.89 571878 79.970 17725 100.3 42263
204.44 647669 82.847 19920
210.00 730351 88.622 25007 .HV/(kJ mol–1) = 41.84
215.56 806142 94.422 31160
221.11 895713 100.244 38547
226.67 992174 106.096 47359
232.22 1081746 111.972 57803
237.78 1185097 117.875 70109
243.33 1309119 123.806 84525
248.89 1440031 129.764 101325
254.44 1564053 135.753 120798
260.00 1715635 141.768 143268
265.56 1867217 147.812 169052
271.11 2032580 153.884 198530
159.984 232087
166.109 270110
eq. 2 P/mmHg
A 7.30295
B 1507.015
C 210.010
bp/°C 129.764
.HV/(kJ mol–1) = 45.10
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Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3345
FIGURE 16.1.7.1.1 Logarithm of vapor pressure versus reciprocal temperature for pyrrole.
Pyrrole: vapor pressure vs. 1/T
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
0.0018 0.002 0.0022 0.0024 0.0026 0.0028 0.003 0.0032 0.0034
1/(T/K)
P( gol
S
) aP/
Kobe et al. 1956
Scott et al. 1967
Eon et al. 1971
b.p. =129.79 °C
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3346 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
16.1.7.2 Indole
Common Name: Indole
Synonym: benzo[b]pyrrole, 1-benzo[b]pyrrole, 1H-indole
Chemical Name: indole
CAS Registry No: 120-72-9
Molecular Formula: C8H7N
Molecular Weight: 117.149
Melting Point (°C):
52.5 (Weast 1982–83; Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
254.0 (Weast 1982–83; Stephenson & Malanowski 1987)
253.6 (Lide 2003)
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
1.2200 (Weast 1982–83)
1.0643 (Dean 1985)
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
133.4 (calculated-Le Bas method at boiling point)
Dissociation Constant, pKa:
–3.5, –3.62 (Perrin 1972)
–3.17 (Sangster 1989)
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus J/mol K:
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 0.537 (mp at 52.5°C)
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C):
3558 (shake flask-GC, Price 1976)
1874 (Pearlman et al. 1984)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C and reported temperature dependence equations):
2.24 (extrapolated-Antoine eq., Boublik et al. 1984)
log (P/kPa) = 6.369 – 1933.005/(254.707 + t/°C); temp range 193.3–254.7°C (Antoine eq., Boublik et al. 1984)
1.565 (calculated-Antoine eq., Stephenson & Malanowski 1987)
log (PS/kPa) = 10.3289 – 3916/(T/K); temp range 291–319 K, (solid, Antoine eq., Stephenson & Malanowski
1987)
log (P/mmHg) = 94.1625 – 6.9431 . 103/(T/K) – 30.613·log (T/K) + 9.928 . 10–3·(T/K) + 1.7461 . 10–13·(T/K)2;
temp range 274–790 K (vapor pressure eq., Yaws 1994)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pam3/mol at 25°C):
0.14 (calculated-P/C with selected values)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
1.14 ± 0.01 (shake flask-UV, Iwasa et al. 1965)
2.14 (shake flask-UV, Hansch & Anderson 1967)
2.25 (shake flask-UV at pH 7.4, Rogers & Cammarata 1969)
2.00 (unpublished result, Leo et al. 1971)
2.00, 2.25, 2.13 ( Hansch & Leo 1979)
1.66 (RP-HPLC-RT correlation, Veith et al. 1979a)
2.17 (RP-HPLC-RT correlation, Hanai & Hubert 1982)
2.14 (inter-laboratory studies, shake flask average, Eadsforth & Moser 1983)
NH
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Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3347
1.92 (inter-laboratory studies, HPLC average, Eadsforth & Moser 1983)
2.16 ± 0.03 (HPLC-RV correlation-ALPM, Garst & Wilson 1984)
1.81 (HPLC-k. correlation, Eadsforth 1986)
2.16 (HPLC-RT correlation, Minick et al. 1988)
2.14 (recommended, Sangster 1989; 1993)
2.27 (23°C, shake flask-HPLC, De Voogt et al. 1988, 1990)
2.07 (HPLC-RT correlation, De Voogt et al. 1990)
2.19 (HPLC-RT correlation, Ritter et al. 1994)
2.14 (recommended, Hansch et al. 1995)
Octanol/Air Partition Coefficient, log KOA:
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
Environmental Fate Rate Constants or Half-Lives:
Half-Lives in the Environment:
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3348 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
16.1.7.3 Pyridine
Common Name: Pyridine
Synonym:
Chemical Name: pyridine
CAS Registry No: 110-86-1
Molecular Formula: C5H5N
Molecular Weight: 79.101
Melting Point (°C):
–41.7 (Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
115.23 (Lide 2003)
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
0.9819 (Weast 1982–83)
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
80.6 (calculated-density, Rohrschneider 1973)
93.0 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Dissociation Constant, pK:
5.23 (pKa, Leo et al. 1971; Jori et al. 1983; Zachara et al. 1987)
5.198, 5.21, 5.22, 5.229 (Perrin 1972)
5.54 (UV, Yeh & Higuchi 1976)
5.23, 5.16 (quoted, shake flask-TN, Clarke 1984)
5.17 (pKBH
+ , Dean 1985; Riddick et al. 1986)
5.21 (pKa, Sangster 1989)
Enthalpy of Vaporization, .HV (kJ/mol):
40.41, 36.39 (25°C, bp, Riddick et al. 1986)
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
7.414 (Riddick et al. 1986)
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 1.0
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C):
miscible (Andon & Cox 1952; Andon et al. 1954; Jori et al. 1983; Riddick et al. 1986)
miscible (Dean 1985; Zachara et al. 1987; Stephenson 1993a)
miscible (Yaws et al. 1990)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C and reported temperature dependence equations. Additional data at other temperatures
designated * are compiled at the end of this section):
2666* (24.8°C, summary of literature data, temp range –18.9 to 115.4°C, Stull 1947)
2520 (interpolated-regression of tabulated data, Stull 1947)
620, 2109 (0, 20°C, static method-tensimeter, Brown & Barbaras 1947)
2775* (ebulliometry, measured range 47.3–115.5°C, extrapolated-Antoine eq., Herington & Martin 1953)
log (P/mmHg) = 7.05811 – 1384.991/(216.296 + t/°C); temp range 47.3–115.5°C (Antoine eq., ebulliometric
measurements, Herington & Martin 1953)
2774* (gas saturation, measured range 20–40°C, Andon et al. 1954)
461637* (176.67°C, static-Bourdon gauge, measured range 176.67–343.33°C, Kobe et al. 1956)
19920* (67.299°C, comparative ebulliometry, measured range 67.299–152.886°C, McCullough et al. 1957)
log (P/mmHg) = 7.04162 – 1374.103/(215.014 + t/°C); temp range 67.3–152.9°C (Antoine eq. ebulliometry,
McCullough et al. 1957)
2763* (ebulliometry, calculated-Antoine eq., Osborn & Douslin 1968)
N
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Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3349
log (P/mmHg) = 7.04144 – 1373.990/(t/°C + 215.001); temp range 67.3–152.9°C (ebulliometric method, Antoine
eq., Osborn & Douslin 1968)
log [(P/atm) = [1 – 399.384 ± (T/K)] . 10^{0.856586 – 6.60597 . 10–4 ± (T/K) + 5.93625 . 10–7 ± (T/K)2},
temp range: 67.3–152.9°C (ebulliometric method, Cox eq., Osborn & Douslin 1968)
2789 (calculated-Antoine eq., Cabani et al. 1971)
log (P/mmHg) = [–0.2185 . 9649.4/(T/K)] + 8.347670; temp range –18.9 to 115.4°C (Antoine eq., Weast
1972–73)
2767 (calculated-Cox eq., Chao et al. 1983)
log (P/atm) = [1– 388.399/(T/K)] . 10^{0.848882 – 6.09810 . 10–4 ± (T/K) + 5.15399 . 10–7 ± (T/K)2}; temp
range: 235.0–620.0 K (Cox eq., Chao et al. 1983)
2775, 2763 (extrapolated-Antoine equations, Boublik et al. 1984)
log (P/kPa) = 6.18358 – 1385.39/(115.256 + t/°C); temp range 47.3–115.47°C (Antoine eq. from reported exptl.
data of Herington & Martin 1953, Boublik et al. 1984)
log (P/kPa) = 6.16609 – 1373.826/(115.235 + t/°C); temp range 67.3–152.9°C (Antoine eq. from reported exptl.
data of McCullough et al. 1957, Boublik et al. 1984)
2763 (extrapolated-Antoine eq., Dean 1985, 1992)
log (P/mmHg) = 7.04115 – 1373.80/(214.98 + t/°C); temp range 67–153°C (Antoine eq., Dean l985, 1992)
2773 (Howard et al. 1986; quoted, Banerjee et al. 1990)
2700 (selected, Riddick et al. 1986)
log (P/kPa) = 6.18595 – 1386.683/(216.469 + t/°C), temp range not specified (Antoine eq., Riddick et al. 1986)
2770 (interpolated-Antoine eq. II, Stephenson & Malanowski 1987)
log (PL/kPa) = 6.17372 – 1379.953/(–57.436 + T/K); temp range 323–426 K (Antoine eq. I, Stephenson &
Malanowski 1987)
log (PL/kPa) = 6.30308 – 1448.781/(–50.948 + T/K); temp range 296–353 K (Antoine eq. II, Stephenson &
Malanowski 1987)
log (PL/kPa) = 6.16446 – 1373.263/(–58.18 + T/K); temp range 348–434 K (Antoine eq. III, Stephenson &
Malanowski 1987)
log (PL/kPa) = 6.284 – 1455.584/(–48.272 + T/K); temp range 431–558 K (Antoine eq. IV, Stephenson &
Malanowski 1987)
log (PL/kPa) = 7.25663 – 2578.625/(115.604 + T/K); temp range 552–620 K (Antoine eq. V, Stephenson &
Malanowski 1987)
2773, 1653 (measured, calculated-solvatochromic parameters, Banerjee et al. 1990)
2573* (24.82°C, ebulliometry, measured range 23.55–116.23°C, Lencka 1990)
ln (P/kPa) = 14.1480 – 3132.3/[(T/K) – 59.179); temp range 295.7–388.4 K (ebulliometric measurements,
Antoine eq., Lencka 1990)
log (P/mmHg) = 33.5541 – 3.1318 . 103/(T/K) –8.8646·log (T/K) + 7.1293 . 10–12·(T/K) + 2.2813 . 10–6·(T/K)2;
temp range 232–620 K (vapor pressure eq., Yaws 1994)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol at 25°C or as indicated):
0.895 (volatility ratio-transpiration method, Andon et al. 1954)
0.900 (exptl., Hine & Mookerjee 1975)
0.595, 0.766 (calculated-group contribution, calculated-bond contribution, Hine & Mookerjee 1975)
1.114 (modified gas-stripping, Hawthorne et al. 1985)
1.120 (computed, Yaws et al. 1991)
0.305 (calculated-molecular structure, Russell et al. 1992)
27.78 (20°C, selected from literature experimentally measured data, Staudinger & Roberts 2001)
log KAW = –1.508 – 128/(T/K) (van’t Hoff eq. derived from literature data, Staudinger & Roberts 2001)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
0.65 (shake flask-UV, Iwasa et al. 1965)
0.64 (Gehring et al. 1967)
0.65, 0.64 (Leo et al. 1971; Hansch & Leo 1979)
0.66 (HPLC-RT correlation, Mirrlees et al. 1976)
0.63 ± 0.02 (shake flask at pH 7, Unger et al. 1978)
0.63 (shake flask-titration, Clarke 1984; Clarke & Cahoon 1987)
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3350 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
0.63 ± 0.06 (HPLC-RV correlation-ALPM, Garst & Wilson 1984)
0.62 (shake flask-UV at pH 7.4, El Tayar et al. 1984)
0.63 (shake flask-potentiometric titration, Clarke 1984)
0.54 (calculated- activity coeff. . from UNIFAC, Campbell & Luthy 1985)
1.28 (HPLC-k. correlation, Eadsforth 1986)
0.79 (calculated-. from UNIFAC, Banerjee & Howard 1988)
0.70 (shake flask-CPC, Berthod et al. 1988)
0.63 (shake flask-HPLC at pH 7, De Voogt et al. 1988, 1990)
0.65 (recommended, Sangster 1989, 1993)
0.70 (RP-TLC-RT correlation, De Voogt et al. 1990)
0.65 (shake flask-UV, Yamagami et al. 1990)
0.60 (pH 7.2, Hansch et al. 1995)
Octanol/Air Partition Coefficient, log KOA:
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
–1.805 (estimated of Anvil Points subsurface materials, Zachara et al. 1987)
–2.541 (estimated of Loring subsurface materials, Zachara et al. 1987)
0.340 (calculated-KOW, Kollig 1993)
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, Half-Lives, t.
Volatilization:
Photolysis:
Oxidation: rate constant k; for gas-phase second order rate constants, kOH for reaction with OH radical, kNO3
with NO3 radical and kO3 with O3 or as indicated *data at other temperatures see reference:
photooxidation t. = 14.7–24.4 yr in water, based on measured rate data for the reaction with hydroxyl radical
in aqueous solution (Dorfman & Adams 1973; selected, Howard et al. 1991)
kOH = (4.9 ± 0.4) . 10–13 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 with atmospheric lifetimes of 46 d in clean troposphere and
23 d in moderately polluted atmosphere; kO3 < 1.1 . 10–20 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 with atmospheric lifetimes
of > 4 yr in clean troposphere and > 1.3 yr in moderately polluted atmosphere at room temp. (relative
rate method, Atkinson et al. 1987)
kOH = (0.494 - 0.256) . 10–12 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 at 296–297 K (review, Atkinson 1989)
kOH(calc) = 0.45 . 10–12 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 at room temp. (molecular orbital calculations, Klamt 1993)
Hydrolysis:
Biodegradation: aqueous aerobic t. = 24–168 h, based on unacclimated grab sample of aerobic soil (Sims &
Sommers 1985; quoted, Howard et al. 1991); aqueous anaerobic t. = 168–672 h, based on anaerobic
acclimated screening test data (Naik et al. 1972; selected, Howard et al. 1991).
Biotransformation:
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Air: atmospheric lifetimes of 46 d in clean troposphere and 23 d in moderately polluted atmosphere, based on
the gas-phase reaction with hydroxyl radical in air at room temp. and > 4 yr in clean troposphere and > 1.3 yr
in moderately polluted atmosphere, based on the gas-phase reaction with O3 (calculated rate constant) in
air at room temp. (Atkinson et al. 1987);
photooxidation t. = 128–1284 h, based on measured rate data for the reaction with hydroxyl radical in air
(selected, Howard et al. 1991).
Surface water: photooxidation t. = 14.7–24.4 yr, based on measured rate data for the reaction with hydroxyl
radical in aqueous solution (Dorfman & Adams 1973; selected, Howard et al. 1991);
t. = 24–168 h, based on estimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life (Howard et al. 1991).
Groundwater: t. = 48–336 h, based on estimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life (Howard et al. 1991).
Sediment:
Soil: disappears in less than 7 d in soil suspensions (Sims & O’Loughlin 1989);
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3351
t. = 24–168 h, based on unacclimated grab sample of aerobic soil (Sims & Sommers 1985; selected, Howard
et al. 1991).
Biota:
TABLE 16.1.7.3.1
Reported vapor pressures of pyridine at various temperatures and the coefficients for the vapor pressure
equations
log P = A – B/(T/K) (1) ln P = A – B/(T/K) (1a)
log P = A – B/(C + t/°C) (2) ln P = A – B/(C + t/°C) (2a)
log P = A – B/(C + T/K) (3)
log P = A – B/(T/K) – C·log (T/K) (4)
log P = A[1 – B/(T/K)] (5) where log A = a – b(T/K) + c(T/K)2
1.
Stull 1947 Herington & Martin 1953 Andon et al. 1954 Kobe et al. 1956
summary of literature data ebulliometry gas saturation static-Bourdon gauge
t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa
–18.9 133.3 47.327 8506 20 2109 176.67 461637
2.50 666.6 52.71 10820 25 2774 182.22 502988
13.2 1333 58.349 13806 40 6013 187.78 564988
24.8 2666 68.403 20805 193.33 633889
38.0 5333 75.77 27592 198.89 702790
46.8 7999 82.43 35246 204.44 778581
57.8 13332 82.728 35597 210.00 868153
75.0 26664 88.459 43472 215.56 950834
95.6 53329 92.749 50279 221.11 1047295
115.4 101325 100.994 65759 226.67 1157537
105.356 75351 232.22 1267778
mp/°C –42 107.169 79679 237.78 1378020
110.028 86860 243.33 1495152
113.222 95488 248.89 1632954
113.232 95536 254.44 1763866
113.374 95905 260.00 1908558
114.015 97713 265.56 2067030
114.699 99692 271.11 2232392
115.112 100914 276.67 2397755
115.287 101402 282.22 2590678
115.407 101758 287.78 2790491
115.473 101977 293.33 2997194
298.89 3183226
bp/°C 115.256 304.44 3438160
.HV/(kJ mol–1) = 36.39 310.00 3672423
Antoine eq. 315.56 3941137
eq. 2 P/mmHg 321.11 4216741
A 7.05811 326.67 4478565
B 1384.991 332.22 4774839
C 216.296 337.78 5084894
343.33 5429399
(Continued)
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3352 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
TABLE 16.1.7.3.1 (Continued)
2.
McCullough et al. 1957 Osborn & Douslin 1968 Lencka 1990
comparative ebulliometry ebulliometry ebulliometry
t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa
67.299 19920 67.299 19920 23.55 2394
75.154 25007 73.154 25007 24.82 2573
79.045 31160 79.054 31160 27.0 2902
84.847 38547 84.974 38547 29.26 3290
90.946 47359 90.946 47359 31.63 3720
96.958 57803 96.958 57803 35.86 4626
103.008 70109 103.008 70109 41.0 6035
109.101 84525 109.101 84525 48.51 8525
115.234 101325 115.234 101325 54.17 10999
121.408 120789 121.408 120798 60.65 14321
127.622 143268 127.622 143268 69.25 20650
133.878 169052 133.878 169053 76.97 27794
140.174 198530 140.174 198517 83.45 35213
146.509 232067 146.509 232088 88.70 42359
152.886 270110 152.886 270111 91.76 47951
96.68 55423
mp/°C 115.23 Antoine eq 100.01 61720
Antoine eq eq. 2 P/mmHg 102.18 66148
eq. 2 P/mmHg A 7.04144 106.03 74603
A 7.04162 B 1373.990 112.70 91299
B 1374.103 C 215.001 116.23 101277
C 215.014
data also fitted to Cox eq. eq. 3 cP/kPa
data also fitted to Cox eq. A 14.1480
eq. 5 P/atm B 3132.30
A C 59.719
a 0.858631
10–4b 6.7114
10–7c 6.0722
B 388.394
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3353
FIGURE 16.1.7.3.1 Logarithm of vapor pressure versus reciprocal temperature for pyridine.
Pyridine: vapor pressure vs. 1/T
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
0.0016 0.002 0.0024 0.0028 0.0032 0.0036 0.004
1/(T/K)
P( gol
S
) aP/
experimental data
Stull 1947
b.p. =115.23 °C
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3354 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
16.1.7.4 2-Methylpyridine
Common Name: 2-Methylpyridine
Synonym: .-picoline, 2-picoline
Chemical Name: 2-methylpyridine, .-picoline
CAS Registry No: 109-06-8
Molecular Formula: C5H4NCH3
Molecular Weight: 93.127
Melting Point (°C):
–66.68 (Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
129.38 (Lide 2003)
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
0.9443 (Weast 1982–83)
0.9444, 0.93981 (20°C, 25°C, Riddick et al. 1986)
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
98.6 (20°C, calculated-density)
115.2 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Dissociation Constant, pK:
5.957, 6.06 (Perrin 1972)
5.97 (pKa, 20°C, Weast 1982–83)
6.00 (pKBH
+ , Riddick et al. 1986; quoted, Howard 1990)
Enthalpy of Vaporization, .HV (kJ/mol):
42.919, 36.271 (25°C, bp, Riddick et al. 1986)
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
9.724 (Riddick et al. 1986)
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 1.0
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C):
miscible (Andon & Cox 1952)
miscible (Riddick et al. 1986; Yaws et al. 1990)
miscible (Stephenson 1993a)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C and reported temperature dependence equations. Additional data at other temperatures
designated * are compiled at the end of this section):
1370* (interpolated-regression of tabulated data, temp range –11.0 to 128.8°C, Stull 1947)
308, 1140 (0, 20.3°C, static method-tensimeter, Brown & Barbaras 1947)
1277 (manometry, calculated-Antoine eq., Hopke & Sears 1951)
1496* (ebulliometry, extrapolated-Antoine eq., measured range 64.3–130°C, Herington & Martin 1953)
log (P/mmHg) = 7.03450 – 1417.578/(211.874 + t/°C); temp range 64.3–130°C (ebulliometric measurements,
Antoine eq., Herington & Martin 1953)
1496 (calculated-Antoine eq., Andon et al. 1954)
19920* (79.794°C, comparative ebulliometry, measured range 79.8–168°C. Scott et al. 1963a)
log (P/mmHg) = 7.03202 – 1415.494/(t/°C + 211.589); temp range 79.8–168°C (ebulliometric measurements,
Antoine eq., Scott et al. 1963a)
1493 (ebulliometry, calculated-Antoine eq., Osborn & Douslin 1968)
log (P/mmHg) = 7.03192 – 1415.424/(t/°C + 211.589); temp range 79.8–168°C (ebulliometric measurements,
Antoine eq., Osborn & Douslin 1968)
log [(P/atm) = [1 – 402.536 ± (T/K)] . 10^{0.866637 – 6.80114 . 10–4 ± (T/K) + 6.00534 . 10–7 ± (T/K)2},
temp range: 79.8–168°C (ebulliometric method, Cox eq., Osborn & Douslin 1968)
N
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3355
log (P/mmHg) = [–0.2185 . 9933.2/(T/K)] + 8.290910; temp range –11.0 to 128.8°C (Antoine eq., Weast
1972–73)
1500 (calculated-Cox eq., Chao et al. 1983)
log (P/atm) = [1– 402.320/(T/K)] . 10^{0.887914 – 7.70705 . 10–4 ± (T/K) + 6.85261 . 10–7 ± (T/K)2}; temp
range: 215.0–620.0 K (Cox eq., Chao et al. 1983)
1067 (20°C, Verschueren 1983)
1494, 1498 (extrapolated-Antoine equations, Boublik et al. 1984)
log (P/kPa) = 6.16509 – 1421.237/(212.286 + t/°C); temp range 64.363–130.04°C (Antoine eq. from reported
exptl. data of Herington & Martin 1953, Boublik et al. 1984)
log (P/kPa) = 6.15718 – 1415.663/(211.617 + t/°C); temp range 79.79–168.36°C (Antoine eq. from reported
exptl. data of Scott et al. 1963, Boublik et al. 1984)
1494 (extrapolated-Antoine eq., Dean 1985, 1992)
log (P/mmHg) = 7.0324 – 1415.73/(211.63 + t/°C), temp range: 80–168°C (Antoine eq., Dean 1985, 1992)
1333 (Riddick et al. 1986)
log (P/kPa) = 6.15940 – 1417.578/(211.874 + t/°C); temp range not specified (Antoine eq., Riddick et al. 1986)
1386 (extrapolated-Antoine eq., Stephenson & Malanowski 1987)
log (PL/kPa) = 5.2309 – 1164.1/(–71.0 + T/K); temp range 209–245 K (Antoine eq.-I, Stephenson & Malanowski
1987)
log (PL/kPa) = 6.1558 – 1415.29/(–61.521 + T/K); temp range 352–442 K (Antoine eq.-II, Stephenson &
Malanowski 1987)
log (PL/kPa) = 6.15522 – 1414.906/(–61.566 + T/K); temp range 352–442 K (Antoine eq.-III, Stephenson &
Malanowski 1987)
log (PL/kPa) = 6.32356 – 1546.248/(–44.271 + T/K), temp range: 429–537 K (Antoine eq.-IV, Stephenson &
Malanowski 1987)
log (PL/kPa) = 7.32144 – 2667.496/(107.978 + T/K); temp range 521–621 K (Antoine eq.-V, Stephenson &
Malanowski 1987)
1500* (ebulliometry, interpolated-Antoine eq., measured range 295.7–388.4 K, Lencka 1990)
ln (P/kPa) = 14.1560 – 3249.15/[(T/K) – 61.863); temp range 295.7–388.4 K (ebulliometric measurements,
Antoine eq., Lencka 1990)
log (P/mmHg) = 34.3728 – 3.2825 . 103/(T/K) –9.0927·log (T/K) – 3.6324 . 10–10·(T/K) + 2.1425 . 10–6·(T/K)2;
temp range 206–621 K (vapor pressure eq., Yaws 1994)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol at 25°C or as indicated and reported temperature dependence equations):
1.010 (measured volatility ratio-transpiration method, Andon et al. 1954)
1.010 (exptl., Hine & Mookerjee 1975)
0.821, 0.749 (calculated-group contribution, calculated-bond contribution, Hine & Mookerjee 1975)
2.90 (computed-vapor-liquid equilibrium VLE data, Yaws et al. 1991)
30.22 (20°C, selected from literature experimentally measured data, Staudinger & Roberts 2001)
log KAW = –0.700 – 354/(T/K) (van’t Hoff eq. derived from literature data, Staudinger & Roberts 2001)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
0.52 (HPLC-RT correlation, Schultz & Moulton 1985)
1.11 (shake flask, Log P Database, Hansch & Leo 1987)
1.11 (shake flask-UV, Yamagami et al. 1990)
1.11 (recommended, Sangster 1989; 1993)
1.11 (recommended, Hansch et al. 1995)
Octanol/Air Partition Coefficient, log KOA:
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
0.602 (calculated-KOW, Lyman et al. 1982)
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3356 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
Volatilization: using Henry’s law constant, t. = 88 h for a model river 1 m deep flowing at 1 m/s with a wind
velocity of 3 m/s (estimated, Howard 1990).
Photolysis:
Oxidation: photooxidation t. = 11.2 d in air, based on the gas-phase reaction with photochemically produced
hydroxyl radicals in air (Atkinson 1987; quoted, Howard 1990).
Hydrolysis:
Biodegradation:
Biotransformation:
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Air: t. = 11.2 d, based on the gas-phase reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals in air (Atkinson
1987; quoted, Howard 1990).
Surface water: estimated t. = 1.0 d for methylpyridine in Rhine River in case of a first order reduction process
(Zoeteman et al. 1980)
Groundwater:
Sediment:
Soil:
Biota:
TABLE 16.1.7.4.1
Reported vapor pressures of 2-methylpryridine at various temperatures and the coefficients for the vapor
pressure equations
log P = A – B/(T/K) (1) ln P = A – B/(T/K) (1a)
log P = A – B/(C + t/°C) (2) ln P = A – B/(C + t/°C) (2a)
log P = A – B/(C + T/K) (3)
log P = A – B/(T/K) – C·log (T/K) (4)
Stull 1947 Herington & Martin 1953 Scott et al. 1963(a) Lencka 1990
summary of literature data ebulliometry comparative ebulliometry ebulliometry
t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa
–11.1 133.3 64.363 10660 79.794 19920 18.49 1015
12.6 666.6 69.916 13459 85.853 25007 22.09 1264
24.4 1333 76.836 17758 91.942 31160 24.58 1463
37.4 2666 82.362 21954 98.074 38547 26.74 1657
51.2 5333 88.566 27600 104.252 47359 30.60 2062
59.9 7999 93.617 33044 110.472 57803 33.71 2446
71.4 13332 101.283 42906 116.736 70109 40.03 3414
89.0 26664 108.594 54434 123.038 84525 48.69 5258
108.4 53329 114.552 65581 129.387 101325 57.60 7942
128.8 101325 117.647 72020 135.773 120798 71.51 14375
122.132 82297 142.207 143268 80.35 20380
mp/°C –70.0 126.992 91140 148.683 169052 87.31 26426
125.664 94663 155.201 198530 94.31 33920
127.828 96885 161.761 232087 101.18 42854
128.591 99021 168.356 270110 104.03 47076
129.290 100985 109.24 55653
129.608 101879 bp/°C 129.39 113.01 62604
130.037 103095 Antoine eq. 115.31 67182
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3357
TABLE 16.1.7.4.1 (Continued)
Stull 1947 Herington & Martin 1953 Scott et al. 1963(a) Lencka 1990
summary of literature data ebulliometry comparative ebulliometry ebulliometry
t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa
eq. 2 P/mmHg 119.20 75535
bp/°C 129.408 A 7.03202 122.93 84296
.HV/(kJ mol–1) = 37.76 B 1415.494 125.77 92024
eq. 2 P/mmHg C 211.598 129.88 102813
A 7.03450
B 1417.578 Antoine eq.
C 211.874 eq. 3 P/kPa
A 14.1560
B 3249.15
C 61.383
FIGURE 16.1.7.4.1 Logarithm of vapor pressure versus reciprocal temperature for 2-methylpyridine.
2-Methylpyridine: vapor pressure vs. 1/T
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
0.0018 0.0022 0.0026 0.003 0.0034 0.0038 0.0042 0.0046
1/(T/K)
P( gol
S
) aP
/
Herington & Martin 1953
Scott et al. 1963a
Lencka 1990
Stull 1947
b.p. = 129.38 °C
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3358 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
16.1.7.5 3-Methylpyridine
Common Name: 3-Methylpyridine
Synonym: .-picoline, 3-picoline
Chemical Name: 3-methylpyridine, .-picoline
CAS Registry No: 108-99-6
Molecular Formula: C5H4NCH3
Molecular Weight: 93.127
Melting Point (°C):
–18.14 (Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
144.14 (Lide 2003)
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
0.9443 (Weast 1982–83)
0.9566 (Riddick et al. 1986)
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
97.35 (20°C, calculated-density)
115.2 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Dissociation Constant, pK:
5.67, 5.703 (Perrin 1972)
5.68 (pKa, 20°C, Weast 1982–83; pKa, protonated cation + 1, Dean 1985)
5.75 (pKBH
+ , Riddick et al. 1986)
5.65 (pKa, Sangster 1989)
Enthalpy of Vaporization, .HV (kJ/mol):
45.233, 37.323 (25°C, bp, Riddick et al. 1986)
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
14.18 (Riddick et al. 1986)
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 1.0
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C):
miscible (Andon & Cox 1952; Andon et al. 1954; Yaws et al. 1990)
miscible (Riddick et al. 1986; Howard 1993)
miscible (Stephenson 1993a)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C or as indicated and reported temperature dependence equations. Additional data at other
temperatures designated * are compiled at the end of this section):
150.7, 594.6 (0, 20°C, static method-tensimeter, Brown & Barbaras 1947)
794* (ebulliometry, extrapolated-Antoine eq., Herington & Martin 1953)
log (P/mmHg) = 7.03247 – 1469.894/(209.907 + t/°C); temp range 81.2–145.1°C (ebulliometric measurements,
Antoine eq., Herington & Martin 1953)
794 (calculated-Antoine eq., Andon et al. 1954)
9582* (74.036.C, comparative ebulliometry, measured range 74.036–184.568.C, Scott et al. 1963b)
log (P/mmHg) = 7.05375 – 1484.208/(t/°C + 211.532), temp range 79.8–168°C (ebulliometric measurements,
Antoine eq., Scott et al. 1963b)
811 (ebulliometry, calculated-Antoine eq., Osborn & Douslin 1968)
log (P/mmHg) = 7.30275 – 1506.877/(t/°C + 210.995), temp range: 74–185°C, (ebulliometric measurements,
Antoine eq., Osborn & Douslin 1968)
log [(P/atm) = [1 – 417.287 ± (T/K)] . 10^{0.854256 – 6.02835 . 10–4 ± (T/K) + 5.00169 . 10–7 ± (T/K)2},
temp range: 74–185°C (ebulliometric method, Cox eq., Osborn & Douslin 1968)
806 (calculated-Cox eq., Chao et al. 1983)
N
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3359
log (P/atm) = [1– 417.217/(T/K)] . 10^{0.865977 – 6.48542 . 10–4 ± (T/K) + 5.41256 . 10–7 ± (T/K)2}; temp
range: 255.0–645.0 K (Cox eq., Chao et al. 1983)
796, 800 (extrapolated-Antoine equations, Boublik et al. 1984)
log (P/kPa) = 6.16152 – 1472.639/(210.214 + t/°C); temp range 81.3–145.1°C (Antoine eq. from reported exptl.
data of Herington & Martin 1953, Boublik et al. 1984)
log (P/kPa) = 6.17577 – 1482.229/(211.305 + t/°C); temp range 74.03–184.6°C (Antoine eq. from reported exptl.
data of Scott et al. 1963, Boublik et al. 1984)
800 (extrapolated-Antoine eq., Dean 1985, 1992)
log (P/mmHg) = 7.05021 – 1481.78/(211.25 + t/°C); temp range 74–185°C (Antoine eq., Dean l985, 1992)
1333 (Riddick et al. 1986)
log (P/kPa) = 6.15737 – 1469.894/(209.907 + t/°C); temp range not specified (Antoine eq., Riddick et al. 1986)
802 (extrapolated-Antoine eq., Stephenson & Malanowski 1987)
log (PS/kPa) = 11.245 – 3246.9/(T/K); temp range 225–255 K (Antoine eq.-I, Stephenson & Malanowski 1987)
log (PL/kPa) = 6.17593 – 1482.943/(–61.705 + T/K); temp range 347–458 K (Antoine eq.-II, Stephenson & Malanowski
1987)
log (PL/kPa) = 6.17791 – 1484.285/(–61.554 + T/K); temp range 347–458 K (Antoine eq.-III, Stephenson &
Malanowski 1987)
log (PL/kPa) = 6.18988 – 1491.897/(–60.745 + T/K); temp range 347–381 K (Antoine eq.-IV, Stephenson &
Malanowski 1987)
log (PL/kPa) = 6.16648 – 1476.25/(–62.502 + T/K); temp range 374–458 K (Antoine eq.-V, Stephenson &
Malanowski 1987)
log (PL/kPa) = 6.38586 – 1659.184/(–38.176 + T/K); temp range 450–570 K (Antoine eq.-VI, Stephenson &
Malanowski 1987)
log (PL/kPa) = 7.57549 – 3151.52/(161.352 + T/K); temp range 561–645 K (Antoine eq.-II, Stephenson &
Malanowski 1987)
log (P/mmHg) = 35.2679 – 3.4364 . 103/(T/K) – 9.3555·log (T/K) – 1.3286 . 10–10·(T/K) + 2.0461 . 10–6·(T/K)2;
temp range 255–645 K (vapor pressure eq., Yaws 1994)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol at 25°C or as indicated):
0.788 (volatility ratio-transpiration method, Andon et al. 1954)
0.784; 0.637; 0.749 (exptl.; calculated-group contribution; calculated-bond contribution, Hine & Mookerjee 1975)
1.836 (computed-vapor-liquid equilibrium VLE data, Yaws et al. 1991)
12.69 (20°C, selected from literature experimentally measured data, Staudinger & Roberts 2001)
log KAW = –0.826 – 348/(T/K) (van’t Hoff eq. derived from literature data, Staudinger & Roberts 2001)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
1.20 (HPLC-RT correlation, Mirrlees et al. 1976)
1.20 ± 0.02 (shake flask at pH 7, Unger et al. 1978)
1.19 (HPLC-RT correlation, Lewis et al. 1983)
1.18 ± 0.01 (HPLC-RV correlation-ALPM, Garst 1984; Garst & Wilson 1984)
1.20 (shake flask, Log P Database, Hansch & Leo 1985, 1987)
1.20 (recommended, Sangster 1989, 1993)
1.20 (recommended, Hansch et al. 1995)
Octanol/Air Partition Coefficient, log KOA:
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
0.699 (calculated-KOW, Lyman et al. 1982; quoted, Howard 1993)
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
2.029 (soil, calculated-KOW, Lyman et al. 1982; quoted, Howard 1993)
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization:
Photolysis:
Oxidation: estimated photooxidation rate constant k = 1.43 . 10–12 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 for the vapor-phase reaction
with 5 . 105 hydroxyl radicals/cm3 in air at 25°C which corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of 11 d
(Atkinson 1987; quoted, Howard 1993).
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3360 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
Hydrolysis:
Biodegradation:
Biotransformation:
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Air: atmospheric t. = 11 d from estimated photooxidation rate constant k = 1.43 . 10–12 cm3 ± molecule–1 s–1 for the
vapor-phase reaction with 5 . 105 hydroxyl radicals/cm3 in air at 25°C (Atkinson 1987; quoted, Howard 1993).
Surface water: estimated t. = 1.0 d for methylpyridine in Rhine River in case of a first order reduction process
(Zoeteman et al. 1980)
TABLE 16.1.7.5.1
Reported vapor pressures of 3-methylpyridine at various temperatures and the coefficients for the vapor
pressure equations
log P = A – B/(T/K) (1) ln P = A – B/(T/K) (1a)
log P = A – B/(C + t/°C) (2) ln P = A – B/(C + t/°C) (2a)
log P = A – B/(C + T/K) (3)
log P = A – B/(T/K) – C·log (T/K) (4)
Herington & Martin 1953 Scott et al. 1963(b)
ebulliometry comparative ebulliometry
t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa
81.282 12871 74.036 9582
85.275 15061 77.115 10884
92.059 19478 80.202 12335
97.519 23773 85.303 13949
103.922 29747 86.403 15740
109.006 35349 89.524 17725
115.583 43796 92.658 19920
121.932 53445 98.946 25007
129.368 66822 105.270 31160
132.163 72471 111.640 38547
137.714 84938 118.052 47359
140.871 92693 124.508 57803
142.132 95948 131.008 70109
142.639 97265 137.551 84525
143.293 99017 144.135 101325
143.577 99782 150.767 120798
143.993 100927 157.441 143268
144.320 101791 164.156 169052
144.659 102725 170.918 198530
145.101 103988 177.821 232087
184.568 270110
bp/°C 144.143
.HV/(kJ mol–1) = 37.76 bp/°C 144.14
eq. 2 P/mmHg
A 7.03247 Antoine
B 1469.894 eq. 2 P/mmHg
C 209.907 A 7.05375
B 1484.208
C 211.532
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3361
FIGURE 16.1.7.5.1 Logarithm of vapor pressure versus reciprocal temperature for 3-methylpyridine.
3-Methylpyridine: vapor pressure vs. 1/T
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
0.002 0.0022 0.0024 0.0026 0.0028 0.003 0.0032
1/(T/K)
P( gol
S
) aP/
Herington & Martin 1953
Scott et al. 1963b
b.p. = 144.14 °C
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3362 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
16.1.7.6 2,3-Dimethylpyridine
Common Name: 2,3-Dimethylpyridine
Synonym: 2,3-lutidine
Chemical Name: 2,3-dimethylpyridine, 2,3-lutidine
CAS Registry No: 583-61-9
Molecular Formula: C7H9N, C5H3N(CH3)2
Molecular Weight: 107.153
Melting Point (°C):
–15.5 (Stephenson & Malanowski 1987)
Boiling Point (°C):
161.12 (Lide 2003)
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
0.9461, 0.9421 (20°C, 25°C, Coulson et al. 1959)
0.9319 (25°C, Weast 1982–83)
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
115.0 (calculated-density, Stephenson & Malanowski 1987)
135.9 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Dissociation Constant, pK:
6.70 (20°C, Perrin 1972)
6.57 (pKa, Weast 1982–83)
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 1.0
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C or as indicated. Additional data at other temperatures designated * are
compiled at the end of this section):
104000* (20°C, shake flask-GC, measured range 16–90°C, Stephenson 1993a)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C and reported temperature dependence equations. Additional data at other temperatures
designated * are compiled at the end of this section):
366.6, 922.6, 7119 (25, 40, 81.2°C, calculated-empirical method with bp and Antoine eq., Andon et al. 1954)
346.4* (ebulliometry, extrapolated-Antoine eq., measured range 99.5–162.4°C, Coulson et al. 1959)
log (P/mmHg) = 7.05075 – 1528.935/(205.499 + t/°C); temp range 99.5–162.4°C (Antoine eq., ebulliometry,
Coulson et al. 1959)
359.0 (calculated-Cox eq., Chao et al. 1983)
log (P/atm) = [1– 434.216/(T/K)] . 10^{0.881714 – 6.74484 . 10–4 ± (T/K) + 5.55055 . 10–7 ± (T/K)2}; temp
range: 260.0–655.0 K (Cox eq., Chao et al. 1983)
425.5 (extrapolated-Antoine eq., Boublik et al. 1984)
log (P/kPa) = 6.45509 – 1739.902/(229.887 + t/°C); temp range 155.3–162.4°C (Antoine eq. from reported exptl.
data of Coulson et al. 1959, Boublik et al. 1984)
352.2 (extrapolated-Antoine eq., Stephenson & Malanowski 1987)
log (PL/kPa) = 6.18881 – 1538.772/(–66.477 + T/K); temp range; 372–476 K (Antoine eq., Stephenson &
Malanowski 1987)
457 (extrapolated-Antoine eq., Dean 1992)
log (P/mmHg) = 7.447 – 1832.6/(240.1 + t/°C); temp range 155–162°C (Antoine eq., Dean. 1992)
2000* (54.556°C, comparative ebulliometry, measured range 327.706–475.952 K, data fitted to Wagner
eq., Steele et al. 1995)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol at 25°C or as indicated and reported temperature dependence equations):
0.725 (volatility ratio-transpiration method, Andon et al. 1954)
0.732 (exptl., Hine & Mookerjee 1975)
N
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Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3363
0.859, 0.732 (calculated.-group contribution, bond contribution, Hine & Mookerjee 1975)
21.01 (20°C, selected from literature experimentally measured data, Staudinger & Roberts 2001)
log KAW = 0.039 – 617/(T/K), (van’t Hoff eq. derived from literature data, Staudinger & Roberts 2001)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
Octanol/Air Partition Coefficient, log KOA:
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Surface water: estimated t. = 13.0 d for dimethylpyridine in Rhine River in case of a first order reduction process
(Zoeteman et al. 1980)
TABLE 16.1.7.6.1
Reported aqueous solubilities and vapor pressures of 2,3-dimethylpyridine at
various temperatures
Aqueous solubility Vapor pressure
Stephenson 1993a Coulson et al. 1959 Steele et al. 1995
shake flask-GC/TC ebulliometry comparative ebulliometry
t/°C S/g·m–3 t/°C P/Pa T/K P/Pa
16.0 171500 99.543 14583 327.706 2000
18.0 121500 107.822 19765 333.396 2666
20.0 104000 116.337 26607 341.852 3999.9
25.0 86000 122.909 33113 348.166 5333
30.0 69100 128.606 39759 357.560 7998.9
35.0 59900 133.429 46191 364.611 10666
40.0 53700 137.704 52572 370.315 13332
50.0 48200 141.757 59255 376.239 16665
60.0 43700 145.829 66652 381.163 19933
70.0 43000 148.764 72421 387.649 25023
80.0 43300 152.203 79677 387.646 25023
90.0 43500 155.326 86769 394.176 31177
157.94 93067 400.749 38565
158.603 94703 407.364 47375
159.141 96085 414.025 57817
160.125 98614 420.729 70120
160.668 100030 427.477 84533
161.199 101438 434.270 101325
161.682 102701 441.106 120790
162.077 103788 447.989 143250
162.412 104696 454.913 169020
461.885 198490
mp/°C –15.22 468.897 232020
bp/°C 161.157 475.982 270020
.HV = 41.07 kJ/mol
Antoine eq. Data fitted to Wagner eq.
log P = A – B/(C + t/°C)
P/mmHg
A 7.05075
B 1528.935
C 205.499
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3364 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
FIGURE 16.1.7.6.1 Logarithm of mole fraction solubility (ln x) versus reciprocal temperature for
2,3-dimethylpyridine.
FIGURE 16.1.7.6.2 Logarithm of vapor pressure versus reciprocal temperature for 2,3-dimethylpyridine.
2,3-Dimethylpyridine: solubility vs. 1/T
-5.5
-5.0
-4.5
-4.0
-3.5
-3.0
-2.5
0.0026 0.0028 0.003 0.0032 0.0034 0.0036 0.0038
1/(T/K)
x
nl
Stephenson 1993
2,3-Dimethylpyridine: vapor pressure vs. 1/T
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
0.002 0.0022 0.0024 0.0026 0.0028 0.003 0.0032
1/(T/K)
P
( gol
S
) aP
/
Coulson et al. 1959
Steele et al. 1995
b.p. = 161.12 °C
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3365
16.1.7.7 Quinoline
Common Name: Quinoline
Synonym: benzo[b]-pyridine, 1-benzazine
Chemical Name: quinoline
CAS Registry No: 91-22-5
Molecular Formula: C9H7N
Molecular Weight: 129.159
Melting Point (C):
–14.78 (Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
237.16 (Lide 2003)
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
1.0929 (Weast 1982–83)
1.09771, 1.08579 (15, 30°C, Riddick et al. 1986)
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
118.1 (calculated-density, Rohrschneider 1973)
144.7 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Dissociation Constant, pK:
4.90 (pKa, 20°C, Weast 1982–83; Zachara et al. 1987; Matzner et al. 1991)
4.80 (pKa, protonated cation + 1, Dean 1985)
4.94 (pKBH
+ , Riddick et al. 1986)
4.87 (pKa, Sangster 1989)
Enthalpy of Vaporization, .HV (kJ/mol):
49.71 (at bp, Riddick et al. 1986)
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
10.79 (Riddick et al. 1986)
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 1.0
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C or as indicated. Additional data at other temperatures designated * are
compiled at the end of this section):
6110 (Albersmeyer 1958)
6840 (shake flask-HPLC/UV, Fu & Luthy 1985, 1986)
6386* (20.35°C, equilibrium cell-GC, measured range 20.35–225°C, Leet et al. 1987)
5426 (centrifuge-HPLC at pH 7 and pH 8, Matzner et al. 1991)
8400, 6600 (20°C, 30°C, shake flask-GC, Stephenson 1993a)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C and reported temperature dependence equations. Additional data at other temperatures
designated *, are compiled at the end of this section):
15.51* (extrapolated-regression of tabulated data, temp range 59.7–237.7°C, Stull 1947)
1.213 (extrapolated, Maczynski & Maczynska 1965)
11.20* (25.16°C, gas saturation-IR, measured range 12.62–35.9°C, Van De Rostyne & Prausnitz 1980)
ln (P/mmHg) = 20.96 – 6993.2/(T/K); temp range 12.62–35.9°C (gas saturation-IR, Van De Rostyne & Prausnitz
1980)
11.14 (calculated-bp, Mackay et al. 1982)
12.83 (calculated-Cox eq., Chao et al. 1983)
log (P/atm) = [1– 510.552/(T/K)] . 10^{0.897177 – 6.73559 . 10–4 ± (T/K) + 4.69070 . 10–7 ± (T/K)2}; temp
range: 290.0–780.0 K (Cox eq., Chao et al. 1983)
11.04 (extrapolated-Antoine eq., Boublik et al. 1984)
N
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3366 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
log (P/kPa) = 5.94201 – 1668.355/(186.212 + t/°C), temp range 164.7–237.9°C (Antoine eq. from reported exptl.
data, Boublik et al. 1984)
11.05 (extrapolated-Antoine eq., Dean 1985, 1992)
log (P/mmHg) = 6.81759 – 1668.73/(186.26 + t/°C), temp range 164–238°C (Antoine eq., Dean 1985, 1992)
1.216 (recommended, Neely & Blau 1985)
12.8 (Howard et al. 1986)
11.2 (Riddick et al. 1986)
log (P/kPa) = 5.92679 – 1656.30/(184.78 + t/°C); temp range not specified (Antoine eq., Riddick et al. 1986)
42120* (472.85 K, vapor-liquid equilibrium, measured range 472.85–548.05 K, Klara et al. 1987)
log (P/kPa) = 14.4961 – 4390.0/(65.19 + T/K); temp range 472.85–548.05 K (vapor-liquid equilibrium, Klara
et al. 1987)
log (PL/kPa) = 5.92679 – 1656.3/(–88.37 + T/K); temp range 433–511 K (Antoine eq.-I, Stephenson &
Malanowski 1987)
log (PL/kPa) = 7.15102 – 2846.253/(41.795 + T/K); temp range 463–794 K (Antoine eq.-II, Stephenson &
Malanowski 1987)
6.145 (calculated-solvatochromic parameters, Banerjee et al. 1990)
log (P/mmHg) = 76.5432 – 5.7748 . 103/(T/K) –24.619·log (T/K) + 8.4666 . 10–3·(T/K) + 3.5586 . 10–13·(T/K)2;
temp range 258–782 K (vapor pressure eq., Yaws 1994)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa m3/mol at 25°C):
0.0253 (calculated-P/C, Smith & Bomberger 1980)
0.026 (calculated-P/C, Mackay 1985)
0.168 (calculated-P/C, Meylan & Howard 1991)
0.0697 (estimated-bond contribution, Meylan & Howard 1991)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
2.03 (shake flask-UV, Iwasa et al. 1965)
2.06 (shake flask-UV at pH 7.4, Rogers & Cammarata 1969)
2.03 (Schultz et al. 1970)
2.04 (HPLC-RT correlation, Mirrlees et al. 1976)
2.04 ± 0.02 (shake flask at pH 7, Unger et al. 1978)
2.02 (Hansch & Leo 1979)
2.01 ± 0.02 (HPLC-RV correlation-ALPM, Garst & Wilson 1984)
1.88 (HPLC-k. correlation, Haky & Young 1984)
2.20 (calculated-activity coeff. . from UNIFAC, Banerjee & Howard 1988)
2.10 (shake flask-HPLC, De Voogt et al. 1988, 1990)
2.09 (28°C, shake flask-UV at pH 7.4, Go & Ngiam 1988)
2.03 (recommended, Sangster 1989, 1993)
2.10, 2.15 (HPLC-RT correlation, shake flask-electrometric titration, Slater et al. 1994)
2.03 (recommended, Hansch et al. 1995)
2.17 ± 0.66, 2.33 ± 0.56 (HPLC-k. correlation: ODS–65 column, Diol–35 column, Helweg et al. 1997)
1.91 (microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography-retention factor correlation, Jia et al. 2003)
Octanol/Air Partition Coefficient, log KOA:
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
1.04 (Coyote Creek sediment with organic content of 1.9%, Smith et al. 1978)
1.96, 2.10, 1.67, 1.72 (estimated-KOW, Karickhoff 1985)
1.42, 1.62 (estimated-S, Karickhoff 1985)
2.20 (best estimate, Karickhoff 1985)
0.251 (estimated Anvil Points subsurface materials, Zachara et al. 1987)
–1.516 (estimated Loring subsurface materials, Zachara et al. 1987)
2.89; 3.05 (humic acid, HPLC-k. correlation; quoted lit., Nielsen et al. 1997)
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3367
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization: t. = 7000 h in stream, t. = 35000 h in eutrophic pond and t. = 28000 h in eutrophic lake and
oligotrophic lake, based on transformation and transport of quinoline predicted by the one-compartment
model (Smith et al. 1978).
Photolysis:
k = 7.8 . 10–7 s–1, assuming exposed to 12-h sunlight per day in June, photolysis t. = 1200 h in stream,
t. = 3000 h in eutrophic lake and pond and t. = 600 h in oligotrophic lake, based on transformation and
transport of quinoline predicted by the one-compartment model (Smith et al. 1978)
k(aq.) = 3.6 . 10–7 s–1 for summer with t. = 535 h and k = 5.0 . 10–8 s–1 for winter with t. = 3851 h both
at pH 6.9 and under sunlight at 40°N (Mill et al. 1981; quoted, Howard et al. 1991)
photolytic t. = 550 h in aquatics (Haque et al. 1980)
t. = 5–12 d for disappearance via direct photolysis in aqueous media (Harris 1982)
Oxidation:
k = 2.8 M–1 s–1 for the reaction with RO2 radical with t. > 104 h in stream, eutrophic pond and lake and
oligotrophic lake, based on RO2 concentration of 10–9 M on transformation and transport of quinoline
predicted by the one-compartment model (Smith et al. 1978)
k(aq.) = 3.5 . 10–7 s–1 with t. = 548 h under natural sunlight conditions for midday, midsummer at a latitude
of 40°N; k(aq.) = 2.8 M–1 s–1 with t. = 8 yr for free-radical oxidation in air-saturated water (NRCC 1983)
photooxidation t. = 10–99 h in air, based on an estimated rate constant for vapor phase reaction with
hydroxyl radicals in air (Atkinson 1987; quoted, Howard et al. 1991)
first-order photodegradation k = 8.0 . 10–6 s–1 at 313 nm of in organic-free water with t. = 24.0 h and
k = 8.4 . 10–6 s–1 in lake water with t. = 23 h both saturated with air (Kochany & Maguire 1994)
Hydrolysis: no hydrolyzable groups (Howard et al. 1991).
Biodegradation:
t. = 0.5 h in stream, eutrophic lake and pond and t. = 10000 h in oligotrophic lake, based on transformation
and transport of quinoline predicted by the one-compartment model (Smith et al. 1978);
Biodegradation k = 7.4 . 10–5 mL cell–1 d–1 in enrichment culture (Klecka 1985);
t.(aq. aerobic) = 72–240 h, based on an acclimated fresh water grab sample data (Rogers et al. 1984; quoted,
Howard et al. 1991);
t.(aq. anaerobic) = 288–960 h, based on estimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life (Howard et al.
1991)
Biotransformation:
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Air: t. = 10 – 99 h, based on an estimated rate constant for vapor phase reaction with hydroxyl radicals in air
(Atkinson 1987; selected, Howard et al. 1991);
atmospheric transformation lifetime was estimated to be 1 to 5 d (Kelly et al. 1994).
Surface water: half-life for all processes, except for dilution: t. = 0.5 h in stream, eutrophic lake and pond and
t. = 600 h in oligotrophic lake, based on transformation and transport of quinoline predicted by the onecompartment
model (Smith et al. 1978);
half-life for all processes, including for dilution: t. = 0.28 h in stream, t. = 0.5 h in eutrophic lake and pond
and t. = 600 h in oligotrophic lake, based on transformation and transport of quinoline predicted by the
one-compartment model (Smith et al. 1978);
t. = 5 – 12 d for direct photolysis in aqueous media (Harris 1982);
t. = 72 – 240 h, based on an acclimated fresh water grab sample data (Rogers et al. 1984; quoted, Howard
et al. 1991);
degrade readily in sunlight in near surface lake water at 40°N latitude in summer with a t. ~ 14 calendar-d
while its t.(calc) ~ 123 calendar-d in winter (Kochany & Maguire 1994).
Groundwater: t. = 144 – 480 h, based on estimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life (Howard et al. 1991).
Sediment:
Soil: t. = 72 – 240 h, based on estimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life (Howard et al. 1991)
Complete mineralization within 7 – 10 d in batch experiments independent of pH (5.8 and 7.2) (Thomsen
et al. 1999)
Biota:
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3368 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
TABLE 16.1.7.7.1
Reported aqueous solubilities and vapor pressures of quinoline at various temperatures and the coefficients
for the vapor pressure equations:
Vapor pressure Aqueous solubility
Stull 1947 Van De Rostyne & Prausnitz Klara et al. 1987 Leet et al. 1987
summary of literate data gas saturation-IR (1980) vapor-liquid equilibrium equilibrium cell-GC
t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa T/K P/Pa t/°C S/g·m–3
59.7 133.3 12.62 3.853 472.85 42120 20.35 6386
89.6 666.6 16.71 5.963 504.95 90990 40.05 6458
103.8 1333 21.35 8.159 514.35 112400 64.85 8252
119.8 2666 22.42 9.56 534.35 170300 80.25 10620
136.7 5333 25.16 11.20 548.05 222600 100.05 13920
148.1 7999 28.25 14.80 120.65 20163
163.2 13332 29.10 14.93 eq. 3 P/kPa 145.85 31285
186.2 26664 35.90 24.26 log P = A – B/(C + T/K) 159.65 43555
212.3 53329 A 14.4961 179.85 69602
237.7 101325 eq. 1a P/mmHg B 4390.0 199.25 126288
ln P = A – B/(T/K) C 65.19 209.05 171494
mp/°C –15.0 A 20.96 220.25 324333
B 6993.2 225.05 498697
FIGURE 16.1.7.7.1 Logarithm of vapor pressure versus reciprocal temperature for quinoline.
Quinoline: vapor pressure vs. 1/T
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
0.0018 0.0022 0.0026 0.003 0.0034 0.0038
1/(T/K)
P( gol
S
) aP/
Van De Rostyne & Prausnitz 1980
Klara et al. 1987
Stull 1947
b.p. = 237.16 °C
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3369
16.1.7.8 Isoquinoline
Common Name: Isoquinoline
Synonym: leucoline
Chemical Name: isoquinoline
CAS Registry No: 119-65-3
Molecular Formula: C9H7N
Molecular Weight: 129.159
Melting Point (°C):
26.47 (Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
243.22 (Lide 2003)
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
1.0986 (Weast 1982–83)
1.0910 (Dean 1985)
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
118.4 (30°C, Stephenson & Malanowski 1987)
144.7 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Dissociation Constant, pK:
5.40 (pKa, Perrin 1972)
5.42 (pKa, 20°C, Weast 1982–83)
5.40 (pKa, protonated cation + 1, Dean 1985)
5.38 (pKBH
+ , Riddick et al. 1986)
5.39 (pKa, Sangster 1989)
Enthalpy of Vaporization, .HV (kJ/mol):
48.96 (bp, Riddick et al. 1986)
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
7.448 (Riddick et al. 1986)
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 0.967 (mp at 26.47°C)
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C):
4520 (Pearlman et al. 1984)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C and reported temperature dependence equations. Additional data at other temperatures
designated * are compiled at the end of this section):
11.8* (extrapolated-regression of tabulated data, temp range 63.5–240.5°C, Stull 1947)
7.80 (extrapolated-Cox eq., Chao et al. 1983)
log (P/atm) = [1– 516.182/(T/K)] . 10^{0.91210 – 6.33889 . 10–4 ± (T/K) + 4.267359 . 10–7 ± (T/K)2}; temp
range: 300.0–800.0 K (Cox eq., Chao et al. 1983)
6.33 (extrapolated-Antoine eq., Boublik et al. 1984)
log (P/kPa) = 6.03709 – 1723.459/(184.268 + t/°C); temp range 166–244°C (Antoine eq. from reported exptl.
data, Boublik et al. 1984)
6.35 (extrapolated-Antoine eq., Dean 1985, 1992)
log (P/mmHg) = 6.9122 – 1723.4/(184.3 + t/°C); temp range 167–244°C (Antoine eq., Dean 1992)
6.70 (Riddick et al. 1986)
log (PL/kPa) = 6.03203 – 1719.5/(–89.12 + T/K); temp range 439–517 K (Antoine eq., Stephenson & Malanowski
1987)
log (P/mmHg) = 45.5737 – 4.4715 . 103/(T/K) –13.308·log (T/K) + 4.0186 . 10–3·(T/K) – 6.4589 . 10–14·(T/K)2;
temp range 299–803 K (vapor pressure eq., Yaws 1994)
N
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3370 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol at 25°C):
19.14 (calculated-P/C with selected values)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
2.08 (shake flask-UV, Hansch & Anderson 1967)
2.09 (HPLC-RT correlation, Mirrlees et al. 1976)
2.08 (recommended, Sangster 1989, 1993)
2.30 ± 0.15, 2.17 ± 0.53 (solvent generated liquid-liquid chromatography SGLLC-correlation, RP-HPLC-k.
correlation, Cichna et al. 1995)
2.08 (recommended, Hansch et al. 1995)
2.21 ± 0.66, 2.2 6 ± 0.56 (HPLC-k. correlation: ODS-65 column, Diol-35 column, Helweg et al. 1997)
Octanol/Air Partition Coefficient, log KOA:
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
3.09 (humic acid, HPLC-k. correlation, Nielsen et al. 1997)
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
k1 = 82.0 h–1, k2 = 34.2 h–1 (daphnia pulex, 21°C, Southworth et al. 1978)
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Biota: elimination t. = 1 min (daphnia pulex, Southworth et al. 1978).
TABLE 16.1.7.8.1
Reported vapor pressures of isoquinoline at
various temperatures
Stull 1947
summary of literature data
t/°C P/Pa
63.5 133.3
92.7 666.6
107.8 1333
123.7 2666
141.6 5333
152.0 7999
167.6 13332
190.0 26664
214.5 53329
240.5 101325
mp/°C 24.5
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3371
FIGURE 16.1.7.8.1 Logarithm of vapor pressure versus reciprocal temperature for isoquinoline.
Isoquinoline: vapor pressure vs. 1/T
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
0.0018 0.0022 0.0026 0.003 0.0034 0.0038
1/(T/K)
P( gol
S
) aP/
Stull 1947
b.p. = 243.22 °C m.p. = 26.47 °C
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3372 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
16.1.7.9 Benzo[f]quinoline
Common Name: Benzo[f]quinoline
Synonym: 5,6-benzoquinoline, naphthopyridine
Chemical Name: 5,6-benzoquinoline, benzo(f)quinoline
CAS Registry No: 85-02-9
Molecular Formula: C13H9N
Molecular Weight: 179.217
Melting Point (°C):
94 (Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
352 (Lide 2003)
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
196.3 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Dissociation Constant, pK:
5.15 (Sangster 1993)
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 0.210 (mp at 94°C)
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C):
76.1 (shake flask-GC, Smith et al. 1978)
77.1 (Mill et al. 1981)
l76.0 (Steen & Karickhoff 1981)
78.7 (average literature value, Pearlman et al. 1984)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C or as indicated and reported temperature dependence equations. Additional data at other
temperatures designated * are compiled at the end of this section):
0.00747* (25.05°C, gas saturation, measured range 288.26–323.15 K, McEachern et al. 1975)
log (P/mmHg) = 4339.977/(T/K) + 10.2555; temp range 288.26–323.15 K (Antoine eq., gas saturation,
McEachern et al. 1975
0.00670 (interpolated-Antoine eq., Stephenson & Malanowski 1987)
log (PL/kPa) = 9.37682 – 4338.411/(T/K); temp range 288–323 K (Antoine eq., Stephenson & Malanowski 1987)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol at 25°C):
0.0096 (calculated-P/C, Smith & Bomberger 1980)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
3.20 (Steen & Karickhoff 1981)
3.40 (TLC-RT correlation, De Voogt et al. 1988)
3.25 (23°C, shake flask-HPLC, pH 7, De Voogt et al. 1990)
3.25, 3.40 (lit. values; Sangster 1993)
3.46 ± 0.64, 3.51 ± 0.53 (HPLC-k. correlation: ODS-65 column, Diol-35 column, Helweg et al. 1997)
Octanol/Air Partition Coefficient, log KOA:
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
2.18 (mixed microbial populations, Steen & Karickhoff 1981)
N
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Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3373
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
3.11 (Coyote Creek sediment, Smith et al. 1978)
4.64, 4.32 (soil, quoted, calculated-MCI . and fragment contribution, Meylan et al. 1992)
4.07 (humic acid, HPLC-k. correlation, Nielsen et al. 1997)
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization: estimated t. > 10000 h in river, t. > 100000 h in eutrophic pond, eutrophic lake and oligotrophic
lake by the one compartment model (Smith et al. 1978).
Photolysis:
k = (1.4 ± 0.7) . 10–4 s–1 for transformation and transport when exposed to 12 h sunlight in mid-June with
estimated t. = 2.8 h in river, t. = 7.0 h in eutrophic pond and eutrophic lake and t. = 1.4 h in oligotrophic
lake from average photolysis rates on a summer day at 40°N latitude by the one compartment model
(Smith et al. 1978)
photolytic t. = 0.52 h in aquatics (Haque et al. 1980)
t. = 1 h for disappearance via direct photolysis in aqueous media (Harris 1982)
Oxidation:
laboratory studied k < 2.8 M–1 s–1 for the reaction with the RO2 radicals and estimated t. > 105 h in
river, eutrophic pond, eutrophic lake and oligotrophic lake by the one compartment model (Smith
et al. 1978)
k(aq.) = 3.7 . 10–4 s–1 with t. = 0.5 h under natural sunlight conditions for midday, midsummer at a latitude of
40°N; k(aq.) < 2.8 M–1 s–1 with t. > 8 yr for free-radical oxidation in air-saturated water (NRCC 1983)
Hydrolysis:
Biodegradation: estimated t. = 190 h in river, eutrophic pond, eutrophic lake and t. > 106 h in oligotrophic lake
by the one compartment model (Smith et al. 1978).
Biotransformation:
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Surface water: t. = 0.5 h in river water, t. = 6.9 h in pond water, t. = 7.0 h in eutrophic lake and t. = 1.4 h in
oligotrophic lake predicted by one-compartment for all processes including dilution (Smith et al. 1978)
t. = 1 h for disappearance via direct photolysis in aqueous media (Harris 1982).
TABLE 16.1.7.9.1
Reported vapor pressures of benzo[f]quinoline at
various temperatures
McEachern et al. 1975
gas saturation
T/K P/Pa
288.26 0.00213
293.10 0.00333
298.20 0.00747
303.13 0.0116
308.23 0.0199
313.17 0.0324
318.24 0.0560
323.15 0.0901
P/mmHg
log P = A – B/(T/K)
A 10.2555
B 4399.977
.Hsubl/(kJ mol–1) = 83.094
.Ssubl/(J mol–1 K–1) = 196.36
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3374 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
FIGURE 16.1.7.9.1 Logarithm of vapor pressure versus reciprocal temperature for benzo[f]quinoline.
Benzo[f ]quinoline: vapor pressure vs. 1/T
-5.0
-4.0
-3.0
-2.0
-1.0
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
0.0026 0.0028 0.003 0.0032 0.0034 0.0036
1/(T/K)
P( gol
S
) aP/
McEachern et al. 1975
m.p. = 94 °C
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3375
16.1.7.10 Carbazole
Common Name: Carbazole
Synonym: 9H-carbazole, dibenzopyrrole
Chemical Name: carbazole
CAS Registry No: 86-74-8
Molecular Formula: C12H9N, C6H4NHC6H4
Molecular Weight: 167.206
Melting Point (°C):
246.3 (Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
354.69 (Lide 2003)
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
1.260 (25°C, Jimenez et al. 1990)
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
192.9 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 0.00674 (mp at 246.3°C)
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C):
1.03 ± 0.05 (20°C, shake flask-GC, Smith et al. 1978)
1.037 (Mill et al. 1981)
0.428 (20°C, shake flask-fluorophotometry, Hashimoto et al. 1982)
1.67, 1.03, 0.908; 1.204 (quoted values; lit. average, Pearlman et al. 1984)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C and reported temperature dependence equations. Additional data at other temperatures
designated * are compiled at the end of this section):
7999* (248.2°C, summary of literature data, temp range: 248.2–354.8°C, Stull 1947)
log (P/mmHg) = [–0.2185 . 15421.6/(T/K)] + 8.251923; temp range: 248.2–354.8°C (Antoine eq., Weast
1972–73)
0.0933 (20°C, Smith et al. 1978)
log (P/atm) = [1 – 627.897/(T/K)] . 10^{0.924810 – 5.18974 . 10–4 ± (T/K) + 2.68415 . 10–7 ± (T/K)2}; temp
range: 518.0–631.0 K (Cox eq., Chao et al. 1983)
0.00424 (extrapolated-Antoine eq., Boublik et al. 1984)
log (P/kPa) = 6.20101 – 2169.73/(162.465 + t/°C); temp range 252.6–357.3°C (Antoine eq. from reported exptl.
data, Boublik et al. 1984)
log (P/mmHg) = 7.0863 – 2179.4/(163.5 + t/°C); temp range 253–368°C (Antoine eq., Dean 1985, 1992)
0.0012 (Antoine eq.-I, Stephenson & Malanowski 1987)
0.0045 (liquid, extrapolated-Antoine eq.-II, Stephenson & Malanowski 1987)
log (PS/kPa) = 10.1069 – 4780/(T/K); temp range not specified (solid, Antoine eq.-I, Stephenson & Malanowski
1987)
log (PL/kPa) = 6.21123 – 2179.424/(–109.636 + T/K); temp range 525–631 K (liquid, Antoine eq-II., Stephenson
& Malanowski 1987)
0.0002* (extrapolated-Antoine eq., Knudsen effusion, measured range 73.43–90.80°C, Jimenez et al. 1990)
log (P/Pa) = 14.64– 5288.4/(T/K); temp range 73.43–90.80°C (Knudsen effusion, Jimenez et al. 1990)
log (P/mmHg) = –119.857 – 3.2537 . 103/(T/K) + 52.568·log (T/K) – 4.6797 . 10–2·(T/K) + 1.4113 . 10–5·(T/K)2;
temp range 518–899 K (vapor pressure eq., Yaws 1994)
NH
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3376 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol at 25°C):
16.0 (calculated-P/C, Smith & Bomberger 1980)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
3.29 (shake flask-UV at pH 7.4, Rogers 1969)
3.01 (HPLC-k. correlation, Eadsforth 1986)
3.50 (calculated, Eadsforth 1986)
3.72 (recommended, Sangster 1989, 1993)
3.59 (HPLC-RT correlation, Jenke et al. 1990)
3.84 (shake flask-HPLC at pH 7, De Voogt et al. 1988)
3.47 ± 0.63, 3.22 ± 0.53 (HPLC-k. correlation: ODS-65 column, Diol-35 column, Helweg et al. 1997)
3.72 (recommended, Hansch et al. 1995)
Octanol/Air Partition Coefficient, log KOA:
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
2.24 (Coyote Creek sediment, Smith et al. 1978)
4.74 (humic acid, HPLC-k. correlation, Nielsen et al. 1997)
3.80 (soil-pore water partition coeff., Askov soil - a Danish agricultural soil, Sverdrup et al. 2002)
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization: estimated t. > 105 h in river, eutrophic pond, eutrophic lake and oligotrophic lake by the one
compartment model (Smith et al. 1978).
Photolysis:
k = 6.6 . 10–5 s–1 for transformation and transport when exposed to midday sunlight in late January with
estimated t. = 6.0 h in river, t. = 15.0 h in eutrophic pond and eutrophic lake and t. = 3.0 h in oligotrophic
lake from average photolysis rates on a summer day at 40°N latitude by the one compartment model
(Smith et al. 1978)
photolytic t. = 1.0 h in aquatics (Haque et al. 1980)
t. = 3 h for disappearance via direct photolysis in aquatic media (Harris 1982).
Oxidation:
laboratory investigated k = 29 M–1 s–1 for the reaction with RO2 radicals and estimated t. > 240 h in
river, eutrophic pond, eutrophic lake and oligotrophic lake by the one compartment model (Smith
et al. 1978)
k(aq.) = 1.9 . 10–4 s–1 with t. = 1.0 h under natural sunlight conditions for midday, midsummer at a
latitude of 40°N; k(aq.) = 29 M–1 s–1 with t. = 280 yr for free-radical oxidation in air-saturated water
(NRCC 1983)
Hydrolysis:
Biodegradation: estimated half-lives of 14 h in river, eutrophic pond, eutrophic lake and > 103 h in oligotrophic
lake by the one compartment model (Smith et al. 1978).
Biotransformation:
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Surface water: estimated t. = 6.0 h in river, t. = 15.0 h in eutrophic pond and eutrophic lake and t. = 3.0 h in
oligotrophic lake from average photolysis rates on a summer day at 40°N latitude by the one compartment
model (Smith et al. 1978);
photolytic t. = 1.0 h in aquatics (Haque et al. 1980); t. = 3 h for disappearance via direct photolysis in
aquatic media (Harris 1982).
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3377
TABLE 16.1.7.10.1
Reported vapor pressures of carbazole at various temperatures and the coefficients for the vapor pressure
equations
log P = A – B/(T/K) (1) ln P = A – B/(T/K) (1a)
log P = A – B/(C + t/°C) (2) ln P = A – B/(C + t/°C) (2a)
log P = A – B/(C + T/K) (3)
log P = A – B/(T/K) – C·log (T/K) (4)
Stull 1947 Jimenez et al. 1990
summary of literature data Knudsen effusion
t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa
248.2 7999 73.43 0.0610
265.0 13332 78.72 0.101
292.5 26664 81.0 0.129
323.0 53329 83.59 0.167
354.8 101325 86.67 0.219
87.13 0.227
mp/°C 244.8 90.80 0.329
. (at 25°C) 1.26 g/cm3
eq. 1 P/Pa
A 14.04
B 5288.4
enthalpy of sublimation:
.Hsub/(kJ mol–1) = 103.3
at 25°C
FIGURE 16.1.7.10.1 Logarithm of vapor pressure versus reciprocal temperature for carbazole.
Carbazole: vapor pressure vs. 1/T
-2.0
-1.0
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
0.001 0.0014 0.0018 0.0022 0.0026 0.003 0.0034
1/(T/K)
log(PS
/Pa)
Jimenez et al. 1990
Stull 1947
m.p. = 246.3 °C b.p. = 354.7 °C
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3378 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
16.1.7.11 Benzo[c,g]carbazole
Common Name: Benzo[c,g]carbazole
Synonym: 7H-dibenzo[c,g]carbazole
Chemical Name: 7H-dibenzo[c,g]carbazole
CAS Registry No: 194-59-2
Molecular Formula: C20H13N, C10H6NHC10H6
Molecular Weight: 267.324
Melting Point (°C):
158 (Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C)
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
296.1 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Dissociation Constant, pKa:
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 0.0496 (mp at 158°C)
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C):
0.063 ± 0.003 (shake flask-GC, Smith et al. 1978)
0.064 (Mill et al. 1981)
0.064 (Pearlman et al. 1984)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C):
1.33 . 10–7 (estimated by comparison with benzo[a]pyrene, Smith et al. 1978)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol at 25°C):
0.00048 (calculated-P/C, Smith & Bomberger 1980)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
5.75 (calculated-S, Steen & Karickhoff 1981)
Octanol/Air Partition Coefficient, log KOA:
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
4.93 (mixed microbial populations, Steen & Karickhoff 1981)
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
4.31 (Coyote Creek sediment, Smith et al. 1978)
6.03, 6.16 (soil, quoted, calculated-MCI . and fragment contribution, Meylan et al. 1992)
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization: estimated t. = 15000 h in river, t. = 37000 h in eutrophic pond, t. = 73000 h in eutrophic lake
and oligotrophic lake by the one compartment model (Smith et al. 1978).
Photolysis: rate constant
k = 5.2 . 10–4 s–1 for transformation and transport when exposed to midday sunlight in mid-January with
estimated t. = 1.0 h in river, t. = 1.5 h in eutrophic pond and eutrophic lake and t. = 0.5 h in oligotrophic
lake assuming winter insulation by the one compartment model (Smith et al. 1978)
photolytic t. = 0.35 h in aquatics (Haque et al. 1980).
NH
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Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3379
Oxidation:
laboratory studied k = 830 M–1 s–1 for the reaction with the RO2 radicals and estimated t. > 700 h in river,
eutrophic pond, eutrophic lake and oligotrophic lake by the one compartment model (Smith et al. 1978)
k = 5.5 . 10–4 s–1 with t. = 0.4 d under natural sunlight conditions for midday, midsummer at a latitude of
40°N; k = 830 M–1 s–1 with t. = 10 d for free-radical oxidation in air-saturated water (NRCC 1983)
Hydrolysis:
Biodegradation: estimated half-life to be very long in river, eutrophic pond, eutrophic lake and oligotrophic lake
by the one compartment model with no acclimated cultures obtained during the screening studies (Smith
et al. 1978).
Biotransformation:
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Surface water: t. = 0.36 h in river water, t. = 1.5 h in pond water, t. = 1.5 h in eutrophic lake and t. = 0.5 h
in oligotrophic lake for all processes predicted by one-compartment model (Smith et al. 1981);
t. = 10 d for free-radical oxidation in air-saturation water (NRCC 1983).
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3380 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
16.1.7.12 Acridine
Common Name: Acridine
Synonym: 2,3,5,6-dibenzopyridine
Chemical Name: acridine, 2,3,5,6-dibenzopyridine
CAS Registry No: 260-94-6
Molecular Formula: C13H9N
Molecular Weight: 179.217
Melting Point (°C):
110 (Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
344.86 (Lide 2003)
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
1.005 (Weast 1982–83)
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
196.3 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Dissociation Constant, pKa:
5.60 (Albert 1966; Matzner et al. 1991; Matzner & Bales 1994)
5.58 (20°C, Weast 1982–83)
5.60 (protonated cation + 1, Dean 1985)
10.65 (Sangster 1989)
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
18.58 ± 0.38 (McEachern et al. 1975)
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 0.147 (mp at 110°C)
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C or as indicated):
57.4 (Albert 1966)
38.4 (24°C, shake flask-LSC, Means et al. 1980)
46.6 (literature average, Pearlman et al. 1984)
54.8 (centrifuge-HPLC at pH 8, Matzner et al. 1991)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C and reported temperature dependence equations. Additional data at other temperatures
designated * are compiled at the end of this section):
133.3* (129.4°C, summary of literature data, temp range 129.4–346°C, Stull 1947)
log (P/mmHg) = [–0.2185 . 15174.6/(T/K)] + 8.251980; temp range 129.4–346°C (Antoine eq., Weast
1972–73)
0.0065* (Langmuir free evaporation, measured range 7.96–50°C, McEachern et al. 1975)
log (P/mmHg) = 27.076 – 11021.64/(T/K); measured range 281.2–323.3 K (Langmuir free evaporation, McEachern
et al. 1975)
0.0075 (extrapolated-Cox eq., Chao et al. 1983)
log (P/atm) = [1 – 618.827/(T/K)] . 10^{0.839996 – 4.19344 . 10–4 ± (T/K) + 3.63487 . 10–7 ± (T/K)2}; temp
range: 402.6–619.2 K (Cox eq., Chao et al. 1983)
0.2066 (static apparatus-extrapolated from Chebyshev polynomials, Sivaraman & Kobayashi 1983)
0.0065 (Interpolated-Antoine eq.-I, Stephenson & Malanowski 1987; quoted, Ma et al. 1990)
N
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Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3381
log (PS/kPa) = 8.30838 – 3365.943/(–48.723 + T/K); temp range 293–367 K (solid, Antoine eq.-I, Stephenson
& Malanowski 1987)
log (PL/kPa) = 6.73664 – 2699.39/(–48.611 + T/K); temp range 402–619 K (liquid, Antoine eq.-II, Stephenson
& Malanowski 1987)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol at 25°C):
0.030 (calculated-P/C, Ma et al. 1990)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
3.40 (shake flask-UV, Hansch & Fujita 1964)
3.39 (HPLC-RT correlation, Mirrlees et al. 1976)
3.39 (shake flask at pH 7.4, Unger et al. 1978)
3.62 (shake flask-LSC, Means et al. 1980)
3.29 (shake flask-AS at pH 7.4, Unger & Chiang 1981)
3.31 ± 0.03 (HPLC-RV correlation-ALPM, Garst 1984)
3.35 ± 0.02 (HPLC-RV correlation-ALPM, Garst & Wilson 1984)
3.32 (shake flask-GC at pH 7.0, Haky & Leja 1986)
3.40 (recommended, Sangster 1989, 1993)
3.40 (recommended, Hansch et al. 1995)
3.18 ± 0.64, 3.27 ± 0.53 (HPLC-k. correlation: ODS-65 column, Diol-35 column, Helweg et al. 1997)
Octanol/Air Partition Coefficient, log KOA:
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
2.40 (selected, Ma et al. 1990)
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
4.69 (average of sediments and soil samples, equilibrium sorption isotherm, Means et al. 1980)
3.32 (calculated, Means et al. 1980)
–0.157 (estimated of Loring subsurface material, Zachara et al. 1987)
0.610 (estimated of Anvil Points subsurface material, Zachara et al. 1987)
3.09–3.41 (soil, calculated-KOW, model of Karickhoff et al. 1979, Sabljic 1987)
3.16–3.33 (soil, calculated-KOW, model of Kenaga & Goring 1980, Sabljic 1987)
2.36–2.52 (soil, calculated-KOW, model of Briggs 1981, Sabljic 1987)
2.98–3.30 (soil, calculated-KOW, model of Means et al. 1982, Sabljic 1987)
2.19–2.48 (soil, calculated-KOW, model of Chiou et al. 1983, Sabljic 1987)
4.22, 4.26 (soil, quoted, calculated-MCI ., Sabljic 1987)
4.11, 3.32 (quoted, calculated-MCI ., Gerstl & Helling 1987)
4.11, 4.31 (soil, quoted, calculated-MCI . and fragment contribution, Meylan et al. 1992)
4.00 (HPLC-k. correlation, Nielsen et al. 1997)
4.79 (soil-pore water partition coeff., Askov soil - a Danish agricultural soil, Sverdrup et al. 2002)
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
k1 = 109 h–1, k2 = 3.68 h–1 (daphnia pulex, 21°C, Southworth et al. 1978)
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Biota: elimination t. = 11.3 min (daphnia pulex, Southworth et al. 1978).
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3382 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
TABLE 16.1.7.12.1
Reported vapor pressures of acridine at various temperatures and the coefficients for the vapor pressure
equations
log P = A – B/(T/K) (1) ln P = A – B/(T/K) (1a)
log P = A – B/(C + t/°C) (2) ln P = A – B/(C + t/°C) (2a)
log P = A – B/(C + T/K) (3)
log P = A – B/(T/K) – C·log (T/K) (4)
Stull 1947 McEachern et al. 1975
summary of literature data Langmuir free evaporation
t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa
129.4 133.3 7.96 0.000653 eq. 1a P/mmHg
165.8 666.6 12.02 0.001027 A 27.076
184.0 1333 16.08 0.002413 B 11021.64
203.5 2666 19.95 0.00329 temp range: 281.2–323.2 K
224.2 5333 25.05 0.00652 enthalpy of fusion:
238.7 7999 25.05 0.00656 .Hfus/(kJ mol–1) = 18.58
256.0 13332 29.98 0.01145 enthalpy of sublimation:
284.0 26664 35.08 0.0213 .Hsub/(kJ mol–1) = 121.75
314.3 53329 40.02 0.0380 temp range: 281.2–323.3 K
345.0 101325 45.09 0.0640 enthalpy of vaporization:
50.0 0.1074 .HV/(kJ mol–1) = 72.59
mp/°C 110.5
FIGURE 16.1.7.12.1 Logarithm of vapor pressure versus reciprocal temperature for acridine.
Acridine: vapor pressure vs. 1/T
-4.0
-3.0
-2.0
-1.0
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
0.0014 0.0018 0.0022 0.0026 0.003 0.0034 0.0038
1/(T/K)
P( gol
S
) aP/
McEachern et al. 1975
Stull 1947
b.p. = 344.86°C m.p. = 106 °C
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3383
16.1.8 SULFUR COMPOUNDS
16.1.8.1 Carbon disulfide
Common Name: Carbon disulfide
Synonym: carbon disulphide
Chemical Name: carbon disulfide
CAS Registry No: 75-15-0
Molecular Formula: CS2
Molecular Weight: 76.141
Melting Point (°C):
–112.1 (Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
46 (Lide 2003)
Density (g/cm3):
1.2632 (20°C, Weast 19820–83)
1.26311, 1.2555 (20°C, 25°C, Riddick et al. 1986)
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
66.0 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Enthalpy of Vaporization, .HV (kJ/mol):
27.522, 26.736 (25°C, bp, Riddick et al. 1986)
Enthalpy of Sublimation, .Hsubl (kJ/mol):
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
4.389 (Riddick et al. 1986)
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 1.0
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C):
2100 (20°C, selected, Riddick et al. 1986)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C or as indicated and reported temperature dependence equations. Additional data at other
temperatures designated * are compiled at the end of this section):
53329* (28°C, summary of literature data, temp range –73.8 to 46.5°C, Stull 1947)
47359* (24.582°C, comparative ebulliometry, measured range 3.6–80°C, Waddington et al. 1962)
log (P/mmHg) = 6.94194 – 1168.623/(241.534 + t/°C); temp range 3.6–80°C (Antoine eq., comparative ebulliometry,
Waddington et al. 1962)
49704* (25.931°C, temp range –17.76 to 45.142°C, Boublik & Aim 1972; quoted, Boublik et al 1984)
log (P/kPa) = 6.86752 – 1169.022/(241.582 + t/°C), temp range 3.6–80°C (Antoine eq. derived from exptl. data
of Waddington et al. 1949, Boublik et al. 1984)
log (P/kPa) = 6.03385 – 1151.908/(239.748 + t/°C), temp range –17.76 to 45.14°C (Antoine eq. derived from
exptl. data, Boublik et al. 1984)
48210 (selected, Riddick et al. 1986)
log (P/kPa) = 6.06694 – 1168.623/(t/°C + 241.534) temp range not specified (Antoine eq., Riddick et al. 1986)
log (PL/kPa) = 6.03694 – 1153.5/(–33.22 + T/K); temp range 256–319 K (Antoine eq.-I, Stephenson &
Malanowski 1987)
log (PL/kPa) = 6.07588 – 1174.112/(–30.896 + T/K); temp range 260–353 K (Antoine eq.-II, Stephenson &
Malanowski 1987)
log (PL/kPa) = 6 19814– 1231.307/(–26.024 + T/K); temp range 338–408 K (Antoine eq.-III, Stephenson &
Malanowski 1987)
log (PL/kPa) = 6 80466– 1278.903/(43.404 + T/K); temp range 388–497 K (Antoine eq.-IV, Stephenson &
Malanowski 1987)
log (PL/kPa) = 7.58592 – 2639.181/(165.312 + T/K); temp range 490–533 K (Antoine eq.-V, Stephenson &
Malanowski 1987)
S S C
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3384 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
39597 (20°C, Howard 1990)
log (P/mmHg) = 25.1475 – 2.0349 . 103/(T/K) –6.7794·log (T/K) + 3.4828 . 10–3·(T/K) – 1.0105 . 10–14·(T/K)2;
temp range 162–552 K (vapor pressure eq., Yaws 1994)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa m3/mol at 25°C or as indicated):
142 (calculated-P/C, Howard 1990)
1946 (calculated-vapor-liquid equilibrium VLE data, Yaws et al. 1991)
1577 (20°C, selected from literature experimentally measured data, Staudinger & Roberts 2001)
log KAW = 3.485 – 1077/(T/K) (van’t Hoff eq. derived from literature data, Staudinger & Roberts 2001)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
1.70–4.60 (Hansch & Leo 1985)
2.14 (recommended, Sangster 1993)
1.94 (recommended, Hansch et al. 1995)
Octanol/Air Partition Coefficient, log KOA:
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF or log KB:
0.90 (calculated-solubility, Howard 1990)
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
1.80 (calculated-solubility, Howard 1990)
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, and Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization: t. = 2.6 h in a model river (Howard 1990)
Photolysis:
Oxidation:
Hydrolysis: t. = 1.1 yr at pH 9 in alkaline solution (Howard 1990)
Biodegradation:
Biotransformation:
Bioconcentration and Uptake and Elimination Rate Constants (k1 and k2):
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Air: t.: = 9 d degraded by reacting with atomic oxygen and photochemically produced OH radicals (Howard
1990)
TABLE 16.1.8.1.1
Reported vapor pressures of carbon disulfide at various temperatures and the coefficients for the vapor
pressure equations
log P = A – B/(T/K) (1) ln P = A – B/(T/K) (1a)
log P = A – B/(C + t/°C) (2) ln P = A – B/(C + t/°C) (2a)
log P = A – B/(C + T/K) (3)
log P = A – B/(T/K) – C·log (T/K) (4)
Stull 1947 Waddington et al. 1962 Boublik & Aim 1972
summary of literature data comparative ebulliometry in Boublik et a. 1984
t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa
–73.8 133.3 3.588 19920 –17.76 6967
–54.3 666.6 8.772 25007 ~12.358 9306
–44.7 1333 13.999 31168 ~7.204 12046
–34.3 2666 19.269 38547 ~3.286 14549
–22.5 5333 24.582 47359 1.223 17921
–15.3 7999 29.927 57803 5.076 21314
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Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3385
TABLE 16.1.8.1.1 (Continued)
Stull 1947 Waddington et al. 1962 Boublik & Aim 1972
summary of literature data comparative ebulliometry in Boublik et a. 1984
t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa
–5.1 13332 35.318 70109 9.448 25780
10.4 26664 40.751 84525 12.981 29923
28.0 53329 46.225 101325 17.168 35493
46.5 101325 51.744 120798 21.087 41470
57.295 143268 25.931 49704
mp/°C –110.8 62.885 169052 31.522 61295
68.531 198530 38.041 77125
74.218 232087 45.142 97853
79.927 270110
bp/°C 46.217
bp/°C 46.22
Antoine eq. eq. 2 P/kPa
eq. 2 P/mmHg A 6.03385
A 6.94194 B 1151.908
B 1168.623 C 239.748
C 241.534
data also fitted to Cox eq.
see ref.
FIGURE 16.1.8.1.1 Logarithm of vapor pressure versus reciprocal temperature for carbon disulfide.
Carbon disulfide: vapor pressure vs. 1/T
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
0.0028 0.0032 0.0036 0.004 0.0044 0.0048 0.0052
1/(T/K)
P ( g o l S ) a P /
Waddington et al. 1962
Boublik & Aim 1972
Stull 1947
b.p. = 46 °C
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3386 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
16.1.8.2 Dimethyl sulfide
Common Name: Dimethyl sulfide
Synonym: DMS, methyl sulfide, thiobismethane, 2-thiapropane
Chemical Name: dimethyl sulfide
CAS Registry No: 75-18-3
Molecular Formula: C2H6S, (CH3)2S
Molecular Weight: 62.134
Melting Point (°C):
–98.24 (Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (C):
37.33 (Riddick et al. 1986; Lide 2003)
Density (g/cm3 at 25°C):
0.84825, 0.84230 (20°C, 25°C, Dreisbach 1961)
0.8423 (Riddick et al. 1986)
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
73.2 (Kamlet et al. 1986)
73.8 (20°C, calculated-density)
77.4 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Dissociation Constant pKBH + :
–6.99 (Riddick et al. 1986)
Enthalpy of Vaporization, .HV (kJ/mol):
27.49, 26.82 (25°C, bp, Dreisbach 1961)
27.65, 27.0 (25°C, bp, Riddick et al. 1986)
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
7.99 (Riddick et al. 1986)
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 1.0
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C):
15606 (Hine & Mookerjee 1975)
6300 (Verschueren 1983)
22000 (estimated-activity coefficient by headspace-GC, Przyjazny et al. 1983)
20000 (Riddick et al. 1986)
19600 (selected, Yaws et al. 1990)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C and reported temperature dependence equations. Additional data at other temperatures
designated * are compiled at the end of this section):
53174* (20.087°C, static method, measured range –22.547 to 20.087°C, Osborn et al. 1942)
log (P/mmHg) = 16.51798 – 1876.370/(T/K) – 3.04727 ± log (T/K); temp range –22.547 to 20.087°C (static
method, Osborn et al. 1942)
53329* (18.7°C, summary of literature data, temp range –75.6 to 36°C, Stull 1947)
64650 (calculated from determined data, Dreisbach 1961)
log (P/mmHg) = 6.93138 – 1081.587/(229.746 + t/°C), temp range –50 to 130°C (Antoine eq. for liquid state,
Dreisbach 1961)
64501* (interpolated-Antoine eq., temp range –47.4 to 58.319°C, Zwolinski & Wilhoit 1971)
log (P/mmHg) = 6.94879 – 1090.755/(230.799 + t/°C); temp range –47.4 to 58.319°C (liquid, Antoine eq.,
Zwolinski & Wilhoit 1971)
70300 (Hine & Mookerjee 1975)
log (P/mmHg) =[–0.2185 . 6742.3/(T/K)] + 7.589204; temp range –75 to 224.5°C (Antoine eq., Weast 1972–73)
56000 (20°C, Verschueren 1983)
64443 (calculated-Antoine eq. of Boublik et al. 1973, Przyjazny et al. 1983)
64460 (extrapolated-Antoine eq., Boublik et al. 1984)
S
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Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3387
log (P/kPa) = 6.27843 – 1196.875/(242.81 + t/°C), temp range –22.55 to 20.09°C (Antoine eq. from reported
exptl. data, Boublik et al. 1984)
64470 (extrapolated-Antoine eq., Dean 1985, 1992)
log (P/mmHg) = 7.1509 – 1195.58/(242.68 + t/°C); temp range –22 to 20°C (Antoine eq., Dean 1985, 1992)
64650 (quoted, Riddick et al. 1986)
log (P/kPa) = 6.07369 – 1090.755/(230.799 + t/°C); temp range not specified (Antoine eq., Riddick et al. 1986)
64520 (interpolated, Antoine eq., Stephenson & Malanowski 1987)
log (PL/kPa) = 6.07043 – 1088.851/(–42.594 + T/K); temp range 268–319 K (Antoine eq.-I, Stephenson &
Malanowski 1987)
log (PL/kPa) = 6.13042 – 1124.998/(–37.961 + T/K); temp range 307–379 K (Antoine eq.-II, Stephenson &
Malanowski 1987)
log (PL/kPa) = 6.42655 – 1344.329/(–7.456 + T/K); temp range 372–453 K (Antoine eq.-III, Stephenson &
Malanowski 1987)
log (PL/kPa) = 7.36327 – 2293.043/(130.243 + T/K); temp range 447–503 K (Antoine eq.-IV, Stephenson &
Malanowski 1987)
log (P/mmHg) = 37.2604 – 2.4251 . 103/(T/K) –11.384·log (T/K) + 5.8122 . 10–3·(T/K) + 8.5893 . 10–14·(T/K)2;
temp range 175–503 K (vapor pressure eq., Yaws 1994)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol at 25°C or as indicated and reported temperature dependence. Additional data at
other temperatures designated * are compiled at the end of this section):
278.1 (1/KAW, exptl., Hine & Mookerjee 1975)
298, 366.6 (calculated-group contribution, calculated-bond contribution, Hine & Mookerjee 1975)
165 (20°C, headspace-GC, Vitenberg et al. 1975)
180.4, 184.7, 173.5 (headspace-GC, concn. of 10, 1.0, 0.1 ppm by weight, Przyjazny et al. 1983)
180.4, 184.7, 173.5 (headspace-GC, concn. of 10, 1.0 and 0.1 ppm by weight, measured range 25–70°C, data
presented in graph, Przyjazny et al. 1983)
log (1/KAW) = 1637.3/(T/K) – 4.354; temp range 25–70°C (headspace-GC, concn of 10 ppm by weight, Przyjazny
et al. 1983)
log (1/KAW) = 1635.6/(T/K) – 4.358; temp range 25–70°C (headspace-GC, concn of 1.0 ppm by weight, Przyjazny
et al. 1983)
log (1/KAW) = 1598.2/(T/K) – 4.205; temp range 25–70°C (headspace-GC, concn of 0.1 ppm by weight, Przyjazny
et al. 1983)
163.4 (quoted, Gaffney et al. 1987)
184, 1271 (quoted, calculated-molecular structure, Russell et al. 1992)
138 (20°C, selected from literature experimentally measured data, Staudinger & Roberts 1996)
233.0* (equilibrium headspace-GC, in seawater, measured range 18–44°C, Wong & Wang 1997)
61.97 (equilibrium headspace-GC, Marin et al. 1999)
155 (20°C, selected from literature experimentally measured data, Staudinger & Roberts 2001)
log KAW = 3.556 – 1394/(T/K), (van’t Hoff eq. derived from literature data, Staudinger & Roberts 2001)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
Octanol/Air Partition Coefficient, log KOA:
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization:
Photolysis:
Oxidation: rate constant k, for gas-phase second order rate constants, kOH for reaction with OH radical, kNO3
with NO3 radical and kO3 with O3 or as indicated, *data at other temperatures and/or the Arrhenius expression
see reference:
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3388 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
kOH* = (9.80 ± 1.2) . 10–12 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 at 299.9 K, measured range 299.9–426.5 K (flash photolysisresonance
fluorescence, Atkinson et al. 1978)
kOH* = (8.28 ± 0.87) . 10–12 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 at 297 K, measured range 273–400 K by flash photolysisresonance
fluorescence, Kurylo 1978)
kO(3P)* = 57 . 10–12 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 for gas-phase reaction with O(3P) atom at 296 K, measured range
252–493 K (Slagle et al. 1978)
kOH* = (4.26 ± 0.56) . 10–11 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 at 298 K, measured range 248–363 K (flash photolysisresonance
fluorescence, Wine et al. 1981)
kOH = (1.0 ± 0.1) . 10–11 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 with an estimated lifetime . ~ 30 h in the daytime,
kNO3 = (5.4 ± 0.7) . 10–13 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 with an estimated . ~ 3 h in the nighttime hours at 296 ± 2 K
(Atkinson et al 1984)
kO3 < 8 . 10–19 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 with a loss rate of < 0.05 d–1, kOH = 9.80 . 10–12 cm3 ± molecule–1 s–1 with
a loss rate of 0.8 d–1, and kNO3 = 9.7 . 10–13 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 with a loss rate of 20 d–1 at room temp.
(review, Atkinson & Carter 1984)
kO3 < 8 . 10–20 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 with a loss rate of < 0.004 d–1, kOH = 6.3 . 10–12 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 with
a loss rate of 0.27 d–1, and kNO3 = 9.7 . 10–13 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 with a loss rate of 20 d–1 at room temp.
(review, Atkinson 1985)
kOH* = (4.09, 4.44) . 10–12 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 at 298 K, measured range 267–397 K (flash photolysisresonance
fluorescence, Hynes et al. 1986)
kOH* = (3.60 ± 0.2) . 10–12 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 at 297 K, measured range 297–440 K by flash photolysisresonance
fluorescence; kOH = 9.36 . 10–12 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 relative rate to n-hexane, kOH = 5.36 . 10–12
cm3 molecule–1 s–1 relative rate to cyclohexane at 296 K (Wallington et al. 1986a)
kNO3* = (8.1 ± 1.3) . 10–13 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 at 298 K, measured range 280–350 K (flash photolysis-visible
absorption, Wallington et al. 1986b)
kOH* = (5.50 ± 1.0) . 10–12 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 at 298 K, measured range 260–393 K (discharge flowresonance
fluorescence, Hsu et al. 1987)
kOH = (8.0 ± 0.5) . 10–12 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 at 298 K (Relative rate method, Barnes et al. 1989)
kOH = 3.60 . 10–12 cm3 molecule–1 s–1; k(soln) = 3.2 . 10–11 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 for reaction with OH radical
in aqueous solution (Wallington et al. 1988)
kNO3* = (10.6 ± 1.3) . 10–13 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 at room temp., measured range 256–376 K (flow tube-laser
induced fluorescence, Dlugokencky & Howard 1988)
kOH* = 4.56 . 10–12 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 at 298 K (recommended, Atkinson 1989)
kOH = 4.57 . 10–12 cm3 molecule–1 s–1, kNO3 = 9.77 . 10–13 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 (Sabljic & Gusten 1990; Muller
& Klein 1991)
kNO3* = 1.07 . 10–12 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 at 298 K (recommended, Atkinson 1991)
Hydrolysis:
Biodegradation:
Biotransformation:
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Air: atmospheric lifetime . ~ 30 h due to reaction with OH radical in the daytime and . ~3 h due to reaction at
night with NO3 radical (Atkinson et al. 1984);
calculated lifetimes, . > 20 d due to reaction with O3 in 24-h, . = 28 h with OH radical during daytime and
. = 120 min with NO3 radical during nighttime in “clean” atmosphere; . > 3 d due to reaction with O3
in 24-h, . = 420 min with OH radical in daytime and . = 13 min with NO3 in nighttime in “moderately
polluted” atmosphere (Winer et al. 1984)
estimated tropospheric chemical lifetimes, . = 2 d, 2 d and > 15 d for reactions with OH, NO3 and O3,
respectively, under typical remote tropospheric conditions (Falbe-Hansen et al. 2000)
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Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3389
TABLE 16.1.8.2.1
Reported vapor pressures and Henry’s law constants of dimethyl sulfide at various temperatures
Vapor pressure Henry’s law constant
Osborn et al. 1942 Stull 1947 Zwolinski & Wilhoit 1971 Wong & Wang 1997
static method-manometer summary of literature data selected values equilibrium headspace-GC
t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa t/°C H/(Pa m3/mol)
in seawater
–22.547 6994 –75.6 –133.3 47.4 1333 18 164.6
–10.028 13699 –58.0 666.6 –37.7 2666 25 233.0
0.096 22437 –49.2 1333 –31.5 4000 35 381.7
4.943 28042 –39.4 2666 –26.9 5333 44 556.4
15.138 43512 –28.4 5333 –23.03 6666
20.087 53174 –21.4 7999 –19.85 7999 log KAW = A – B/(T/K)
–12.0 13332 –14.62 10666 KAW
mp/K 174.855 2.60 26664 –10.39 13332 A 4.806
bp/K 310.49 18.7 53329 –2.258 19998 B 1735
36.0 101325 3.885 26664
log P = A – B/(T/K) – C·log (T/K) 8.883 33331
P/mmHg mp/°C –83.2 13.127 39997
A 16.51798 20.138 53329
B 1876.370 25.860 66661
C 3.04727 30.733 79993
35.000 93326
.Hfus/(kJ mol–1) = 7.985 35.794 95992
.HV/(kJ mol–1) = 27.98 36.572 98659
at 291.06 K 37.333 101325
25 64501
Antoine eq.
log P = A – B/(C + t/°C)
P/mmHg
A 6.94879
B 1090.755
C 230.799
bp/°C 37.333
.HV/(kJ mol–1) =
at 25°C 27.65
at bp 26.92
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3390 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
FIGURE 16.1.8.2.1 Logarithm of vapor pressure versus reciprocal temperature for dimethyl sulfide.
FIGURE 16.1.8.2.2 Logarithm of Henry’s law constant versus reciprocal temperature for dimethyl sulfide.
Dimethyl sulfide: vapor pressure vs. 1/T
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
0.0028 0.0032 0.0036 0.004 0.0044 0.0048 0.0052
1/(T/K)
P
( gol
S
) aP/
Osborn et al. 1942
Stull 1947
Zwolinski & Wilhoit 1971
b.p. = 37.33 °C
Dimethyl sulfide: Henry's law constant vs. 1/T
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
0.003 0.0031 0.0032 0.0033 0.0034 0.0035 0.0036 0.0037 0.0038
1/(T/K)
m. aP( / H nl
3
) l om/
Wong & Wang 1997 (in seawater)
Hine & Mookerjee 1975
Vitenberg et al. 1975
Marin et al. 1999
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Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3391
16.1.8.3 Dimethyl disulfide
Common Name: Dimethyl disulfide
Synonym: 2,3-dithiabutane
Chemical Name: dimethyl didisulfide
CAS Registry No: 624-92-0
Molecular Formula: C2H6S2, CH3SSCH3
Molecular Weight: 94.199
Melting Point (°C):
–84.67 (Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
109.74 (Lide 2003)
Density (g/cm3):
1.6025 (20°C, Weast 1982–83)
Dissociation Constant, pKa:
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
103.0 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Enthalpy of Vaporization, .HV (kJ/mol):
38.37, 33.68 (25, bp, Zwolinski & Wilhoit 1971)
Enthalpy of Sublimation, .Hsubl (kJ/mol):
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 1.0
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C):
3400 (estimated-activity coefficient by headspace-GC, Przyjazny et al. 1983)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C or as indicated and reported temperature dependence equations. Additional data at other
temperatures designated * are compiled at the end of this section):
3825* (static method, measured range 0–60°C, Scott et al. 1950)
3813* (interpolated-Antoine eq., temp range 5.356–109.745°C, Zwolinski & Wilhoit 1971)
log (P/mmHg) = 6.97792 – 1396.342/(218.863 + t/°C); temp range 5.356 –109.745°C (Antoine eq., Zwolinski
& Wilhoit 1971)
3850 (calculated-Antoine eq. of Boublik et al. 1973, Przyjazny et al. 1983)
log (P/kPa) = 6.18000 – 1389.151/(223.184 + t/°C), temp range 0–60°C (Antoine eq. derived from Scott et al.
1950 data, Boublik et al. 1984)
log (P/kPa) = 6.08703 – 1336.665/(217.767 + t/°C), temp range 61.4–128,6°C (Antoine eq. derived from Scott
et al. 1950 data, Boublik et al. 1984)
log (PL/kPa) = 6.10018 – 1349.006/(–54.389 + T/K), temp range 297–402 K, (Antoine eq., Stephenson &
Malanowski 1987)
log (P/mmHg) = 36.232 – 3.1241 . 103/(T/K) – 9.9328·log (T/K) + 2.2831 . 10–11·(T/K) + 3.1730 . 10–6·(T/K)2;
temp range 125–499 K (vapor pressure eq., Yaws 1994)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa m3/mol at 25°C or as indicated):
121 (20°C, headspace-GC, Vitenberg et al. 1975)
112, 101 (headspace-GC, concn. of 10 and 1.0 ppm by weight, measured range 25–70°C, data presented in
graph, Przyjazny et al. 1983)
log (1/KAW) = 1657.1/(T/K) – 4.211; temp range 25–70°C (headspace-GC, concn of 10 ppm by weight, Przyjazny
et al. 1983)
log (1/KAW) = 1854.4/(T/K) – 4.828; temp range 25–70°C (headspace-GC, concn of 1.0 ppm by weight, Przyjazny
et al. 1983)
77.5 (20°C, selected from literature experimentally measured data, Staudinger & Roberts 1996, 2001)
S
S
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3392 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
log KAW = 4.828 – 1384/(T/K), (van’t Hoff eq. derived from literature data, Staudinger & Roberts 2001)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
1.77 (shake flask, Log P Database, Hansch & Leo 1987)
1.77 (recommended, Sangster 1993)
1.77 (recommended, Hansch et al. 1995)
Octanol/Air Partition Coefficient, log KOA:
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF or log KB:
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, and Half-Lives, t., or Lifetimes, .:
Volatilization:
Photolysis:
Oxidation: rate constant k, for gas-phase second order rate constants, kOH for reaction with OH radical, kNO3
with NO3 radical and kO3 with O3 or as indicated, *data at other temperatures see reference:
kOH = 2.40 . 10–10 cm3 molecule–1 s–1, at 297 K (relative rate method, Cox & Sheppard 1980)
kOH* = (1.84 – 19.8) . 10–10 cm3 molecule–1 s–1, at 298 K, measured range 255–377 K (flask photolysisresonance
fluorescence, Wine et al. 1984)
kOH* = 2.05 . 10–10 cm3 molecule–1 s–1, at 298 K (tentative recommended, Atkinson 1985)
kNO3* = 4.9 . 10–13 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 at 298 K, measured range 280–350 K (flash photolysis-optical
absorption, Wallington et al. 1986)
kNO3* = (7.3 ± 1.5) . 10–13 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 at room temp., measured range 334–382 K (flow tube-laser
induced fluorescence, Dlugokencky & Howard 1988)
kNO3 = 7.0 . 10–13 cm3 molecule–1 s–1, independent of temperature over the range ~300–380 K (recommended,
Atkinson 1991)
Hydrolysis:
Biodegradation:
Biotransformation:
Bioconcentration and Uptake and Elimination Rate Constants (k1 and k2):
Half-Lives in the Environment:
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3393
TABLE 16.1.8.3.1
Reported vapor pressures of dimethyl disulfide at various temperatures and the coefficients for the vapor
pressure equations
log P = A – B/(T/K) (1) ln P = A – B/(T/K) (1a)
log P = A – B/(C + t/°C) (2) ln P = A – B/(C + t/°C) (2a)
log P = A – B/(C + T/K) (3)
log P = A – B/(T/K) – C·log (T/K) (4)
Scott et al. 1950 Zwolinski & Wilhoit 1971
static method-manometer ebulliometric method selected values
t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa
0 904 61.411 19920 5.356 1333 106.905 93326
15 2230 67.301 25007 18.299 2666 107.872 95992
20 2936 73.234 31160 25.891 4000 108.819 98659
25 3825 79.201 38547 31.579 5333 109.745 101325
30 4930 85.218 47359 36.177 6666 25.0 3813
35 6301 91.283 57803 40.060 7999 Antoine eq.
40 7975 97.393 70109 46.435 10666 eq. 2 P/mmHg
45 10007 103.54 84525 51.600 13332 A 6.97792
50 12448 109.738 101325 61.518 19998 B 1396.342
55 15359 115.984 120798 69.008 26664 C 218.863
60 18813 122.273 143268 75.099 33331 bp/°C 109.745
128.611 169052 80.271 39997 .HV/(kJ mol–1) =
88.812 53329 at 25°C 38.37
95.780 66661 at bp 33.68
101.712 79993
FIGURE 16.1.8.3.1 Logarithm of vapor pressure versus reciprocal temperature for dimethyl disulfide.
Dimethyl disulfide: vapor pressure vs. 1/T
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
0.0024 0.0026 0.0028 0.003 0.0032 0.0034 0.0036 0.0038 0.004
1/(T/K)
log
(PS/Pa)
Scott et al. 1950
Zwolinski & Wilhoit 1971
b.p. = 109.74 °C
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3394 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
16.1.8.4 Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)
Common Name: Dimethyl sulfoxide
Synonym: DMSO, sulfinylbismethane, methyl sulfoxide, methylsulfinylmethane, SQ 9453, DMS-70, DMS-90, Deltan,
Demasorb, Demavet, Demeso, Dermasorb, Dolicur, Domoso, Dromisol, Gamasol 90, Hyadur, Rimso-50, Sclerosol,
Somipront, Somtexan, Topsym
Chemical Name: dimethyl sulfoxide
CAS Registry No: 67-68-5
Molecular Formula: C2H6OS, (CH3)2SO
Molecular Weight: 78.133
Melting Point (°C):
17.89 (Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
189.0 (Stephenson & Malanowski 1987; Lide 2003)
Density (g/cm3 at 25°C):
1.1014 (Weast 1982–83)
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
85.7 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Dissociation Constant pKa:
1.4 (Riddick et al. 1986)
Enthalpy of Vaporization, .HV (kJ/mol):
52.88, 43.14 (25°C, bp, Riddick et al. 1986)
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
14.368 (Riddick et al. 1986)
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 1.0
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C):
253000 (Riddick et a. 1986)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C or as indicated and reported temperature dependence equations. Additional data at other
temperatures designated * are compiled at the end of this section):
80.0* (gas saturation, measured range 20–50°C, Douglas 1948)
log (P/mmHg) = 26.49588 – 3539.32/(T/K) – 6.000 ± ln (T/K); temp range 20–50°C (gas saturation, Douglas
1948)
460* (52.35°C, Hg manometer, measured range 325.5–442.1 K, Jakli & van Hook 1972)
ln (P/mmHg) = 17.4922 – 4517.79/(T/K – 47.2583); temp range 291.7–463 K (Hg manometer, Antoine eq. with
literature data, Jakli & van Hook 1972)
56.0 (20°C, Verschueren 1983)
80.9 (extrapolated-Antoine eq., Boublik et al. 1984)
log (P/kPa) = 6.64816 – 1922.32/(223.353 + t/°C); temp range 52.4–168.95°C (Antoine eq. from reported exptl.
data of Jakli & von Hook 1972, Boublik et al. 1984)
80.0 (selected, Riddick et al. 1986)
log (P/kPa) = 6.72161 – 1962.06/(225.892 + t/°C); temp range not specified (Antoine eq., Riddick et al. 1986)
79.5 (extrapolated-Antoine eq., Stephenson & Malanowski 1987)
log (PL/kPa) = 6.72167 – 1962.05/(–47.258 + T/K); temp range 305–464 K (Antoine eq., Stephenson &
Malanowski 1987)
log (P/mmHg) = 45.4653 – 4.0439 . 103/(T/K) – 13.21·log (T/K) + 1.0981 . 10–7·(T/K) + 6.4155 . 10–6·(T/K)2;
temp range 292–465 K (vapor pressure eq., Yaws et al. 1994)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol):
O
S
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3395
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
–1.35 (shake flask, Hansch & Leo 1979, 1987)
–0.85 (calculated-UNIFAC activity coefficients, Banerjee & Howard 1988)
–1.35 (recommended, Sangster 1989)
–1.35 (recommended, Hansch et al. 1995)
Octanol/Air Partition Coefficient, log KOA:
4.96 (head-space GC, Abraham et al. 2001)
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization:
Photolysis:
Oxidation: rate constant k, for gas-phase second order rate constants, kOH for reaction with OH radical, kNO3
with NO3 radical and kO3 with O3 or as indicated, *data at other temperatures see reference:
kOH = (6.2 ± 2.2) . 10–11 cm3 molecule–1 s–1; kNO3 = (1.7 ± 0.3) . 10–13 cm3 molecule–1 s–1; kO3 < 5.0 . 10–19
cm3 ± molecule–1 s–1 at room temp (Barnes et al. 1989)
kOH = (62 ± 25) . 10–12 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 at 300 K (Atkinson 1989)
kOH = (1.0 ± 0.3) . 10–12 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 at room temp (Hynes & Wine 1996)
kOH = (8.7 ± 1.6) . 10–11 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 at room temp. (Urbanski et al. 1998)
kOH = (5.9 ± 1.5) . 10–11 cm3 ± molecule–1 s–1 with tropospheric lifetime . = 5 h, kNO3 = (5.0 ± 3.8) . 10–13
cm3 molecule–1 s–1 with tropospheric lifetime . = 3 d; kO3 < 1.0 . 10–19 cm3 ± molecule–1 s–1 with
tropospheric lifetime . > 150 d and kCl = (7.4 ± 1.0) . 10–11 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 for reaction wit Cl atoms
with tropospheric lifetime . = 62 d at room temp and 740 torr (Relative rate method, Falbe-Hansen et al.
2000)
Hydrolysis: k = 6.60 . 109 M–1 s–1 (Buxton et al. 1986)
Biodegradation:
Biotransformation:
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Air: estimated tropospheric chemical lifetimes, . = 5 h, 3 d and > 150 d for reactions with OH, NO3 and O3,
respectively, under typical remote tropospheric conditions (Falbe-Hansen et al. 2000)
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3396 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
TABLE 16.1.8.4.1
Reported vapor pressures of dimethyl sulfoxide at various temperatures and the coefficients for the vapor
pressure equations
log P = A – B/(T/K) (1) ln P = A – B/(T/K) (1a)
log P = A – B/(C + t/°C) (2) ln P = A – B/(C + t/°C) (2a)
log P = A – B/(C + T/K) (3) log P = A – B/(C + T/K) (3a)
log P = A – B/(T/K) – C·log (T/K) (4) ln P = A – B/(T/K) – C·ln(T/K) (4a)
Douglas 1948 Jakli & van Hook 1972
gas saturation mercury manometer
t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa
20 55.6 52.35 460 140.15 22905
25 80.0 56.25 573 148.05 29471
30 113.7 61.45 767 162.15 47036
35 159.3 66.15 993 168.95 56342
40 220.8 74.85 1560 eq. 3 P/mmHg
45 302.6 79.95 2000 A 17.4922
50 409.3 85.65 2653 B 4517.79
90.26 3293 C 47.2583
eq. 4 P/mmHg 96.05 4226
A 29.49558 100.45 5106
B 3539.32 100.55 5133
C 6.0000 104.95 6246
111.95 8359
bp/°C 192 117.95 10452
.HV = 52.89 kJ/mol 127.45 14745
FIGURE 16.1.8.4.1 Logarithm of vapor pressure versus reciprocal temperature for dimethyl sulfoxide.
Dimethyl sulfoxide: vapor pressure vs. 1/T
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
0.002 0.0022 0.0024 0.0026 0.0028 0.003 0.0032 0.0034 0.0036
1/(T/K)
P( gol
S
) aP
/
Douglas 1948
Jakli & van Hook 1972
b.p. = 189 °C m.p. = 17.89 °C
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3397
16.1.8.5 Dimethyl sulfate
Common Name: Dimethyl sulfate
Synonym: sulfuric acid dimethyl ester, DMS
Chemical Name: dimethyl sulfate
CAS Registry No: 77-78-1
Molecular Formula: C2H6O4S, CH3O-SO2-OCH3
Molecular Weight: 126.132
Melting Point (°C):
–27 (Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
188 (decomposes, Lide 2003)
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
1.3322 (Dean 1985)
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
95.0 (20°C, Stephenson & Malanowski 1987)
109.7 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Dissociation Constant pKa:
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 1.0
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C):
28000 (hydrolyzes, Verschueren 1983; Dean 1985)
28000 (18°C, Budavari 1989)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C and reported temperature dependence equations):
< 133 (20°C, Verschueren 1983)
128 (extrapolated, Antoine eq., Stephenson & Malanowski 1987)
log (PL/kPa) = 7.28235 – 2437.54/(T/K), temp range 340–470 K, (Antoine eq., Stephenson & Malanowski 1987)
log (P/mmHg) = 33.9406 – 3.853 . 103/(T/K) – 8.5921·log (T/K) – 1.1705 . 10–10·(T/K) + 8.226 . 10–7·(T/K)2;
temp range 241–758 K (vapor pressure eq., Yaws 1994)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol):
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
Octanol/Air Partition Coefficient, log KOA:
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization:
Photolysis:
Oxidation: atmospheric photooxidation t. = of 36.5–365 h, based on estimated rate constant for the vapor-phase
reaction with OH radical in air (Atkinson 1987; quoted, Howard et al. 1991).
Hydrolysis: first order hydrolysis rate constant k = 1.6 . 10–4 s–1 at pH 7 and 25°C with t. = 1.2 h (Mabey &
Mill 1978; quoted, Howard et al. 1991).
O
S
O
O O
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3398 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
Biodegradation: aqueous aerobic biodegradation t. ~ 168–672 h and aqueous anaerobic biodegradation
t. ~ 672–2688 h (Howard et al. 1991).
Biotransformation:
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Air: t. = 36.5–365 h, based on photooxidation half-life in air from estimated rate constant for the vapor phase
reaction with hydroxyl radical in air (Atkinson 1987; quoted, Howard et al. 1991);
atmospheric transformation lifetime (reaction with liquid water) estimated to be < 1 d (Kelly et al. 1994).
Surface water: t. = 1.2–12 h, based on overall hydrolysis rate constant for pH 7 at 25°C (Mabey & Mill 1978;
quoted, Howard et al. 1991) and for complete hydrolysis in neutral, slightly basic, and acidic aqueous
solutions (Lee et al. 1980; quoted, Howard et al. 1991).
Groundwater: t. = 1.2–12 h, based on overall hydrolysis rate constant for pH 7 at 25°C (Mabey & Mill 1978;
quoted, Howard et al. 1991) and for complete hydrolysis in neutral, slightly basic, and acidic aqueous
solutions (Lee et al. 1980; quoted, Howard et al. 1991).
Sediment:
Soil: t. = 1.2–12 h, based on overall hydrolysis rate constant for pH 7 at 25°C and for complete hydrolysis in
neutral, slightly basic, and acidic aqueous solutions (Howard et al. 1991).
Biota:
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3399
16.1.8.6 Methanethiol
Common Name: Methanethiol
Synonym: methyl mercaptan
Chemical Name: methanethiol
CAS Registry No: 74-93-1
Molecular Formula: CH4S, CH3SH
Molecular Weight: 48.108
Melting Point (°C):
–123 (Weast 1982–83; Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
5.9 (Lide 2003)
Density (g/cm3):
0.8665 (20°C, Weast 1982–83)
Dissociation Constant, pKa:
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
55.3 (20°C, Stephenson & Malanowski 1987)
55.2 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Enthalpy of Vaporization, .HV (kJ/mol):
23.8, 24.57 (25, bp, Zwolinski & Wilhoit 1971)
Enthalpy of Sublimation, .Hsubl (kJ/mol):
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 1.0
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C):
39000 (estimated-activity coefficient by headspace-GC/FID, Przyjazny et al. 1983)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C or as indicated and reported temperature dependence equations. Additional data at other
temperatures designated * are compiled at the end of this section):
101410* (5.977°C, static method-Hg manometer, measured range –51.3 to 5.977°C, Russell et al. 1942)
log (P/mmHg) = 18.27429 – 1769.05/(T/K) – 3.70248 ± log (T/K); temp range 221.88–279.137 K (static method,
Russell, et al. 1942)
101325* (8.7°C, summary of literature data, temp range –90.7 to 7.8°C, Stull 1947)
202117* (extrapolated, summary of literature data, temp range –70.3 to 5.956°C, Zwolinski & Wilhoit
1971)
log (P/mmHg) = 7.03163 – 1015.547/(238.706 + t/°C); temp range –70.3 to 24.694°C (Antoine eq., Zwolinski
& Wilhoit 1971)
202346 (calculated-Antoine eq. of Boublik et al. 1973, Przyjazny et al. 1983)
log (P/kPa) = 6.18991 – 1030.496/(248.330 + t/°C), temp range –51.28 to 5.977°C, (Antoine eq. derived from
Russell et al. 1942 data, Boublik et al. 1984)
log (PL/kPa) = 6.19283 – 1031.216/(–32.916 + T/K), temp range 221–283 K, (Antoine eq.-I, Stephenson &
Malanowski 1987)
log (PL/kPa) = 6.19219 – 1030.918/(–32.845 + T/K), temp range 222–279 K, (Antoine eq.-II, Stephenson &
Malanowski 1987)
log (PL/kPa) = 6.13699 – 1006.199/(–35.529 + T/K), temp range 267–359 K, (Antoine eq.-III, Stephenson &
Malanowski 1987)
log (PL/kPa) = 6.53487 – 1278.361/(5.318 + T/K), temp range 345–424 K, (Antoine eq.-IV, Stephenson &
Malanowski 1987)
H
H
H
SH
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3400 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa m3/mol at 25°C or as indicated):
247 (distilled water, headspace-GC/FID, measured range 25–70°C, data in graph, Przyjazny et al. 1983)
Log (1/KAW) = 1347.1/(T/K) – 3.537; temp range 25–70°C (headspace-GC, Przyjazny et al. 1983)
187 (20°C, selected from literature experimentally measured data, Staudinger & Roberts 1996)
300 (20°C, selected from literature experimentally measured data, Staudinger & Roberts 2001)
log KAW = 3.249 – 1219/(T/K), (van’t Hoff eq. derived from literature data, Staudinger & Roberts 2001)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
Octanol/Air Partition Coefficient, log KOA:
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF or log KB:
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, and Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization:
Photolysis:
Oxidation: rate constant k, for gas-phase second order rate constants, kOH for reaction with OH radical, kNO3
with NO3 radical and kO3 with O3 or as indicated, *data at other temperatures see reference:
kOH* = 3.39 . 10–11 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 at 299.8 K, measured range 300–423 K (flash photolysis-resonance
fluorescence, Atkinson et al. 1977)
kOH* = 3.37 . 10–11 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 at 298 K, measured range 244–366 K (flash photolysis-resonance
fluorescence, Wine et al. 1981)
kOH = 9.7 . 10–11 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 at 297 K (relative rate method, Cox & Sheppard 1980)
kOH = 2.01 . 10–11 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 at 293 K (discharge flow-EPR, Mac Leod et al. 1983)
kOH = 2.56 . 10–11 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 at 296 K (discharge flow-RF, Lee & Tang 1983)
kOH* = (3.04 – 32.5) . 10–11 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 at 298 K, measured range 254–430 K ((flash photolysisresonance
fluorescence, Wine et al. 1984)
kOH* = 3.31 . 10–11 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 at 298 K (recommended, Atkinson 1985)
kNO3 = 9.2 . 10–13 cm3 ± molecule–1 s–1, independent of temperature over the range 250–370 K (IUPAC
recommended, Atkinson et al. 1989)
kNO3 = 9.3 . 10–13 cm3 ± molecule–1 s–1, independent of temperature over the range 254–367 K (Atkinson
1991)
Hydrolysis:
Biodegradation:
Biotransformation:
Bioconcentration and Uptake and Elimination Rate Constants (k1 and k2):
Half-Lives in the Environment:
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3401
TABLE 16.1.8.6.1
Reported vapor pressures of methanethiol at various temperatures and the coefficients for the vapor pressure
equations
log P = A – B/(T/K) (1) ln P = A – B/(T/K) (1a)
log P = A – B/(C + t/°C) (2) ln P = A – B/(C + t/°C) (2a)
log P = A – B/(C + T/K) (3)
log P = A – B/(T/K) – C·log (T/K) (4)
Russell et al. 1942 Stull 1947 Zwolinski & Wilhoit 1971
static-Hg manometer summary of literature data selected values
t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa
–53.28 5484 –90.7 133.3 –70.3 1333 3.869 93326
–23.872 26859 –75.3 666.6 –61.5 2666 4.580 95992
–9.474 53235 –67.5 1333 –55.9 4000 5.275 98659
0.029 79913 –58.8 2666 –51.7 5333 5.956 101325
5.977 101410 –49.2 5333 –48.3 6666 25.0 202117
–43.1 7999 –45.4 7999 eq. 2 P/mmHg
bp/K 279.12 –34.8 13332 –40.7 10666 A 7.03163
–22.1 26664 –36.87 13332 B 1015.547
eq. 4 P/mmHg –7.80 53329 –29.55 19998 C 238.706
A 18.27429 8.70 101325 –24.03 26664 bp/°C 5.956
B 1769.05 –19.54 33331 .HV/(kJ mol–1) =
C 3.70248 mp/°C – –15.73 39997 at 25°C 23.8
–9.44 53329 at bp 24.57
–4.31 66661
0.051 79993
FIGURE 16.1.8.6.1 Logarithm of vapor pressure versus reciprocal temperature for methanethiol.
Methanethiol: vapor pressure vs. 1/T
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
0.003 0.0034 0.0038 0.0042 0.0046 0.005 0.0054
1/(T/K)
P( gol
S
) aP/
Russell et al. 1942
Osborn & Scott 1980
Stull 1947
Zwolinski & Wilhoit 1971
b.p. = 5.9 °C
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3402 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
16.1.8.7 Ethanethiol
Common Name: Ethanethiol
Synonym: ethyl mercaptan, thioethyl alcohol, ethylhydrosulfide
Chemical Name: ethanethiol
CAS Registry No: 75-08-1
Molecular Formula: C2H6S, C2H5SH
Molecular Weight: 62.134
Melting Point (C):
–147.88 (Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
35.0 (Stull 1947; Dreisbach 1961; Weast 1982–83; Boublik et al. 1984; Dean 1985; Lide 2003)
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
0.83914, 0.83316 (20°C, 25°C, Dreisbach 1961)
0.8391 (Weast 1982–83)
0.8315 (25°C, Dean 1985)
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
74.0 (20°C, calculated-density)
77.4 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Dissociation Constant pKa:
Enthalpy of Vaporization, .HV (kJ/mol):
27.30, 26.78 (25°C, bp, Dreisbach 1961)
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 1.0
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C):
15600 (Hine & Mookerjee 1975)
12000 (estimated-activity coefficient by headspace-GC/FID, Przyjazny et al. 1983)
15000 (Verschueren 1983)
6800 (Dean 1985)
6760 (20°C, Budavari 1989)
14800 (selected, Yaws et al. 1990)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C or as indicated and reported temperature dependence equations. Additional data at other
temperatures designated * are compiled at the end of this section):
74630* (interpolated-regression of tabulated data, temp range –76.7 to 35°C, Stull 1947)
70110* (24.933°C, ebulliometric method, measured range 0.405–66.14°C, McCullough et al. 1952)
log (P/mmHg) = 6.95206 – 1084.531/(231.385 + t/°C); temp range 0.405–66.14°C (Antoine eq., ebulliometric
method, McCullough et al. 1952)
70300 (calculated from determined data, Dreisbach 1961)
log (P/mmHg) = 6.95206 – 1084.531/(231.385 + t/°C); temp range –40 to 100°C (Antoine eq. for liquid state,
Dreisbach 1961)
log (P/mmHg) = 6.95205 – 1084.531/(T/K + 231.385) (Antoine eq., Osborn & Douslin 1966)
66660*, 70290 (23.613°C, interpolated-Antoine eq., Zwolinski & Wilhoit 1971)
log (P/mmHg) = 6.95026 – 1084.531/(231.385 + t/°C); temp range –49.2 to 55.83°C (liquid, Antoine eq.,
Zwolinski & Wilhoit 1971)
70320 (calculated-Antoine eq. of Boublik et al. 1973, Przyjazny et al. 1983)
58660 (20°C, Verschueren 1983)
70290 (interpolated-Antoine eq., Boublik et al. 1984)
log (P/kPa) = 6.0768 – 1084.455/(231.374 + t/°C), temp range 0.405–66.115°C (Antoine eq. from reported exptl.
data of McCullough et al. 1952, Boublik et al. 1984)
70300 (calculated-Antoine eq., Dean 1985, 1992)
SH
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3403
log (P/mmHg) = 6.95206 – 1084.531/(231.39 + t/°C); temp range –49 to 56°C (Antoine eq., Dean 1985, 1992)
log (PL/kPa) = 6.07243 – 1081.984/(–42.085 + T/K), temp range 273–340 K (Antoine eq.-I, Stephenson &
Malanowski 1987)
log (PL/kPa) = 6.08253 – 1086.982/(–41.517 + T/K), temp range 273–313 K (Antoine eq.-II, Stephenson &
Malanowski 1987)
log (PL/kPa) = 6.10279 – 1099.374/(–39.807 + T/K), temp range 303–375 K (Antoine eq.-III, Stephenson &
Malanowski 1987)
log (PL/kPa) = 6.42565 – 1328.598/(–6.231 + T/K), temp range 365–448 K (Antoine eq.-IV, Stephenson &
Malanowski 1987)
log (PL/kPa) = 7.84948 – 2874.377/(200.657 + T/K), temp range 442–499 K (Antoine eq.-V, Stephenson &
Malanowski 1987)
log (P/mmHg) = 29.2763 – 2.2725 . 103/(T/K) – 7.7769·log (T/K) – 3.8954 . 10–11·(T/K) + 3.517 . 10–6·(T/K)2;
temp range 125–499 K (vapor pressure eq., Yaws 1994)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol at 25°C or as indicated and reported temperature dependence equations):
278.1 (exptl., Hine & Mookerjee 1975)
298, 366.6 (calculated-group contribution, calculated-bond contribution, Hine & Mookerjee 1975)
451 (20°C, headspace-GC, Vitenberg et al. 1975)
360.3 (distilled water, headspace-GC/FID, measured range 25–70°C, data in graph, Przyjazny et al. 1983)
log (1/KAW) = 1486.1/(T/K) – 4.147; temp range 25–70°C (headspace-GC, Przyjazny et al. 1983)
292.4 (computed-vapor-liquid equilibrium VLE data, Yaws et al. 1991)
278, 96.44 (quoted, calculated-molecular structure, Russell et al. 1992)
292.5 (20°C, selected from literature experimentally measured data, Staudinger & Roberts 1996, 2001)
log KAW = 4.147 – 1486/(T/K) (van’t Hoff eq. derived from literature data, Staudinger & Roberts 2001)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
Octanol/Air Partition Coefficient, log KOA:
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization:
Photolysis:
Oxidation: rate constant k, for gas-phase second order rate constants, kOH for reaction with OH radical, kNO3
with NO3 radical and kO3 with O3 or as indicated, *data at other temperatures and the Arrhenius expression
see reference:
kO(3P)* = 3.0 . 10–12 cm3 ± molecule–1 s–1 for gas-phase reaction with O(3P) atom at 298 K, measured range
257–495 K (Slagle et al. 1978)
kOH = 3.67 . 10–11 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 at 296 K (discharge flow-RF, Lee & Tang 1983)
kOH = 2.70 . 10–11 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 at 293 K (discharge flow-EPR, Mac Leod et al. 1984)
kOH* = 4.26 . 10–11 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 at 298 K, measured range 252–425 K (flash photolysis-resonance
fluorescence, Wine et al. 1984)
kOH* = 4.65 . 10–11 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 at 298 K (recommended, Atkinson 1985)
kOH = 4.65 . 10–11 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 at 300 K (relative rate method, Barnes et al. 1986)
kOH* = 4.68 . 10–11 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 at 298 K (recommended, Atkinson 1989)
kNO3 = (1.21 ± 0.28) . 10–12 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 at 298K (relative rate method, Mac Leod et al. 1986; quoted,
Atkinson 1991)
Hydrolysis:
Biodegradation:
Biotransformation:
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
Half-Lives in the Environment:
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3404 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
TABLE 16.1.8.7.1
Reported vapor pressures of ethanethiol at various temperatures and the coefficients for the vapor pressure
equations
log P = A – B/(T/K) (1) ln P = A – B/(T/K) (1a)
log P = A – B/(C + t/°C) (2) ln P = A – B/(C + t/°C) (2a)
log P = A – B/(C + T/K) (3)
log P = A – B/(T/K) – C·log (T/K) (4)
Stull 1947 McCullough et al. 1952 Zwolinski & Wilhoit 1971
summary of literature data ebulliometry selected values
t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa
–76.7 133.3 0.405 25007 –49.2 1333 eq. 2 P/mmHg
–59.1 666.6 5.236 31160 –39.5 2666 A 6.95206
–50.2 1333 10.111 38547 –33.3 4000 B 1084.531
–40.7 2666 15.017 47359 –28.7 5333 C 231.385
–29.8 5333 19.954 57803 –24.9 6666 bp/°C 35.003
–22.4 7999 24.933 70109 –21.77 7999 .HV/(kJ mol–1) =
–13.0 13332 29.944 84525 –16.58 10666 at 25°C 27.30
1.50 26664 35.000 101325 –12.38 13332 at bp 26.78
17.7 53329 40.092 120798 –4.304 19998
35.0 101325 45.221 142368 1.796 26664
50.390 169052 6.758 33331
mp/°C –121 55.604 198530 10.972 39997
60.838 232087 17.932 53329
66.115 270110 23.613 66661
28.451 79993
Antoine eq. 32.686 93326
eq. 2 P/mmHg 33.475 95992
A 6.95206 34.247 98659
B 1084.531 35.003 101325
C 231.385 25.0 70288
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3405
FIGURE 16.1.8.7.1 Logarithm of vapor pressure versus reciprocal temperature for ethanethiol.
Ethanethiol: vapor pressure vs. 1/T
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
0.0028 0.0032 0.0036 0.004 0.0044 0.0048 0.0052
1/(T/K)
P( gol
S
) aP
/
McCullough et al. 1952
Stull 1947
Zwolinski & Wilhoit 1971
b.p. = 35 °C
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3406 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
16.1.8.8 1-Propanethiol
Common Name: 1-Propanethiol
Synonym: n-propyl mercaptan, 1-mercaptopropane
Chemical Name: 1-propanethiol
CAS Registry No: 107-03-9
Molecular Formula: C3H8S, CH3CH2CH2SH
Molecular Weight: 76.171
Melting Point (°C):
–113.13 (Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
67.8 (Lide 2003)
Density (g/cm3):
0.8411 (20°C, Weast 1982–83)
Dissociation Constant, pKa:
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
99.6 (calculated-density, Stephenson & Malanowski 1987)
Enthalpy of Vaporization, .HV (kJ/mol):
31.88, 29.53 (25°C, bp, Zwolinski & Wilhoit 1971)
Enthalpy of Sublimation, .Hsubl (kJ/mol):
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 1.0
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C):
3800 (estimated-activity coefficient by headspace-GC/FID, Przyjazny et al. 1983)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C or as indicated and reported temperature dependence equations. Additional data at other
temperatures designated * are compiled at the end of this section):
13332* (15.3°C, summary of literature data, temp range –56.0 to 67.4°C, Stull 1947)
19920* (24.275°C, ebulliometry, measured range 24.3–102.088°C, Pennington et al. 1956)
log (P/mmHg) = 6.92846 – 1183.307/(T/K + 224.624); temp range 24.3–102.088°C (Antoine eq., ebulliometry,
Pennington et al. 1956; Osborn & Douslin 1966)
20558* (interpolated-Antoine eq., temp range –25 to 90.73°C, Zwolinski & Wilhoit 1971)
log (P/mmHg) = 6.92846 – 1183.307/(224.624 + t/°C); temp range –25 to 90.73°C (Antoine eq., Zwolinski &
Wilhoit 1971)
20569 (calculated-Antoine eq. of Boublik et al. 1973, Przyjazny et al. 1983)
log (P/kPa) = 6.05331 – 1183.265/(224.618 + t/°C), temp range 24.27–102.088°C (Antoine eq. derived from
Pennington et al. 1956 data, Boublik et al. 1984)
log (PL/kPa) = 6.05019 – 1181.703/(–48.687 + T/K), temp range 296–376 K, (Antoine eq., Stephenson &
Malanowski 1987)
log (P/mmHg) = 6.92846 – 1183.307/(224.62 + t/°C), temp range –25 to 91°C (Antoine eq., Dean 1992)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa m3/mol at 25°C or as indicated):
414 (distilled water, headspace-GC/FID, measured range 25–70°C, data in graph, Przyjazny et al. 1983)
log (1/KAW) = 1552.2/(T/K) – 4.428; temp range 25–70°C (headspace-GC, Przyjazny et al. 1983)
331 (20°C, selected from literature experimentally measured data, Staudinger & Roberts 2001)
log KAW = 4.428 – 1552/(T/K), (van’t Hoff eq. derived from literature data, Staudinger & Roberts 2001)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
1.81 (shake flask, Log P Database, Hansch & Leo 1987)
1.81 (recommended, Sangster 1993)
1.81 (recommended, Hansch et al. 1995)
SH
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3407
Octanol/Air Partition Coefficient, log KOA:
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF or log KB:
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, and Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization:
Photolysis:
Oxidation: rate constant k, for gas-phase second order rate constants, kOH for reaction with OH radical, kNO3
with NO3 radical and kO3 with O3 or as indicated, *data at other temperatures see reference:
kOH* = (4.18–4.56) . 10–11 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 at 298 K, measured range 257–419 K (flash photolysisresonance
fluorescence, Wine et al. 1984)
Hydrolysis:
Biodegradation:
Biotransformation:
Bioconcentration and Uptake and Elimination Rate Constants (k1 and k2):
Half-Lives in the Environment:
TABLE 16.1.8.8.1
Reported vapor pressures of 1-propanethiol at various temperatures and the coefficients for the vapor
pressure equations
log P = A – B/(T/K) (1) ln P = A – B/(T/K) (1a)
log P = A – B/(C + t/°C) (2) ln P = A – B/(C + t/°C) (2a)
log P = A – B/(C + T/K) (3)
log P = A – B/(T/K) – C·log (T/K) (4)
Stull 1947 Pennington et al. 1956 Zwolinski & Wilhoit 1971
summary of literature data ebulliometry selected values
t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa
–56.0 133.3 24.275 18820 –25.0 1333
–36.3 666.6 29.563 25007 –14.3 2666
–26.3 1333 34.891 31160 –7.60 4000
–15.4 2666 40.254 38547 –2.50 5333
–3.20 5333 45.663 47359 1.65 6666
4.60 7999 51.113 57803 5.13 7999
15.3 13332 56.605 70109 10.84 10666
31.5 26664 62.139 84525 15.47 13332
49.2 53329 67.719 101325 24.369 19998
67.4 101325 73.341 120798 31.092 26664
79.004 143268 36.562 33331
mp/°C –112 84.710 169052 41.208 39997
90.464 198543 48.884 53329
96.225 232087 55.151 66661
102.088 270110 60.489 79993
65.163 93326
bp/°C 67.72 66.034 95992
Antoine eq. 66.886 98659
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3408 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
TABLE 16.1.8.8.1 (Continued)
Stull 1947 Pennington et al. 1956 Zwolinski & Wilhoit 1971
summary of literature data ebulliometry selected values
t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa
eq. 2 P/mmHg 67.720 101325
A 6.92846 25.0 20558
B 1183.307
C 224.824 eq. 2 P/mmHg
A 6.92846
data also fitted to Cox eq. B 1193.307
C 224.624
bp/°C 67.72
.HV/(kJ mol–1) =
at 25°C 31.88
at bp 29.53
FIGURE 16.1.8.8.1 Logarithm of vapor pressure versus reciprocal temperature for 1-propanethiol.
1-Propanethiol: vapor pressure vs. 1/T
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
0.0026 0.003 0.0034 0.0038 0.0042 0.0046
1/(T/K)
P( gol
S
) aP/
Pennington et al. 1956
Stull 1947
Zwolinski & Wilhoit 1971
b.p. = 76.8 °C
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3409
16.1.8.9 1-Butanethiol (Butyl mercaptan)
Common Name: 1-Butanethiol
Synonym: butyl mercaptan, n-butyl mercaptan
Chemical Name: 1-butanethiol
CAS Registry No: 109-79-5
Molecular Formula: C4H10S, CH3(CH2)3SH
Molecular Weight: 90.187
Melting Point (°C):
–115.7 (Weast 1982–83; Riddick et al. 1986; Stephenson & Malanowski 1987; Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
98.5 (Lide 2003)
Density (g/cm3 at 25°C):
0.8337 (20°C, Weast 1982–83)
0.84159, 0.83674 (20°C, 25°C, Riddick et al. 1986)
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
107.8 (calculated-density, Stephenson & Malanowski 1987)
121.8 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Dissociation Constant pKa:
Enthalpy of Vaporization, .HV (kJ/mol):
36.53, 32.225 (25°C, bp, Riddick et al. 1986)
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
10.46 (Riddick et al. 1986)
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 1.0
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C):
597 (Riddick et al. 1986)
600 (selected, Yaws et al. 1990)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C and reported temperature dependence equations. Additional data at other temperatures
designated * are compiled at the end of this section):
19920* (51.409°C, ebulliometry, measured range 51.4–135.7°C, Scott et al. 1957)
log (P/mmHg) = 6.92754 – 1281.018/(T/K + 218.100) (Antoine eq., Osborn & Douslin 1966)
5330*, 6070 (22.4°C, interpolated-Antoine eq., Zwolinski & Wilhoit 1971)
log (P/mmHg) = 6.92754 – 1281.018/(218.10 + t/°C); temp range –2.0 to 123.37°C (liquid, Antoine eq.,
Zwolinski & Wilhoit 1971)
log (P/kPa) = 6.05296 – 1281.344/(218.139 + t/°C), temp range 51.409–135.7°C (Antoine eq. derived from Scott
et al. 1957 data, Boublik et al. 1984)
6070 (Riddick et al. 1986)
log (P/kPa) = 6.05244 – 1281.018/(218.10 + t/°C), temp range not specified (Antoine eq., Riddick et al. 1986)
log (PL/kPa) = 6.05011 – 1279.95/(–55.132 + T/K), temp range 323–409 K (Antoine eq., Stephenson &
Malanowski 1987)
log (P/mmHg) = 6.92754 – 1281.018/(218.10 + t/°C), temp range –2 to 123°C (Antoine eq., Dean 1992)
log (P/mmHg) = 36.2672 – 3.0452 . 103/(T/K) –9.9743·log (T/K) – 9.1432 . 10–11·(T/K) + 3.2087 . 10–6·(T/K)2;
temp range 157–569 K (vapor pressure eq., Yaws 1994)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa m3/mol at 25°C or as indicated and reported temperature dependence equations):
460.7 (distilled water, headspace-GC/FID, measured range 25–70°C, data in graph, Przyjazny et al. 1983)
log (1/KAW) = 1655.9/(T/K) – 4.823; temp range 25–70°C (headspace-GC, Przyjazny et al. 1983)
911.4 (computed-vapor-liquid equilibrium VLE data, Yaws et al. 1991)
363 (20°C, selected from literature experimentally measured data, Staudinger & Roberts 1996, 2001)
log KAW = 4.823 – 1656/(T/K) (van’t Hoff eq. derived from literature data, Staudinger & Roberts 2001)
SH
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3410 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
2.28 (shake flask, Log P Database, Hansch & Leo 1987)
2.28 (recommended, Sangster 1989)
2.28 (recommended, Hansch et al. 1995)
Octanol/Air Partition Coefficient, log KOA:
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization:
Photolysis:
Oxidation: rate constant k, for gas-phase second order rate constants, kOH for reaction with OH radical, kNO3
with NO3 radical and kO3 with O3 or as indicated, *data at other temperatures see reference:
kOH = 4.21 . 10–11 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 and kOH = 4.55 . 10–11 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 at 298 K (flash photolysisresonance
fluorescence, Wine et al. 1984)
kOH = 5.82 . 10–11 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 at 300 K (relative rate method, Barnes et al. 1986)
kOH = 5.11 . 10–11 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 at 298 K (recommended, Atkinson 1989)
Hydrolysis:
Biodegradation:
Biotransformation:
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
Half-Lives in the Environment:
TABLE 16.1.8.9.1
Reported vapor pressures of 1-butanethiol at various temperatures and the coefficients for the vapor
pressure equations
log P = A – B/(T/K) (1) ln P = A – B/(T/K) (1a)
log P = A – B/(C + t/°C) (2) ln P = A – B/(C + t/°C) (2a)
log P = A – B/(C + T/K) (3)
log P = A – B/(T/K) – C·log (T/K) (4)
Scott et al. 1957 Zwolinski & Wilhoit 1971
ebulliometry selected values
t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa
51.409 19920 –2.0 1333 95.687 93326
57.130 25007 9.60 2666 96.630 95992
62.897 31169 16.9 4000 97.553 98659
68.710 38547 22.4 5333 98.456 101325
74.567 47359 26.9 6666 25.0 7399
80.472 57803 30.67 7999 eq. 2 P/mmHg
86.418 70109 36.86 10666 A 6.92854
92.414 84525 41.87 13332 B 1281.018
98.454 101325 51.506 19998 C 218.100
104.544 120798 58.786 26664 bp/°C 98.456
110.682 143268 64.170 33331 .HV/(kJ mol–1) =
116.863 169052 69.742 39997 at 25°C 36.53
123.088 198530 78.056 53329 at bp 32.23
129.362 232087 84.844 66661
135.678 170110 90.625 79993
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3411
FIGURE 16.1.8.9.1 Logarithm of vapor pressure versus reciprocal temperature for 1-butanethiol.
1-Butanethiol: vapor pressure vs. 1/T
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
0.0024 0.0026 0.0028 0.003 0.0032 0.0034 0.0036 0.0038 0.004
1/(T/K)
P
( gol
S
) aP/
Scott et al. 1957
Zwolinski & Wilhoit 1971
b.p. = 98.5 °C
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3412 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
16.1.8.10 Benzenethiol
Common Name: Benzenethiol
Synonym: thiophenol, phenyl mercaptan, mercaptobenzene
Chemical Name: benzenethiol
CAS Registry No: 108-98-5
Molecular Formula: C6H6S, C6H5SH
Molecular Weight: 110.177
Melting Point (°C):
–14.93 (Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
169.1 (Lide 2003)
Density (g/cm3):
1.0766 (20°C, Weast 1982–83)
Dissociation Constant, pKa:
6.615 (Riddick et al. 1986)
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
102.7 (calculated-density, Stephenson & Malanowski 1987)
106.8 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Enthalpy of Vaporization, .HV (kJ/mol):
45.35, 36.97 (25°C, bp, Riddick et al 1986)
Enthalpy of Sublimation, .Hsubl (kJ/mol):
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
11.45 (calorimetry at triple pt 258.27 K, Scott et al. 1956)
11.447 (Riddcik et al. 1986)
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 1.0
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C):
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C or as indicated and reported temperature dependence equations. Additional data at other
temperatures designated * are compiled at the end of this section):
133* (18.6°C, summary of literature data, temp range 18.6–168°C, Stull 1947)
1333* (51.5°C, ebulliometry, measured range 51.5–167.0°C, Vonterres et al. 1955)
19920* (114.543°C, ebulliometry, measured range 114.543–7212.160°C, Scott et al. 1956)
log (P/mmHg) = 6.99019 – 1529.454/(230.048 + t/°C); temp range 114.5–212°C (comparative ebulliometry, data
fitted to Antoine eq., Scott et al. 1956)
log (P/mmHg) = A ± [1 – 442.298/(T/K)], where log A = 0.87370 – 6.4975 . 10–4 ± (T/K) + 5.2309 . 10–7 ±
(T/K)2; measured range 114.5–212°C (data fitted to Cox eq., comparative ebulliometry, Scott et al. 1956)
1333* (52.28°C, derived from compiled data, temp range 52.3–198°C, Zwolinski & Wilhoit 1971)
log (P/mmHg) = 6.99019 – 1529.454/(230.048 + t/°C); temp range 52.3–198°C (Antoine eq., Zwolinski &
Wilhoit 1971)
log (P/kPa) = 6.11539 – 1529.668/(203.074 + t/°C), temp range 114.54–212.16°C (Antoine eq. derived from
Scott et al. 1956 data, Boublik et al. 1984)
397 (selected, Riddick et al. 1986)
log (P/kPa) = 6.11509 – 1529.46/(t/°C + 258.21); temp range not specified (Antoine eq., Riddick et al. 1986)
log (PL/kPa) = 6.11531 – 1530.286/(–69.948 + T/K); temp range 385–486 K (Antoine eq., Stephenson &
Malanowski 1987)
log (P/mmHg) = –5.4919 – 2.8549 . 103/(T/K) + 8.1770·log (T/K) – 1.9494 . 10–2·(T/K) + 9.2817 . 10–6·(T/K)2;
temp range 258–69 K (vapor pressure eq., Yaws et al. 1994)
SH
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3413
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa m3/mol at 25°C):
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
2.52 (shake flask, Log P Database, Hansch & Leo 1987)
2.52 (recommended, Sangster 1989)
2.52 (recommended, Hansch et al. 1995)
Octanol/Air Partition Coefficient, log KOA:
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF or log KB:
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, and Half-Lives, t.:
Half-Lives in the Environment:
TABLE 16.1.8.10.1
Reported vapor pressures of benzenethiol at various temperatures and the coefficients for the vapor
pressure equations
log P = A – B/(T/K) (1) ln P = A – B/(T/K) (1a)
log P = A – B/(C + t/°C) (2) ln P = A – B/(C + t/°C) (2a)
log P = A – B/(C + T/K) (3)
log P = A – B/(T/K) – C·log (T/K) (4)
Stull 1947 Vonterres et al. 1955 Scott et al. 1956 Zwolinski & Wilhoit 1971
summary of literature data ebulliometry comparative ebulliometry selected values
t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa
18.6 133.3 51.5 1333 114.543 19920 52.28 1333
43.7 666.6 71.5 5333 121.191 25007 65.79 2666
56.0 1333 87.8 6666 127.897 31160 74.38 4000
69.7 2666 97.4 9999 134.649 38547 80.81 5333
84.2 5333 105.5 13332 141.447 47359 86.01 6666
93.9 7999 116.3 19998 148.294 57803 90.40 7999
106.6 13332 124.5 26664 155.194 70109 97.61 10666
125.8 26664 131.3 33330 162.140 84525 103.444 13332
146.7 53329 136.5 39997 176.188 120789 114.655 19998
168.0 101325 141.5 46663 183.278 143268 123.120 26664
146.0 53329 190.426 169052 130.003 33331
mp/°C - 149.7 59995 197.623 198530 135.847 39997
153.0 66661 204.867 232087 145.496 53329
156.0 73327 212.160 270110 153.367 66661
159.0 79993 160.067 79993
162.0 86659 mp/K 258.27 165.932 93326
165.0 93325 .Hfus/(kJ mol–1) = 11.447 167.024 95992
167.0 101325 bp/K 416.9 168.092 98659
169.138 101325
(Continued)
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3414 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
TABLE 16.1.8.10.1 (Continued)
Stull 1947 Vonterres et al. 1955 Scott et al. 1956 Zwolinski & Wilhoit 1971
summary of literature data ebulliometry comparative ebulliometry selected values
t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa
eq. 2 P/mmHg 169.653 102658
A 6.99019 170.163 103991
B 1529.454 171.167 106658
C 203.048
temp range 114–212°C eq. 2 P/mmHg
A 6.99019
B 1529.454
C 203.048
bp/°C
.HV/(kJ mol–1) = 40.6
at normal bp
FIGURE 16.1.8.10.1 Logarithm of vapor pressure versus reciprocal temperature for benzenethiol.
Benzenethiol: vapor pressure vs. 1/T
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
0.0018 0.0022 0.0026 0.003 0.0034 0.0038 0.0042 0.0046
1/(T/K)
P
( gol
S
) aP/
Vonterres et al. 1955
Scott et al. 1956
Stull 1947
Zwolinski & Wilhoit 1971
b.p. = 169.1 °C m.p. = -14.93 °C
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3415
16.1.8.11 Thiophene
Common Name: Thiophene
Synonym: thiofuran
Chemical Name: thiophene, thiofuran
CAS Registry No: 110-02-1
Molecular Formula: C4H4S
Molecular Weight: 84.140
Melting Point (°C):
–38.21 (Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
84.0 (Lide 2003)
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
1.06485, 1.05887 (20°C, 25°C, Dreisbach 1955)
1.0649 (Weast 1982–83)
1.06482, 1.05884 (20°C, 25°C, Riddick et al. 1986)
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
79.0 (20°C, calculated from density)
88.10 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Dissociation Constant pKa:
Enthalpy of Vaporization, .HV (kJ/mol):
34.6, 31.472 (25°C, bp, Riddick et al. 1986)
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
5.088 (Riddick et al. 1986)
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 1.0
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C):
3015 (shake flask-GC, Price 1976)
3900 (estimated-activity coefficient by headspace-GC, Przyjazny et al. 1983)
3600 (18°C, Verschueren 1983)
3020 (selected, Yaws et al. 1990)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C or as indicated and reported temperature dependence equations. Additional data at other
temperatures designated * are compiled at the end of this section):
9670* (interpolated-regression of tabulated data, temp range –40.7 to 81.4°C, Stull 1947)
7998 (20.1°C, Stull 1947)
10622* (ebulliometry and manometry, measured range 0–84.155°C, Waddington et al. 1949)
10620 (calculated from determined data, Dreisbach 1955)
log (P/mmHg) = 6.95926 – 1246.038/(221.354 + t/°C), temp range 5–155°C (Antoine eq. for liquid state,
Dreisbach 1955)
482307* (148.89°C, static-Bourdon gauge, measured range 148.89–304.44°C, Kobe et al. 1956)
44930* (60.3 °C, isoteniscope/manometry, measured range 60.3–100.3 °C, Eon et al. 1971)
10670, 10660* (25.09°C, interpolated-Antoine eq., Zwolinski & Wilhoit 1971)
log (P/mmHg) = 6.95926 – 1246.01/(221.35 + t/°C); temp range –12.3 to 108.1°C (Antoine eq., Zwolinski &
Wilhoit 1971)
log (P/mmHg) = [–0.2185 . 8748.3/(T/K)] + 8.273276; temp range –40.7 to 84.4°C (Antoine eq., Weast
1972–73)
2450 (calculated-Cox eq., Chao et al. 1983)
log (P/atm) = [1 – 394.395/(T/K)] . 10^{0.901276 – 10.3229 . 10–4 ± (T/K) + 21.9193 . 10–7 ± (T/K)2}; temp
range: 278.35–443.60 K (Cox eq., Chao et al. 1983)
S
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3416 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
7998, 13330 (20°C, 30°C, quoted, Verschueren 1983)
10622, 10620 (quoted exptl., calculated-Antoine eq., Boublik et al. 1984)
log (P/kPa) = 6.1336 – 1260.606/(222.787 + t/°C), temp range 0–40°C (Antoine eq. from reported exptl. data,
Boublik et al. 1984)
log (P/kPa) = 6.0723 – 1138.803/(220.477 + t/°C), temp range 39.9–119.79°C (Antoine eq. from reported exptl.
data, Boublik et al. 1984)
10620 (calculated-Antoine eq., Dean 1985, 1992)
log (P/mmHg) = 6.95926 – 1246.02/(221.35 + t/°C), temp range –12 to 108°C (Antoine eq., Dean l985, 1992)
10620 (selected, Riddick et al. 1986)
log (P/kPa) = 6.08416 – 1246.02/(221.35 + t/°C), temp range not specified (Antoine eq., Riddick et al. 1986)
10600 (extrapolated-Antoine eq., Stephenson & Malanowski 1987)
log (PS/kPa) = 9.84733 – 2447.236/(T/K), temp range 195–228 K (solid, Antoine eq.-I, Stephenson &
Malanowski 1987)
log (PL/kPa) = 6.06132 – 1232.35/(–53.438 + T/K), temp range 311–393 K (liquid, Antoine eq.-II, Stephenson &
Malanowski 1987)
log (P/mmHg) = 36.6016 – 2.9794 . 103/(T/K) – 10.104·log (T/K) + 1.1445 . 10–9·(T/K) + 3.2472 . 10–6·(T/K)2;
temp range 235–579 K (vapor pressure eq., Yaws et al. 1994)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol at 25°C or as indicated and reported temperature dependence equations):
224, 236, 230 (headspace-GC, concn. of 10, 1.0 and 0.1 ppm by weight, measured range 25–70°C, data presented
in graph, Przyjazny et al. 1983)
log (1/KAW) = 1563.6/(T/K) – 4.199; temp range 25–70°C (headspace-GC, concn of 10 ppm by weight, Przyjazny
et al. 1983)
log (1/KAW) = 1580.0/(T/K) – 4.277; temp range 25–70°C (headspace-GC, concn of 1.0 ppm by weight, Przyjazny
et al. 1983)
log (1/KAW) = 1661.9/(T/K) – 4.542; temp range 25–70°C (headspace-GC, concn of 0.1 ppm by weight, Przyjazny
et al. 1983)
223.3 (calculated-P/C with selected values)
296 (computed-vapor-liquid equllibrium VLE data, Yaws et al. 1991)
182 (20°C, selected from literature experimentally measured data, Staudinger & Roberts 1996, 2001)
log KAW = 4.542 – 1662/(T/K), (van’t Hoff eq. derived from literature data, Staudinger & Roberts 2001)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
1.81 ± 0.01 (shake flask-UV, Iwasa et al. 1965)
1.79 (calculated-f const., Rekker 1977)
1.74 (HPLC-RV correlation, Garst 1984)
1.82 (shake flask, Log P Database, Hansch & Leo 1987)
1.81 (recommended, Sangster 1989, 1993)
1.82 (shake flask-UV, Yamagami & Takao 1992)
1.81 (recommended, Hansch et al. 1995)
Octanol/Air Partition Coefficient, log KOA:
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization:
Photolysis:
Oxidation: rate constant k, for gas-phase second order rate constants, kOH for reaction with OH radical, kNO3
with NO3 radical and kO3 with O3 or as indicated, *data at other temperatures and the Arrhenius expression
see reference:
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3417
kOH = (9.58 ± 0.38) . 10–12 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 with calculated atmospheric lifetime . ~ 28 h; and
kO3 < 6 . 10–20 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 at 298 ± 2 K and kO(3P) = 4.9 . 10–12 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 for reaction
with O(3P) atom at room temp. (relative rate method, Atkinson et al 1983)
kO3 < 6 . 10–20 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 with a loss rate of < 0.004 d–1, kOH = 9.6 . 10–12 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 with
a loss rate of 0.8 d–1; kNO3 = 3.2 . 10–14 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 with a loss rate of 0.7 d–1 at room temp.
(review, Atkinson & Carter 1984)
kOH* = (9.37, 9.57) . 10–12 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 at 298 K, measured range 255–425 K (flash photolysisresonance
fluorescence, Wine & Thompson 1984)
kOH = 9.49 . 10–12 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 at 298 K (recommended, Atkinson 1985)
kO3 < 6 . 10–20 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 with a loss rate of < 0.004 d–1, kOH = 9.70 . 10–12 cm3 ± molecule–1 s–1
with a loss rate of 0.4 d–1, and kNO3 = 3.2 . 10–14 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 with a loss rate of 0.7 d–1 at room
temp. (review, Atkinson 1985)
kNO3 = (3.2 ± 0.7) . 10–14 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 with a calculated lifetime of 36 h and a loss rate of 0.7 d–1
assuming 2.4 . 108 NO3 radicals/cm3 in nighttime air at 295 ± 1 K in the atmosphere (relative rate
technique, Atkinson et al. 1985)
kO3 < 6 . 10–20 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 with a calculated tropospheric lifetime . > 270 d, kOH = 9.70 . 10–12 cm3
molecule–1 s–1 with a calculated lifetime of 29 h during daytime hours, and kNO3 = 3.2 . 10–14 cm3
molecule–1 s–1 with a calculated lifetime of 36 h at room temp. (review, Atkinson 1985)
kOH* = 9.53 . 10–12 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 at 298 K (recommended, Atkinson 1989)
kNO3 = 3.93 . 10–14 cm3 molecule–1 s–1, independent of temperature over the range 272–296 K (recommended,
Atkinson 1991)
kOH(calc) = 14.81 . 10–12 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 at room temp. (molecular orbital calculations, (Klamt 1993)
Hydrolysis:
Biodegradation:
Biotransformation:
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Air: atmospheric lifetime of ~28 h due to reactions with OH radical (Atkinson et al. 1983);
calculated gas-phase lifetime of 29 h for the reaction with OH radical during daytime hours, calculated
lifetime of 36 h for reaction with NO3 radical and a calculated lifetime > 270 d for reaction with O3 at
room temp. (Atkinson et al. 1985)
TABLE 16.1.8.11.1
Reported vapor pressures of thiophene at various temperatures and the coefficients for the vapor pressure
equations
log P = A – B/(T/K) (1) ln P = A – B/(T/K) (1a)
log P = A – B/(C + t/°C) (2) ln P = A – B/(C + t/°C) (2a)
log P = A – B/(C + T/K) (3)
log P = A – B/(T/K) – C·log (T/K) (4)
Stull 1947 Waddington et al. 1949 Kobe et al. 1956 Zwolinski & Wilhoit 1971
summary of literature data manometry and ebulliometry static-Bourdon gauge selected values
t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa
static method
–40.7 133 0 2858 148.89 482307 –12.3 1333
–20.8 666.6 15 6497 154.44 585659 –1.10 2666
–10.9 1333 20 8355 160.00 620109 5.94 4000
0.0 2666 25 10627 165.56 730351 11.24 5333
12.5 5333 30 13398 171.11 813032 15.52 6666
20.1 7999 35 16733 176.67 895713 19.14 7999
(Continued)
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3418 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
TABLE 16.1.8.11.1 (Continued)
Stull 1947 Waddington et al. 1949 Kobe et al. 1956 Zwolinski & Wilhoit 1971
summary of literature data manometry and ebulliometry static-Bourdon gauge selected values
t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa
30.5 13332 40 20736 182.22 992174 25.09 10666
46.5 26664 ebulliometric method 187.78 1088636 29.90 13332
64.7 53329 39.061 19920 193.33 1198877 39.15 19998
81.4 101325 44.560 25007 198.89 1316009 46.14 26664
50.094 31160 204.44 1440031 51.82 33331
mp/°C –38.3 55.663 38547 210.00 1584723 56.65 39997
61.276 47359 215.56 1722525 64.62 53329
66.931 57903 221.11 1874107 71.12 66661
Eon et al. 1971 72.629 70109 226.67 2039470 76.66 79993
isoteniscope-manometer 78.370 84525 232.22 2211722 81.51 93326
t/°C P/Pa 84.155 101325 237.78 2397755 82.41 95992
243.33 2590678 83.30 98659
60.3 44930 mp/°C –38.1 248.89 2797381 84.16 101325
70.3 64795 bp/°C 84.16 254.44 3010974
80.3 91459 260.00 3238347 bp/°C 84.16
90.3 126790 eq. 2 P/mmHg 265.56 3472610
100.3 172519 A 6.95926 271.11 3727544 eq. 2 P/mmHg
B 1246.038 276.67 3996258 A 6.95926
.HV/(kJ mol–1) =34.77 C 221.354 282.22 4251192 B 1246.02
287.78 4540576 C 221.35
.HV/(kJ mol–1) = 293.33 4836850
at 45.36°C 33.61 298.89 5146905 .HV/(kJ mol–1) =
at 63.08°C 32.67 304.44 5463849 at 25°C 34.60
at bp 31.47 at bp 31.47
FIGURE 16.1.8.11.1 Logarithm of vapor pressure versus reciprocal temperature for thiophene.
Thiophene: vapor pressure vs. 1/T
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
0.0016 0.002 0.0024 0.0028 0.0032 0.0036 0.004 0.0044
1/(T/K)
P( gol
S
) aP/
Waddington et al. 1949
Kobe et al. 1956
Eon et al. 1971
Stull 1947
Zwolinski & Wilhoit 1971
m.p. = -38.21 °C b.p. = 84 °C
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Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3419
16.1.8.12 Benzo[b]thiophene
Common Name: Benzo[b]thiophene
Synonym: thianaphthene, thionaphthene, 1-benzothiophene
Chemical Name:
CAS Registry No: 95-15-8
Molecular Formula: C8H6S
Molecular Weight: 134.199
Melting Point (°C):
32 (Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
221 (Lide 2003)
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
1.1500 (Verschueren 1983)
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
139.7 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 0.854 (mp at 32°C)
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C or as indicated):
130.0 (20°C, shake flask, Smith et al. 1978)
130.2 (Mill et al. 1981)
216* (59.05°C, equilibrium cell-GC, measured range 332.2–490.5 K, Leet et al. 1987)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C or as indicated):
26.7 (20°C, estimated from naphthalene, Smith et al. 1978)
14.80 (calculated-bp, Mackay et al. 1982)
log (P/mmHg) = –9.5352 – 2.6947 . 103/(T/K) + 8.8858·log (T/K) – 1.5478 . 10–2·(T/K) + 6.5159 . 10–6·(T/K)2;
temp range 305–754 K (vapor pressure eq., Yaws 1994)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol at 25°C):
28.0 (calculated-P/C, Smith & Bomberger 1980)
24.1 (calculated-P/C, this work)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
3.09 (shake flask-UV, pH 7.4, Rogers & Cammarata 1969)
3.05 (HPLC-RT correlation, De Voogt et al. 1988)
3.12 (recommended, Sangster 1989, 1993)
3.26 (shake flask-HPLC, De Voogt et al. 1990)
3.18 (HPLC-RT correlation, Ritter et al. 1994)
3.17 (shake flask-dialysis tubing-HPLC/UV, both phases, Andersson & Schrader 1999)
Octanol/Air Partition Coefficient, log KOA:
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
2.08 (mixed microbial populations, Steen & Karickhoff 1981)
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
1.77 (Coyote Creek sediment, Smith et al. 1978)
2.30 (lab. mixture of microorganisms, Smith et al. 1978)
3.49, 3.0 (soil, quoted, calculated-MCI . and fragment contribution, Meylan et al. 1992)
S
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3420 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization: estimated t. = 45 h in river, t. = 230 h in eutrophic pond, t. = 180 hours in eutrophic lake and
oligotrophic lake by the one compartment model (Smith et al. 1978).
Photolysis: rate constant of transformation and transport of (6.9 ± 0.7) . 10–7 s–1 exposed to 12 h sunlight per
day in late May with estimated t. = 1200 h in river, t. = 2900 h in eutrophic pond, t. = 3500 h in eutrophic
lake and t. = 600 h in oligotrophic lake by the one compartment model (Smith et al. 1978).
Oxidation:
laboratory investigated k = 83 M–1 s–1 for the reaction with RO2 radical and estimated t. = 105 h in river,
eutrophic pond, eutrophic lake and oligotrophic lake by the one compartment model (Smith et al. 1978)
k = 5.7 . 10–6 s–1 with t. = 34 h under natural sunlight conditions, k = 83 M–1 s–1 with t. = 96 d for freeradical
oxidation in air-saturated water (NRCC 1983)
Hydrolysis:
Biodegradation: estimated t. > 20 h in river, t. < 20 h in eutrophic pond, t. = 20 h in eutrophic lake and very
long half-life in oligotrophic lake, based on the biodegradation rate in the presence of alternative carbon
sources will be one-half the biodegradation rate of quinoline when quinoline is the only carbon source by
the one compartment model (Smith et al. 1978).
Biotransformation:
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Surface water: estimated volatilization t. = 45 h in river, t. = 230 h in eutrophic pond, t. = 180 h in eutrophic
lake and oligotrophic lake by the one compartment model (Smith et al. 1978);
photolysis rate constant of transformation and transport of (6.9 ± 0.7) . 10–7 s–1 exposed to 12 h sunlight
per day in late May with estimated photolysis t. = 1200 h in river, t. = 2900 h in eutrophic pond,
t. = 3500 h in eutrophic lake and t. = 600 h in oligotrophic lake by the one compartment model (Smith
et al. 1978).
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Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3421
16.1.8.13 Dibenzothiophene
Common Name: Dibenzothiophene
Synonym:
Chemical Name: dibenzothiophene
CAS Registry No: 132-65-0
Molecular Formula: C12H8S
Molecular Weight: 184.257
Melting Point (°C):
98.2 (Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
332.5 (Lide 2003)
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
191.3 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 0.191 (mp at 98.2°C)
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C or as indicated):
1.11 ± 0.09 (28°C, measured, Smith et al. 1978)
1.470 (24°C, shake flask-LSC, Means et al. 1980)
1.106 (Mill et al. 1981)
1.500 (Steen & Karickhoff 1981)
1.032 (literature average, Pearlman et al. 1984)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C or as indicated and reported temperature dependence equations):
0.267 (20°C, estimated, Aubry et al. 1975)
log (P/mmHg) = 22.90 – 10910/(T/K), temp range 60–00°C (solid, gas saturation, Edward & Prausnitz 1981)
log (P/mmHg) = 21.10 – 8353/(T/K), temp range 100–130°C (liquid, gas saturation, Edward & Prausnitz 1981)
0.263, 0.0083 (20°C, quoted, calculated-bp, Mackay et al. 1982)
0.893 (static apparatus-extrapolated from Chebyshev polynomials, Sivaraman & Kobayashi 1982)
0.586 (extrapolated-Cox eq., Chao et al. 1983)
log (P/atm) = [1– 605.160/(T/K)] . 10^{0.865373 – 5.51221 . 10–4 ± (T/K) + 6.05701 . 10–7 ± (T/K)2}; temp
range: 424.81–607.53 K (Cox eq., Chao et al. 1983)
log (PL/kPa) = 7.18577 – 3140.15/(T/K), temp range 385–574 K (Antoine eq., Stephenson & Malanowski 1987)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol at 25°C):
44.3 (calculated-P/C, Smith & Bomberger 1980)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
4.38 (shake flask-LSC, Means et al. 1980)
4.33 (HPLC-RT correlation, De Voogt et al. 1988)
4.38 (recommended, Sangster 1989, 1993)
4.49 (shake flask-HPLC, De Voogt et al. 1990)
4.38 (recommended, Hansch et al. 1995)
4.41 ± 0.19, 4.43 ± 0.61 (HPLC-k. correlation: ODS-65 column, Diol-35 column, Helweg et al. 1997)
4.36 (shake flask-dialysis tubing-HPLC/UV, both phases, Andersson & Schrader 1999)
Octanol/Air Partition Coefficient, log KOA:
S
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3422 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
3.20 (mixed microbial populations, Steen & Karickhoff 1981)
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
3.14 (Coyote Creek sediment, Smith et al. 1978)
4.05 (soil, Hassett et al. 1980)
4.05 (average of 3 sediment/soil samples, equilibrium sorption isotherm, Means et al. 1980)
4.00 (soil, calculated-MCI ., Sabljic 1987)
4.00 (soil, calculated-MCI ., Sabljic 1987)
4.17 (soil, calculated-KOW, model of Karickhoff et al. 1979, Sabljic 1987)
3.75 (soil, calculated-KOW, model of Kenaga & Goring 1980, Sabljic 1987)
2.92 (soil, calculated-KOW, model of Briggs 1981, Sabljic 1987)
4.00 (soil, calculated-KOW, model of Means et al. 1982, Sabljic 1987)
3.60 (soil, calculated-KOW, model of Chiou et al. 1983, Sabljic 1987)
4.59 (humic acid, HPLC-k. correlation, Nielsen et al. 1997)
3.87 (soil: organic carbon OC . 0.1%, average, Delle Site 2001)
4.02, 4.04 (sediments: organic carbon OC . 0.1%, OC . 0.5%, average, Delle Site 2001)
4.07 (Askov soil, a Danish agricultural soil, Sverdrup et al. 2002)
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization: estimated t. = 140 h in river, t. = 720 h in eutrophic pond, t. = 580 h in eutrophic lake and
oligotrophic lake by the one compartment model (Smith et al. 1978).
Photolysis: solar photolysis k = 1.5 . 10–8 s–1 over 24-h day; rate constant of transformation and transport of
(2.04 ± 0.08) . 10–6 s–1 exposed to 12 h sunlight per day in early March with estimated t. = 380 h in river,
t. = 950 h in eutrophic pond and eutrophic lake and t. = 190 h in oligotrophic lake from average photolysis
rates on a summer day at 40°N latitude by the one compartment model (Smith et al. 1978); t. = 4–8 h for
disappearance via direct photolysis in aquatic media (Harris 1982).
Oxidation: laboratory investigated k < 7.5 M–1 s–1 for the reaction with RO2 radical and estimated t. > 105 h in
river, eutrophic pond, eutrophic lake and oligotrophic lake by the one compartment model (Smith et al. 1978).
k = 1.5 . 10–6 s–1 with t. = 128 h under natural sunlight conditions, k < 7.5 M–1 s–1 with t. > 3.5 yr for
free-radical oxidation in air-saturated water (NRCC 1983)
Hydrolysis:
Biodegradation: k = 5.3 . 10–7 mL cell–1 h–1 and the estimated t. = 13 h in river, eutrophic pond, and eutrophic
lake and t. > 104 h in oligotrophic lake by the one compartment model (Smith et al. 1978)
Biotransformation:
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Surface water: t. = 0.5 h from river water, t. = 13 h from pond water, t. = 13 h from eutrophic lake and t. = 140 h
from oligotrophic lake predicted by one-compartment model for all processes; estimated volatilization
t. = 140 h in river, t. = 720 h in eutrophic pond, t. = 580 h in eutrophic lake and oligotrophic lake; photolysis
rate constant of transformation and transport k = (2.04 ± 0.08) . 10–6 s–1 exposed to 12 h sunlight per day
in early March with estimated photolysis t. = 380 h in river, 950 h in eutrophic pond and eutrophic lake
and t. = 190 h in oligotrophic lake; biodegradation t. = 13 h in river, eutrophic pond water and t. = 140 h
in oligotrophic lake (Smith et al. 1978);
t. = 4–8 h for disappearance via direct photolysis in aqueous media (Harris 1982).
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3423
16.1.8.14 Thiourea
Common Name: Thiourea
Synonym: thiocarbamide
Chemical Name: thiourea
CAS Registry No: 62-56-6
Molecular Formula: CH4N2S, H2NCSNH2
Molecular Weight: 76.121
Melting Point (°C):
178 (Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
decomposes (Verschueren 1983)
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
1.045 (Weast 1982–83; Verschueren 1983, Dean 1992)
Dissociation Constant, pK:
2.03 (pK1, Dean 1985)
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
76.2 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
14.42 (Donnelly et al. 1990)
12.55 (Kim et al. 1994)
15.64, 14.92, 15.17 (differential scanning calorimetry in three types of crucibles, Gatta et al. 2000)
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
35.2, 33.7, 34.1 (Gatta et al. 2000)
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 0.0315 (mp at 178°C)
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C or as indicated):
91000 (20–25°C, shake flask-gravimetric, Dehn 1917)
91800 (13°C, Verschueren 1983)
89800 (Windholz 1983)
110000 (Budavari 1989)
90000 (Dean 1985)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C):
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa m3/mol at 25°C):
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
–1.02 (Leo et al. 1971)
–0.95 (shake flask, Cornford 1982)
–2.38, –0.95 (calculated, Verschueren 1983)
–1.17 (shake flask, OECD 1981 Guidelines, Geyer et al. 1984)
–1.08, –1.03 (pH 6.5, pH 12, shake flask-HPLC, Govers et al. 1986)
–1.14, –1.02 (shake flask, Log P Database, Hansch & Loe 1987)
–0.99 (recommended, Sangster 1993)
–1.02 (recommended, Hansch et al. 1995)
Octanol/Air Partition Coefficient, log KOA:
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
1.73 (alga chlorella fusca, wet wt. basis, Geyer et al. 1984)
–0.699 (alga chlorella fusca, calculated-KOW, Geyer et al. 1984)
S
H2N NH2
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3424 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, and Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization:
Photolysis:
Oxidation: photooxidation t. = 1.6–16 h in air, based on rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction with OH
radical and photooxidation t. = 2048–81927 h in water, based on estimated rate data for reaction with OH
radical in aqueous solution (Howard et al. 1991).
Hydrolysis:
Biodegradation: aqueous aerobic biodegradation t. = 24–168 h, based on aqueous aerobic screening test data
and aqueous anaerobic biodegradation t. = 96–672 h, based on aqueous aerobic degradation half-life (Howard
et al. 1991).
Biotransformation:
Bioconcentration Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
Half-Lives in the Environmental Compartments:
Air: t. = 1.6–16 h, based on estimated photooxidation half-life in air (Howard et al. 1991).
Surface water: t. = 24–168 h, based on estimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life (Howard et al. 1991).
Ground water: t. = 48–336 h, based on estimated unacclimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life (Howard
et al. 1991).
Sediment:
Soil: t. = 24–168 h, based on estimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life (Howard et al. 1991)
Biota:
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3425
16.1.8.15 Thioacetamide
Common Name: Thioacetamide
Synonym: ethanethioamide, acetothioamide
Chemical Name: thioacetamide
CAS Registry No: 62-55-5
Molecular Formula: C2H5NS, CH3CSNH2
Molecular Weight: 75.133
Melting Point (°C):
115.5 (Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
84.2 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Dissociation Constant pKa:
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 0.129 (mp at 115.5°C)
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C):
163000 (Dean 1985)
163000 (Budavari 1989)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C):
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol at 25°C):
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
–0.46, 0 36 (Verschueren 1983)
–0.26 (shake flask, Log P Database, Hansch & Leo 1987)
–0.26 (recommended, Sangster 1993)
–0.26 (recommended, Hansch & Leo 1995)
Octanol/Air Partition Coefficient, log KOA:
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization:
Photolysis:
Oxidation: atmospheric t. = 3.2–31.7 h, based on estimated rate data for OH radical in air (Howard et al. 1991).
Hydrolysis: first-order rate constant k = 8.6 . 10–1 h–1 at pH 7 and 25°C (Ellington et al. 1987), corresponding
to a t. = 8064 h (Howard et al. 1991);
acid rate constant k = 6.0 . 10–2 M–1 ± h–1, corresponding to a t. = 333 d and base rate constant k = 1.4
M–1 ± h–1, corresponding to a t. = 289 d (Howard et al. 1991).
Biodegradation: aerobic biodegradation t. = 24–168 h, based on aqueous aerobic screening test data and anaerobic
biodegradation t. = 96–672 h, based on estimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life (Howard et al.
1991).
Biotransformation:
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
S
NH2
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3426 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Air: t. = 3.2–31.7 h, based on estimated photooxidation half-life in air (Howard et al. 1991).
Surface water: t. = 24–268 h, based on estimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life (Howard et al. 1991).
Groundwater: t. = 48–336 h, based on estimated unacclimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life (Howard
et al. 1991).
Sediment:
Soil: t. = 24–168 h, based on estimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life (Howard et al. 1991).
Biota:
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3427
16.2 SUMMARY TABLES
TABLE 16.2.1
Summary of physical properties of nitrogen and sulfur containing compounds
Compound CAS no.
Molecular
formula
Molecular
weight, MW
g/mol
m.p.
°C
b.p.
°C
Fugacity
ratio, F
at 25°C*
Molar volume, VM
cm3/mol
pKa or
pKb
MW/ .
at 20°C Le Bas
Nitriles:
Acetonitrile 75-05-8 CH3CN 41.052 –43.82 81.65 1 52.25 56.3
Propionitrile 107-12-0 C2H5CN 55.079 –92.78 97.14 1 70.45 78.5
Butyronitrile 109-74-0 C3H7CN 69.106 –111.9 117.6 1 87.35 100.7
Acrylonitrile (2-Propenitrile) 107-13-1 C2H3CN 53.063 –83.48 77.3 1 65.83 71.1
Benzonitrile 100-47-0 C6H5CN 103.122 –13.99 191.1 1 107.9
Adiponitrile 111-69-3 CN(CH2)4CN 108.141 1 295 1 149.6
Aliphatic amines:
Methylamine 74-89-5 CH3NH2 31.058 –93.5 –6.32 1 43.8
Dimethylamine 124-40-3 (CH3)2NH 45.084 –92.18 6.88 1 68.77 67.5 10.77
Trimethylamine 75-50-3 (CH3)3N 59.110 –117.1 2.87 1 93.00 93.3 9.8
Ethylamine 75-04-7 CH3CH2NH2 45.084 –80.5 16.5 1 66.02 66.0 10.63
Diethylamine 109-89-7 (C2H5)2NH 73.137 –49.8 55.5 1 103.45 111.9 10.8
Triethylamine 121-44-8 (C2H5)3N 101.910 –114.7 89 1 154.8 10.78
n-Propylamine 107-10-8 C3H7NH2 59.110 –84.75 47.22 1 82.41 88.2 10.568
Dipropylamine 142-84-7 (C3H7)2NH 101.190 –63 109.3 1
Diisopropylamine 108-18-9 i(C3H7)2NH 101.190 –61 83.9 1
Tripropylamine 102-69-2 (C3H7)3N 143.270 –93.5 156 1 10.66
n-Butylamine 109-73-9 C4H9NH2 73.137 –49.1 77.0 1 98.94 110.4 10.64
Isobutylamine 78-81-9 iC4H9NH2 73.137 –86.7 67.75 1 110.4 10.41
tert-Butylamine 75-64-9 (CH3)3CNH2 73.137 –66.94 44.04 1 110.4 1.685
Di-n-butylamine 111-92-2 (C4H9)2NH 129.244 –62 159.6 1 199.2 11.25
Tributylamine 102-82-9 (C4H9)3N 185.349 –70 216.5 1 288 9.93
Ethylenediamine 107-15-3 H2NCH2CH2NH2 60.098 11.14 117 1
Ethanolamine 141-43-5 HOCH2CH2NH2 61.098 10.5 171 1 60.21 73.4 9.48
Diethanolamine 111-42-2 (HOCH2CH2)2NH 105.136 28 268.8 0.934 95.87 126.7 8.88
Triethanolamine 102-71-6 (HOCH2CH2)3N 149.188 20.5 335.4 1 132.71 182.1 7.76
Cyclohexylamine 108-91-8 C6H12NH 99.174 –17.8 134 1 117.4 10.66
(Continued)
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3428 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
TABLE 16.2.1 (Continued)
Compound CAS no.
Molecular
formula
Molecular
weight, MW
g/mol
m.p.
°C
b.p.
°C
Fugacity
ratio, F
at 25°C*
Molar volume, VM
cm3/mol
pKa or
pKb
MW/ .
at 20°C Le Bas
Aromatic amines:
Aniline 62-53-3 C6H5NH2 93.127 –6.02 184.17 1 91.15 110.2 4.596
2-Chloroaniline 95-51-2 Cl(C6H4)NH2 127.572 –1.9 208.8 1 105.21 131.1 2.661
3-Chloroaniline 108-42-9 Cl(C6H4)NH2 127.572 –10.28 230.5 1 104.91 131.1 3.5
4-Chloroaniline 106-47-8 Cl(C6H4)NH2 127.572 70.5 232 0.358 131.1 3.982
3,4-Dichloroaniline 95-76-1 Cl2C6H3NH2 162.017 72 272 0.346 152.0
2,4,6-Trichloroaniline 634-93-5 C6H4Cl3N 196.462 78.5 262 0.299 172.9
o-Toluidine 95-53-4 CH3C6H4NH2 107.153 –14.41 200.3 1 107.32 132.4 4.45
m-Toluidine 108-44-1 CH3C6H4NH2 107.153 –31.3 203.3 1 108.36 132.4 4.71
p-Toluidine 106-49-0 CH3C6H4NH2 107.153 43.6 200.4 0.657 111.40 132.4 5.08
N,N.-Dimethylaniline 121-69-7 C6H5N(CH3)2 121.180 2.42 194.15 1 126.80 154.6 5.15
2,4-Xylidine 95-68-1 (CH3)2C6H3NH2 121.180 –14.3 214 1 154.6 4.89
2,5-Xylidine 95-78-3 (CH3)2C6H3NH2 121.180 15.5 214 1 154.6 4.54
2,6-Xylidine 87-62-7 (CH3)2C6H3NH2 121.180 11.2 215 1 123.12 154.6 3.95
2-Ethylaniline 578-54-1 C2H5C6H4NH2 121.180 –43 209.5 1 139.6 4.42
3-Ethylaniline 587-02-0 C2H5C6H4NH2 121.180 –64 214 1 139.6 4.70
4-Ethylaniline 589-16-2 C2H5C6H4NH2 121.180 –2.4 217.5 1 139.6 5.00
N,N.-Diethylaniline 91-66-7 C6H5N(C2H5)2 149.233 –38.8 216.3 1 199.0 6.56
Diphenylamine 122-39-4 (C6H5)2NH 169.222 53.2 302 0.529 145.88 200.3 0.90
4-Aminobiphenyl 92-67-1 C6H5C6H4NH2 169.222 53.5 302 0.525 168.8 4.27
Benzidine 92-87-5 NH2(C6H4)2NH2 184.236 120 401 0.117 213.0 4.66
3,3.-Dichlorobenzidine 91-94-1 C12H10Cl2N2 253.126 132.5 0.0882 254.8 11.7
.-Naphthylamine 134-32-7 C10H7NH2 143.185 49.2 300.7 0.579 161.8 3.92
.-Naphthylamine 91-59-8 C10H7NH2 143.185 113 306.2 0.137 161.8 4.15
N,N.-Bianiline 122-66-7 (C6H5)2(NH)2 184.236 131 0.0912 213.0 13.2
2-Nitroaniline 88-74-4 C6H6N2O2 138.124 71.0 284 0.354 138.7 –0.28
3-Nitroaniline 99-09-2 C6H6N2O2 138.124 113.4 306 dec 0.136 138.7 2.46
4-Nitroaniline 100-01-6 C6H6N2O2 138.124 147.5 332 0.0628 97.00 138.7 1.01
2,4-Dinitroaniline 97-02-9 (O2N)2C6H3NH2 183.122 180.0 0.0301 167.2 –4.25
2,6-Dinitroaniline 606-22-4 (O2N)2C6H3NH2 183.122 141 0.0728 167.2 –5.23
3,5-Dinitroaniline 618-87-1 (O2N)2C6H3NH2 183.122 163 0.0443 167.2 0.229
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3429
Nitroaromatic compounds:
Nitrobenzene 98-95-3 C6H5NO2 123.110 5.7 210.8 1 102.28 112.0
1,2-Dinitrobenzene 528-29-0 C6H4(NO2)2 168.107 116.5 318 0.127 149.4
1,3-Dinitrobenzene 99-65-0 C6H4(NO2)2 168.107 90.3 291 0.229 149.4
1,4-Dinitrobenzene 100-25-4 C6H4(NO2)2 168.107 173.5 297 0.0349 149.4
2-Nitrotoluene 88-72-2 CH3C6H4NO2 137.137 –10.4 222 1 117.93 153.0
3-Nitrotoluene 99-08-1 CH3C6H4NO2 137.137 15.5 232 1 153.0
4-Nitrotoluene 99-99-0 CH3C6H4NO2 137.137 51.63 238.3 0.548 153.0
2,4-Dinitrotoluene (DNT) 121-14-2 CH3C6H3(NO2)2 182.134 70.5 300 dec 0.358 175.2
2,6-Dinitrotoluene 606-20-2 CH3C6H3(NO2)2 182.134 66.0 285 0.396 175.2
2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) 118-96-7 CH3C6H2(NO2)3 227.131 80.5 240 exp 0.285 137.32 203.7
1-Nitronaphthalene 86-57-7 C10H7NO2 173.169 61 304 0.443 176.1
2-Nitronaphthalene 581-89-5 C10H7NO2 173.169 79 314 0.295 176.1
4-Nitrobiphenyl 92-93-3 C12H9NO2 199.205 114 340 0.134 211.3
5-Nitro-acenaphthene 602-87-9 C12H9NO2 199.205 103 0.172 211.3
Amide and ureas:
Acetamide 60–35-5 CH3CONH2 59.067 80.16 222 0.288 66.9 7.62
Acrylamide 79-06-1 H2C=CHCONH2 71.078 84.5 192.5 0.261 80.8
Benzamide 55-21-0 C6H5CONH2 121.137 127.3 290 0.0992 132.4
Urea 57-13-6 H2NCONH2 60.055 133 dec 0.0872 45.39 58.0
Nitrosoamines:
N-Nitrosodimethylamine 62-75-9 (CH3)2NNO 74.081 152 87.7
N-Nitrosodiethylamine 55-18-5 (C2H5)2NNO 120.134 176.9 130.6
Di-n-propyl nitrosamine 621-64-7 (C3H7)2NNO 130.187 206 176.5
Diphenylnitrosamine 86-30-6 (C6H5)2NNO 198.219 66.5 152 0.392 220.5
Heterocyclic compounds:
1H-Pyrrole 109-97-7 C4H5N 67.090 –23.39 129.79 1 69.18 78.2
1-Methylpyrrole 96-54-8 C5H7N 81.117 –56.32 112.81 1 104.0
Pyrrolidine 123-75-1 C4H8NH 71.121 –57.79 86.56 1 96.6 4.453
Imidazole 288-32-4 C3H4N2 68.077 89.5 257 0.233 78.9 11.305
Indazole 271-44-3 C7H6N2 118.136 148 269 0.0621 130.5
Indole 120-72-9 C8H7N 117.149 52.5 253.6 0.537 133.4
Indoline 496-15-1 C8H9N 119.164 229 140.8
Pyridine 110-86-1 C5H5N 79.101 –41.70 115.23 1 80.56 93.0 5.17
2-Methylpyridine 109-06-8 C6H7N 93.127 –66.68 129.38 1 98.61 115.2 5.96
3-Methylpyridine 108-99-6 C6H7N 93.127 –18.14 144.14 1 97.35 115.2 5.68
4-Methylpyridine 108-89-4 C6H7N 93.127 3.67 145.36 1 115.2 6.00
(Continued)
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3430 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
TABLE 16.2.1 (Continued)
Compound CAS no.
Molecular
formula
Molecular
weight, MW
g/mol
m.p.
°C
b.p.
°C
Fugacity
ratio, F
at 25°C*
Molar volume,
VM cm3/mol
pKa or
pKb
MW/ .
at 20°C Le Bas
2,3-Dimethylpyridine 583-61-9 C7H9N 107.153 –15.5 161.12 1 135.9 6.6
2,4-Dimethylpyridine 108-47-4 C6H9N 107.153 –64 158.38 1 135.9
2,6-Dimethylpyridine 108-48-5 C7H9N 107.153 –6.1 144.01 1 135.9 6.72
2,4,6-Trimethylpyridine 108-75-8 C8H11N 121.180 -46 170.6 1 158.1 7.43
Quinolines:
Quinoline 91-22-5 C9H7N 129.159 –14.78 237.16 1 144.7 4.90
Isoquinoline 119-65-3 C9H7N 129.159 26.47 243.22 0.967 144.7 5.4
3-Methyl-isoquinoline 1125-80-0 C10H9N 143.185 68 249 0.379 166.9
2,7-Dimethylquinoline 93-37-8 C11H11N 157.212 61 264.5 0.443 189.1
Benzo[f]quinoline 85-02-9 C13H9N 179.217 94 352 0.210 196.3
Benzo(h)quinoline 230-27-3 C13H9N 179.217 52 339 0.543 196.3
9H-Carbazole 86-74-8 C6H4NHC6H4 167.206 246.3 354.69 0.00674 192.9
7H-Dibenzo[c,g]carbazole 194-59-2 (C10H6)2NH 267.324 158 0.0496 296.1
Acridine 260-94-6 C13H9N 179.217 110 344.86 0.147 196.3 5.60
Benz[a]acridine 225-11-6 C17H11N 229.276 244.8
Benz[c]acridine 225-51-4 C17H11N 229.276 132 0.0892 244.8
Dibenz[a,h]acridine 53–70–3 C22H14 278.346 269.5 524 0.00399 300.0
Sulfur compounds:
Carbon disulfide 75-15-0 CS2 76.141 –112.1 46 1 60.28 66.0
Dimethyl sulfate 77-78-1 (CH3O)2SO2 126.132 –27 188 dec 1 109.7
Diethyl sulfate 64-67-5 (C2H5O)2SO2 154.185 –24 208 1 138.4
Dimethyl sulfite 616-42-2 (CH3O)2SO 110.132 126 100.5
Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) 67-68-5 (CH3)2SO 78.133 17.89 189 1 85.7
Dimethyl sulfone 67-71-0 (CH3)2SO2 94.133 108.9 238 0.150 94.0
Dimethyl sulfide 75-18-3 (CH3)2S 62.134 –98.24 37.33 1 73.77 77.4
Dimethyl disulfide 624-92-0 C2H6S2 94.199 –84.67 109.74 1 58.78 103.0
Diethyl sulfide 352-93-2 C4H10S 90.187 –103.91 92.1 1 128.1
Diethyl disulfide 110-81-6 C4H10S2 122.252 –101.5 154.0 1 147.4
Thiols:
Methanethiol 74-93-1 CH3SH 48.108 –123 5.9 1 55.52 55.2 10.7
Ethanethiol 75-08-1 C2H5SH 62.134 –147.88 35.0 1 74.05 77.4 10.61
Propanethiol 107-03-9 C3H7SH 76.161 –113.13 67.8 1 90.55 99.6
1-Butanethiol (Butyl mercaptan) 109-79-5 CH3(CH2)3SH 90.187 –115.7 98.5 1 107.16 121.8
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3431
2-Butanethiol 513-53-1 C4H7SH 90.187 –165 85.0 1 121.8
Benzenethiol 108-98-5 C6H5SH 110.177 -14.93 169.1 1 102.34 106.8 6.5
2-Methylbenzenethiol 137-06-4 C7H8S 124.204 15 195 1 129.0
3-Methylbenzenethiol 108-40-7 C7H8S 124.204 –20 195 1 129.0
4-Methylbenzenethiol 106-45-6 C7H8S 124.204 43 195 0.666 129.0
Thiophenes:
Thioazole 288-47-1 C3H3NS 85.128 –33.62 118 1 85.2
Thiophene 110-02-1 C4H4S 84.140 –38.21 84.0 1 79.02 88.1
2-Methylthiophene 554-14-3 C5H6S 98.167 –63.4 112.6 1 110.3
3-Methylthiophene 616-44-4 C5H6S 98.167 –69 115.5 1 110.3
Benzo[b]thiophene 95-15-8 C8H6S 134.199 32 221 0.854 139.7
Dibenzothiophene 132-65-0 C12H8S 184.257 98.2 332.5 0.191 191.3
Thianthrene 92-85-3 (C6H4)2S2 216.322 159.3 365 0.0481 210.9
Thiobenzamide 2227-79-4 C6H5CSNH2 137.203 117 0.125 135.8
Thiourea 62-56-6 H2NCSNH2 76.121 178 0.0315 72.84 76.2 2.03
Thioacetamide 62-55-5 CH3CSNH2 75.133 115.5 0.129 84.2
* Assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3432 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
TABLE 16.2.2
Summary of selected physical-chemical properties of nitrogen and sulfur containing compounds at 25°C.
Compound
Selected properties Henry’s law constant
Vapor pressure Solubility H/(Pa·m3/mol)
PS/Pa PL/Pa S/(g/m3) CS/(mol/m3) CL/(mol/m3) log KOW calcd P/C exptl
Nitriles:
Acetonitrile 11840 11840 miscible –0.34 2.75
Propionitrile 5950 5950 103000 1870.0 1870.0 0.16 3.182 3.8
Butyronitrile 2546 2546 33000 477.5 477.5 5.263
Benzonitrile 100 100 2000 19.39 19.39 1.55 5.156
Acrylonitrile (2-Propenitrile) 11000 11000 75500 1423 1423 0.25 7.731 11.14
Adiponitrile 0.3066 0.3066 8000 73.96 73.96 –0.32 0.0041
Aliphatic amines:
Methylamine 357300 357300 miscible –0.57 1.125
Dimethylamine 206200 206200 miscible –0.38 1.8
Trimethylamine 219300 219300 miscible 0.27 6.67
Ethylamine 141650 141650 miscible –0.13 1.012
Diethylamine 31490 31490 miscible 0.43 2.60
Triethylamine 7610 7610 55000 540 540 1.64 14.099
n-Propylamine 40740 40740 miscible 0.48 1.274
Dipropylamine 53000 520 520
Diisopropylamine 12390 122
Tripropylamine 220 1.536 1.54 2.79
n-Butylamine 13650 13650 miscible 0.97 1.526
Isobutylamine 18760 18760 miscible 0.73
t-Butylamine 48260 48260 miscible 0.4
Di-n-butylamine 304 304 4700 36.37 36.37 2.83 8.359
Tributylamine 5330 5330 40 0.216 0.216 2.47 . 104
Ethanolamine 34.66 34.66 miscible –1.31
Diethanolamine 0.0373 0.0399 miscible –1.43
Triethanolamine 4.79 . 10–4 4.79 . 10–4 miscible –1.59
Cyclohexylamine 1173 1173 miscible 1.49
Diphenylamine 0.0612 0.115 300 1.773 3.338 3.45 0.035
.-Naphthylamine 0.254 0.45 2.23
.-Naphthylamine 0.035 0.248 6.4 0.045 0.317 2.34
4-Aminobiphenyl 2.83
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3433
Aromatic amines:
Aniline 65.19 65.19 36070 387.4 387.35 0.90 0.168 12.16
2-Chloroaniline 22.66 22.66 3800 29.79 29.79 1.90 0.761
3-Chloroaniline 9.53 9.530 5440 42.64 42.64 1.88 0.223
4-Chloroaniline 2.33 6.873 3000 23.52 69.37 1.83 0.099
3,4-Dichloroaniline 1.3 3.746 92.05 0.568 1.637 2.67 2.289
2,4,6-Trichloroaniline 0.00626 0.021 3.694
o-Toluidine 13.3 13.30 15000 139.98 139.98 0.095
m-Toluidine 36 36.0 15030 140.26 140.26 1.44 0.257
p-Toluidine 45 61.48 7350 68.59 93.70 1.4 0.656
N,N.-Dimethylaniline 107 107.0 1105 9.119 9.119 2.31 11.734
2,4-Xylidine 20.5 20.50 5900 48.69 48.69 0.421
2,5-Xylidine 5000 41.26 41.26
2,6-Xylidine 670 670.0 4700 38.79 38.79 1.94 17.275
2-Ethylaniline 7500 61.89 61.89 1.93
4-Ethylaniline 13.5 13.50 5100 42.09 42.09 1.96 0.321
N,N.-Diethylaniline 9.7 9.70 670 4.49 4.49 2.161
Benzidine 1.0 . 10–6 1.06 . 10–5 400 2.17 23.1 1.81 4.61 . 10–7
3,3.-Dichlorobenzidine 5.6 . 10–5 6.41 . 10–4 3.1 0.0122 0.140 3.51 0.005
N,N.-Bianiline 0.0035 0.252 0.0014 0.0154 3.82 3.45 . 10–4
2-Nitroaniline 0.62 1.851 1200 8.687 25.93 1.78
4-Nitroaniline 0.035 0.589 800 5.792 97.50 1.31
2,4-Dinitroaniline 4.1
Nitroaromatic compounds:
Nitrobenzene 20 20.0 1900 15.43 15.43 1.85 1.296
1,2-Dinitrobenzene 0.0052 0.0433
1,3-Dinitrobenzene 0.0081 0.0348 546 3.25 13.94 1.49 0.002
1,4-Dinitrobenzene 13.3 386.63 442 2.63 76.43 2.37 5.059
2-Nitrotoluene 17.9 17.90 651.42 4.75 4.75 2.30 3.768
3-Nitrotoluene 27.2 27.20 499.19 3.64 3.64 2.45 7.473
4-Nitrotoluene 0.653 1.2004 254.4 1.86 3.41 2.37 0.352
2,4-Dinitrotoluene (DNT) 0.133 0.3705 270 1.48 4.13 2.01 0.090
2,6-Dinitrotoluene 0.0767 0.1952 200 1.72 0.070
2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) 0.00107 0.0038 210 0.925 3.29
1-Nitronaphthalene 0.702 0.0312 0.072 9.82 0.057 0.132 3.19 3.50
2-Nitronaphthalene 9.24 0.053 0.183
4-Nitrobiphenyl 1.231 6.18 . 10–3 0.045 3.78
5-Nitro-acenaphthene 0.91 4.57 . 10–3 0.026
(Continued)
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3434 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
TABLE 16.2.2 (Continued)
Compound
Selected properties Henry’s law constant
Vapor pressure Solubility H/(Pa·m3/mol)
PS/Pa PL/Pa S/(g/m3) CS/(mol/m3) CL/(mol/m3) log KOW
calcd P/C exptl
Amides: RCONH2
Acetamide (ethanamide) 2.44 8.3562 408000 6907.1 23650 –1.26 3.53 . 10–4
Acrylamide 0.415 1.5900 2050000 2884 11050 –0.9 1.44 . 10–4
Benzamide 0.00522 0.0544 14000 1692 17630 0.64 4.52 . 10–5
Urea: (NH2)2C=O
Urea 0.0016 0.0186 1000000 16650 1.93x105 –2.11 9.61 . 10–8
Nitrosoamines:
N-Nitrosodimethylamine miscible –0.57 3.343
Di-n-propyl nitrosamine 27 9900 76.04 1.31 0.355
Diphenyl nitrosamine 13.33 34.27 35.10 0.116 0.299 3.13 114.6
Heterocyclic compounds:
1H-Pyrrole 1100 1100 45000 670.7 670.7 0.75 1.640
1-Methylpyrrole 3312
Indazole 827 7.00 100.43
Indole 2.24 4.187 1874 16.00 29.90 2 0.140
Indoline 10800 90.63
Pyridine 2775 2775 miscible 0.65 0.895
2-Methylpyridine 1496 1496 miscible 1.11 1.01
3-Picoline 1333 1333 miscible 1.2–1.24 0.788
4-Picoline 757 757 miscible 1.22 0.601
2,3-Dimethylpyridine 426 104000 970.6 0.725
2,4-Dimethylpyridine 456 456 miscible 0.678
2,6-Dimethylpyridine 746 746 miscible 1.06
2,4,6-Trimethylpyridine 5170 5170 35700 294.6 294.6 17.549
Quinolines:
Quinoline 1.21 1.21 6110 47.31 47.31 2.06 0.026
Isoquinoline 670 693 4521 35.00 36.20 2.08 19.141
2,7-Dimethylquinoline 1795 11.42 24.77
Benzo[f]quinoline 0.0067 76.1 0.42 2.02 3.20 0.0096
Benzo[h]quinoline 0.03 0.0555
9H-Carbazole 0.0933 14.976 1.03 0.006 0.989 3.80 15.146
7H-Dibenzo[c,g]carbazole 1.3 . 10–7 2.5 . 10–6 0.063 0.236 4.532 5.75
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3435
Acridine 0.0065 0.0451 38.5 0.215 1.492 3.4 0.030
Benz[a]acridine 4.45
Sulfur compounds:
Carbon disulfide 48210 48210 2100 27.584 27.584 1747.75
Dimethyl sulfate 128 128
Diethyl sulfate 49.1 49.1
Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) 80.0 80.0 253000 354.8 354.8 –1.35 0.225
Dimethyl sulfone 5.16 34.17 –1.41 200.83
Dimethyl sulfide 64650 64650 20000 321.9 7.72
Dimethyl disulfide 4000 4000 6300 66.88 66.88 59.81
Diethyl sulfide 7782 7782 1.95
Diethyl disulfide 689 689
Thiols:
Methanethiol 201980 201980
Ethanethiol 70000 15000 289.94
Propanethiol 20635 20635 1.81
1-Butanethiol 6070 6070 597 6.62 6.62 2.28 916.94
2-Butanethiol 10790 10790
Benzenethiol 397 397 2.52
2-Methylbenzenethiol 87.4 87.4
3-Methylbenzenethiol 76.6 76.60
4-Methylbenzenethiol 85.2 128.3
Thiophenes:
Thioazole 2287
Thiophene 10620 8000 3015 35.833 35.833 1.81 223.3 224
2-Methylthiophene 3318
3-Methylthiophene 2953
Benzo[b]thiophene 26.66 26.7 130 0.969 1.107 3.12 24.1
Dibenzothiophene 0.267 1.11 0.006 4.38 44.3
Thiourea 90000 1182 36833 –0.99
Thioacetamide 163000 2170 15722 –0.26
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3436 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
TABLE 16.2.3
Suggested half-life classes for nitrogen and sulfur containing compounds in various
environmental compartments at 25oC
Compound
Air
class
Water
class
Soil
class
Sediment
class
Acetonitrile 6 5 5 6
Propionitrile 6 5 5 6
Acrylonitrile (2-Propenitrile) 3 4 4 5
Dimethylamine 1 3 4 5
Ethylamine 2 3 4 5
Eiethylamine 1 2 2 3
n-Butylamine 2 3 3 4
Ethanolamine 1 3 3 4
Diethanolamine 1 4 4 5
Cyclohexylamine 1 3 3 4
Aniline 1 4 4 6
2-Chloroaniline 3 4 5 6
4-Chloroaniline 1 4 4 5
o-Toluidine 1 3 3 4
N,N'-Dimethylaniline 1 4 5 6
2,6-Xylidine 1 4 5 6
Diphenylamine 1 4 5 6
Benzidine 1 4 4 5
3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine 1 1 5 6
N,N'-Bianiline 1 3 3 4
.-Naphthylamine 1 4 4 6
.-Naphthylamine 1 4 4 6
Nitrobenzene 1 6 6 7
2-Nitrotoluene 2 3 6 7
4-Nitrotoluene 2 3 6 7
2,4-Dinitrotoluene (DNT) 2 3 6 7
2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) 1 2 6 7
Acetamide 2 4 4 5
Benzamide 2 4 4 5
n-Nitrosodimethylamine 1 2 6 7
n-Nitrosodiethylamine 1 2 6 7
Di-n-propyl nitrosoamine 1 2 6 7
Diphenyl nitrosoamine 1 2 6 7
Pyridine 5 5 6 7
3-Methylpyridine 5 5 6 7
4-Methylpyridine 5 5 6 7
Quinoline 3 4 5 6
Dimethyl sulfate 4 2 2 3
Diethyl sulfate 2 2 3 4
Thiophene 3 3 6 7
Benzo[b]thiophene 4 5 6 7
Thiourea 1 4 4 5
Thioacetamide 2 4 4 5
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds 3437
TABLE 16.2.3 (Continued)
where,
Class Mean half-life (hours) Range (hours)
1 5 < 10
2 17 (~ 1 day) 10–30
3 55 (~ 2 days) 30–100
4 170 (~ 1 week) 100–300
5 550 (~ 3 weeks) 300–1,000
6 1700 (~ 2 months) 1,000–3,000
7 5500 (~ 8 months) 3,000–10,000
8 17000 (~ 2 years) 10,000–30,000
9 ~ 5 years > 30,000
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3438 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
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© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3457
17 Herbicides
CONTENTS
17.1 List of Chemicals and Data Compilations (in Alphabetical Order) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3461
17.1.1 Herbicides . 3461
17.1.1.1 Alachlor . . . . . . . . . . . 3461
17.1.1.2 Ametryn . . . . . . . . . . . 3466
17.1.1.3 Amitrole . . . . . . . . . . . 3469
17.1.1.4 Atrazine . . . . . . . . . . . 3471
17.1.1.5 Barban . . . . . . . . . . . . 3480
17.1.1.6 Benefin . . . . . . . . . . . . 3482
17.1.1.7 Bifenox . . . . . . . . . . . . 3484
17.1.1.8 Bromacil . . . . . . . . . . . 3486
17.1.1.9 Bromoxynil . . . . . . . . 3489
17.1.1.10 sec-Bumeton . . . . . . . . 3491
17.1.1.11 Butachlor . . . . . . . . . . 3493
17.1.1.12 Butralin . . . . . . . . . . . 3495
17.1.1.13 Butylate . . . . . . . . . . . 3497
17.1.1.14 Chloramben . . . . . . . . 3499
17.1.1.15 Chlorazine . . . . . . . . . 3501
17.1.1.16 Chlorbromuron . . . . . . 3502
17.1.1.17 Chlorpropham . . . . . . 3504
17.1.1.18 Chlorsulfuron . . . . . . . 3507
17.1.1.19 Chlorotoluron . . . . . . . 3510
17.1.1.20 Cyanazine . . . . . . . . . . 3513
17.1.1.21 2,4-D . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3517
17.1.1.22 Dalapon . . . . . . . . . . . 3522
17.1.1.23 2,4-DB . . . . . . . . . . . . 3525
17.1.1.24 Diallate . . . . . . . . . . . . 3527
17.1.1.25 Dicamba . . . . . . . . . . . 3530
17.1.1.26 Dichlobenil . . . . . . . . . 3534
17.1.1.27 Dichlorprop . . . . . . . . 3537
17.1.1.28 Diclofop-methyl . . . . . 3539
17.1.1.29 Dinitramine . . . . . . . . 3542
17.1.1.30 Dinoseb . . . . . . . . . . . 3544
17.1.1.31 Diphenamid . . . . . . . . 3547
17.1.1.32 Diquat . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3549
17.1.1.33 Diuron . . . . . . . . . . . . 3551
17.1.1.34 EPTC . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3555
17.1.1.35 Ethalfluralin . . . . . . . . 3558
17.1.1.36 Fenoprop . . . . . . . . . . 3560
17.1.1.37 Fenuron . . . . . . . . . . . 3562
17.1.1.38 Fluchloralin . . . . . . . . 3564
17.1.1.39 Fluometuron . . . . . . . . 3566
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3458 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
17.1.1.40 Fluorodifen . . . . . . . . . 3568
17.1.1.41 Fluridone . . . . . . . . . . 3569
17.1.1.42 Glyphosate . . . . . . . . . 3572
17.1.1.43 Isopropalin . . . . . . . . . 3575
17.1.1.44 Isoproturon . . . . . . . . . 3577
17.1.1.45 Linuron . . . . . . . . . . . . 3580
17.1.1.46 MCPA . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3584
17.1.1.47 MCPB . . . . . . . . . . . . 3587
17.1.1.48 Mecoprop . . . . . . . . . . 3589
17.1.1.49 Metolachlor . . . . . . . . 3591
17.1.1.50 Metribuzin . . . . . . . . . 3595
17.1.1.51 Molinate . . . . . . . . . . . 3597
17.1.1.52 Monolinuron . . . . . . . 3600
17.1.1.53 Monuron . . . . . . . . . . . 3602
17.1.1.54 Napropamide . . . . . . . 3606
17.1.1.55 Neburon . . . . . . . . . . . 3608
17.1.1.56 Nitralin . . . . . . . . . . . . 3610
17.1.1.57 Nitrofen . . . . . . . . . . . 3612
17.1.1.58 Norflurazon . . . . . . . . 3614
17.1.1.59 Oryzalin . . . . . . . . . . . 3616
17.1.1.60 Pebulate . . . . . . . . . . . 3618
17.1.1.61 Pendimethalin . . . . . . 3620
17.1.1.62 Picloram . . . . . . . . . . . 3622
17.1.1.63 Profluralin . . . . . . . . . 3626
17.1.1.64 Prometon . . . . . . . . . . 3628
17.1.1.65 Prometryn . . . . . . . . . . 3631
17.1.1.66 Pronamide . . . . . . . . . 3634
17.1.1.67 Propachlor . . . . . . . . . 3636
17.1.1.68 Propanil . . . . . . . . . . . 3639
17.1.1.69 Propazine . . . . . . . . . . 3642
17.1.1.70 Propham . . . . . . . . . . . 3645
17.1.1.71 Pyrazon . . . . . . . . . . . . 3647
17.1.1.72 Simazine . . . . . . . . . . . 3649
17.1.1.73 2,4,5-T . . . . . . . . . . . . 3653
17.1.1.74 Terbacil . . . . . . . . . . . . 3657
17.1.1.75 Terbutryn . . . . . . . . . . 3659
17.1.1.76 Thiobencarb . . . . . . . . 3662
17.1.1.77 Triallate . . . . . . . . . . . 3664
17.1.1.78 Triclopyr . . . . . . . . . . . 3668
17.1.1.79 Trifluralin . . . . . . . . . . 3670
17.1.1.80 Vernolate . . . . . . . . . . 3677
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Herbicides 3459
17.1 List of Chemicals and Data Compilations (by Functional Group) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3461
Aliphatic acids:
Dalapon . . . . . . . 3522
Aromatic Acids:
Chloramben . . . 3499
Dicamba . . . . . . 3530
Picloram . . . . . . 3622
Amides:
Alachlor . . . . . . 3461
Butachlor . . . . . 3493
Diphenamid . . . 3547
Metolachlor . . . . 3591
Napropamide . . 3606
Pronamide . . . . . 3634
Propachlor . . . . . 3636
Propanil . . . . . . . 3639
Benzonitriles:
Bromoxynil . . . . 3489
Dichlobenil . . . 3534
Carbamates:
Barban . . . . . . . . 3480
Chlorpropham . . 3504
Propham . . . . . . 3645
Dinitroanilines:
Benefin . . . . . . . 3482
Butralin . . . . . . 3495
Dinitramine . . . . 3542
Fluchloralin . . . . 3564
Isopropalin . . . . 3575
Nitralin . . . . . . . 3610
Oryzalin . . . . . . 3616
Pendimethalin . . 3620
Profluralin . . . . . 3626
Trifluralin . . . . 3670
Diphenylethers:
Bifenox . . . . . . . 3484
Fluorodifen . . . . 3568
Nitrofen . . . . . . . 3612
Phenols:
Dinoseb . . . . . . . 3544
PCP (Pentachlorophenol) (See Chapter 14. Phenolic Compounds and Chapter 18. Insecticides)
Phenoxyalkanoic acids:
2,4-D . . . . . . . . . 3517
2,4-DB . . . . . . . 3525
Dichlorprop . . . . 3537
Fenoprop . . . . . 3560
MCPA . . . . . . . . 3584
MCPB . . . . . . . . 3587
Mecoprop . . . . . 3589
2,4,5-T . . . . . . . 3653
Thiocarbamates:
Butylate . . . . . . . 3497
Diallate . . . . . . . 3527
EPTC . . . . . . . . 3555
Molinate . . . . . . 3597
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3460 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
Pebulate . . . . . . 3618
Thiobencarb . . . 3662
Triallate . . . . . . . 3664
Vernolate . . . . . 3677
Triazines:
Ametryn . . . . . . 3466
Atrazine . . . . . . 3471
sec-Bumeton . . 3491
Chlorazine . . . . . 3501
Cyanazine . . . . . 3513
Metribuzin . . . . 3595
Prometon . . . . . . 3628
Prometryn . . . . 3631
Propazine . . . . . 3642
Simazine . . . . . 3649
Terbutryn . . . . . 3659
Uracils:
Bromacil . . . . . . 3486
Terbacil . . . . . . . 3657
Ureas:
Chlorbromuron 3502
Chlorsulfuron . . 3507
Chlorotoluron . . 3510
Diuron . . . . . . . 3551
Fenuron . . . . . . 3562
Fluometuron . . . 3566
Isoproturon . . . . 3577
Linuron . . . . . . . 3580
Monolinuron . . 3600
Monuron . . . . . . 3602
Neburon . . . . . . 3608
Miscellaneous:
Amitrole (Triazole) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3469
Diclofop-methyl (Chlorophenoxy acid ester) . . . . . . . . . . . 3539
Diquat (Bipyridyl) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3549
Ethalfluralin (trifluoroorg-nitro compound) . . . . . . . . . . . . 3558
Fluridone (Fluoro-phenyl pyridinone) 3569
Glyphosate (Phosphate) . . . . . . . . . . . 3572
Norflurazon . . . . 3614
Pyrazon (Pyridazinone) . . . . . . . . . . . 3647
Triclopyr (pyridine, organochlorine) . 3668
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Herbicides 3461
17.1 LIST OF CHEMICALS AND DATA COMPILATIONS (By Functional Group)
17.1.1 HERBICIDES
17.1.1.1 Alachlor
Common Name: Alachlor
Synonym: alachlore, alochlor, Alanex, Bronco, Bullet, Cannon, Lasso, Lazo, metachlor, Pillarzo
Chemical Name: 2-chloro-2,6-diethyl-N-methoxymethylacetanilide; 2-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-N-(methoxymethyl)
acetamide
Uses: pre-emergence, early post-emergence or soil-incorporated herbicide to control most annual grasses and many
annual broadleaf weeds in beans, corn, cotton, milo, peanuts, peas, soybeans, sunflower, and certain woody
ornamentals.
CAS Registry No: 15972-60-8
Molecular Formula: C14H20ClNO2
Molecular Weight: 269.768
Melting Point (°C):
40 (Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
100 (at 0.02 mmHg, Ashton & Crafts 1981; Herbicide Handbook 1989; Worthing & Hance 1991;
Montgomery 1993; Tomlin 1994; Milne 1995)
135 (at 0.30 mmHg, Herbicide Handbook 1989; Milne 1995)
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
1.133 (25°C, Hartley & Kidd 1987; Montgomery 1993; Tomlin 1994)
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
240.7 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Dissociation Constant pKa:
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
29.288 (DSC method, Plato 1972)
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 0.713 (mp at 40°C)
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C or as indicated):
242 (20°C, Weber 1972; Weber et al. 1980)
200 (Bailey & White 1965)
242 (Herbicide Handbook 1974, 1978, 1983, 1989; Martin & Worthing 1977)
240 (Hartley & Graham-Bryce 1980; Beste & Humburg 1983)
148 (Khan 1980)
242 (Ashton & Crafts 1981; Worthing & Walker 1987, Worthing & Hance 1991)
242 (Hartley & Kidd 1983, 1987; Tomlin 1994)
130 (20°C, selected, Suntio et al. 1988; quoted, Majewski & Capel 1995)
148, 242 (literature data variability, Heller et al. 1989)
140 (23°C, Budavari 1989)
240 (Wauchope 1989)
240 (20–25°C, selected, Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996)
23.5 (calculated-group contribution fragmentation method, Kuhne et al. 1995)
140 (23°C, Milne 1995)
512 (predicted-AQUAFAC, Lee et al. 1996)
532, 785 (supercooled liquid SL: literature derived value LDV, final adjust value FAV, Muir et al. 2004)
N
O
Cl
O
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3462 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C or as indicated):
0.00293 (20°C, Weber 1972; Worthing & Walker 1987, Worthing & Hance 1991)
0.00293 (Herbicide Handbook 1974, 1983, 1989)
0.00293 (20–25°C, Weber et al. 1980)
0.00293 (Ashton & Crafts 1981; Schnoor & McAvoy 1981; Schnoor 1992)
0.00290 (Beste & Humburg 1983)
0.00290 (Hartley & Kidd 1987; Worthing & Hance 1991; Tomlin 1994)
0.00300 (20°C, selected, Suntio et al. 1988; quoted, Majewski & Capel 1995)
0.00187 (20–25°C, selected, Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996)
0.00413 (Montgomery 1993)
0.0064. 0.0044 (supercooled liquid PL: literature derived value LDV, final adjust value FAV, Muir et al.
2004)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol at 25°C or as indicated. Additional data at other temperatures designated * are
compiled at the end of this section):
6.20 . 10–3 (20°C, calculated-P/C, Suntio et al. 1988)
8.43 . 10–4 (wetted-wall-GC/ECD, Fendinger & Glotfelty 1988)
3.26 . 10–3 (calculated-P/C, Taylor & Glotfelty 1988)
1.12 . 10–3 (fog chamber-GC/ECD, Fendinger et al. 1989)
8.38 . 10–4 (23°C, known LWAPC of Fendinger et al. 1989, Meylan & Howard 1991)
1.21 . 10–5 (bond-estimated LWAPC, Meylan & Howard 1991)
3.26 . 10–3 (20°C, calculated-P/C, Muir 1991)
6.20 . 10–3 (calculated-P/C, Montgomery 1993)
3.22 . 10–3 (Gish et al. 1995)
7.24 . 10–3* (Gas stripping-GC/MS, measured range 10–25°C, Gautier et al. 2003)
ln [H./(M atm–1)] = –20.946 + 9200/(T/K); temp range 2830298 K (gas stripping-GC/MS, Gautier et al. 2003)
0.00101. 1.49 (literature derived value LDV, final adjust value FAV, Muir et al. 2004)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
2.92 (Leo et al. 1971)
2.30 (Kenaga 1980)
2.64 (Rao & Davidson 1980)
3.087 (shake flask, Dubelman & Bremer 1983)
3.52 (shake flask, Log P Database, Hansch & Leo 1987)
3.27 (RP-HPLC-RT correlation, Sicbaldi & Finizio 1993)
3.52 (recommended, Sangster 1993)
3.52 (recommended, Hansch et al. 1995)
3.27 (RP-HPLC-RT correlation, Finizio et al. 1997)
3.09 (literature derived value LDV, Muir et al. 2004)
Octanol/Air Partition Coefficient, log KOA:
9.31 (final adjust value FAV, Muir et al. 2004)
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
1.45 (calculated-solubility, Kenaga 1980)
0.954 (calculated-KOC, Kenaga 1980)
1.88 (Schnoor & McAvoy 1981, Schnoor 1992)
0.778 (freshwater fish, Call et al. 1984)
1.70 (Pait et al. 1992)
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
2.28 (soil, Beestman & Demming 1976)
2.32 (soil, calculated, Kenaga & Goring 1980)
2.30 (soil, Kenaga 1980)
1.70 (sediment/water, Schnoor & McAvoy 1981)
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Herbicides 3463
1.91 (soil, average for soils 2–7, Weber & Peter 1982)
2.08 (soil, screening model calculations, Jury et al. 1987b)
2.28 (Carsel 1989)
2.18, 2.23, 2.28, 2.53 (soil, lit. values, Bottoni & Funari 1992)
2.23 (soil, 20–25°C, selected, Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996)
1.63–2.28 (quoted values, Montgomery 1993)
2.21 (selected, Wienhold & Gish 1994)
2.28 (soil, calculated-MCI 1., Sabljic et al. 1995)
2.28; 2.53 (soil, quoted exptl.; estimated-general model using molecular descriptors, Gramatica et al. 2000)
2.22, 2.22, 2.20 (soils: organic carbon OC . 0.1%, OC . 0.5%, 0.1 . OC < 0.5%, average, Delle Site 2001)
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization: k(measured) = 9000 d–1 and k(estimated) = 49000 d–1 (Glotfelty et al. 1989);
estimated t. = 2444 d from 1-m depth of water at 20°C (Muir 1991)
Volatilization rate k = 4.4 . 10–4 d–1, 2.8 . 10–3 d–1, 4.3 . 10–3 d–1 at 15, 25, 35°C, respectively, for commercial
formulation; k = 5.8 . 10–5 d–1, 8.7 . 10–3 d–1, 1.4 . 10–2 d–1 at 15, 25, 35°C, respectively, for starch
encapsulated formulation after application (Weinhold et al. 1993)
Photolysis: t. = 2.25 h in distilled water (Tanaka et al. 1981; quoted, Cessna & Muir 1991); 640 ppb contaminated
water in the presence of TiO2 and H2O2 photodegraded to 3.5 ppb by 15 h solar irradiation with complete
degradation after 75 h (Muszkat et al. 1992).
Oxidation: rate constant k, for gas-phase second order rate constants, kOH for reaction with OH radical, kNO3
with NO3 radical and kO3 with O3 or as indicated, *data at other temperatures see reference:
k(aq.) = (3.8 ± 0.4) M–1 s–1 for direct reaction with ozone in water at pH 2–6.0 and 21°C, with a half-life
of 2.4 h at pH 7 (Yao & Haag 1991).
k(calc) = 7 . 109 M–1 s–1 for the reaction with hydroxyl radical in aqueous solutions at 24 ± 1°C (Haag & Yao
1992) kOH = 2.3 . 10–11 cm3·molecule–1 s–1 with calculated tropospheric lifetime about 0.5 d at 298 K
assuming an average OH concn of 1 . 106 molecule/cm3 (Gautier et al. 2003)
Hydrolysis: alkaline chemical hydrolysis t. > 365 d (Schnoor & McAvoy 1981; quoted, Schnoor 1992).
Biodegradation: t. < 6 months for 0.07 µg/mL to biodegrade in ground water, t. > 15 months for 10.0 µg/mL
to biodegrade in groundwater both at 25°C and t. < 12 wk for 3.2 µg/mL to biodegrade in soil-water
suspension at 35°C (Weidner 1974; quoted, Muir 1991);
t. = 23 d for 0.244 µg/mL to biodegrade in river water at 23°C with biodegradation rate k = 0.030 d–1
(Schnoor et al. 1982; quoted, Muir 1991);
t. = 18 d from screening model calculations (Jury et al. 1987b);
t. > 6 wk for 0.01–1.0 µg/mL to biodegrade in sewage effluent lake water at 28°C (Novick & Alexander
1985; quoted, Muir 1991);
overall degradation rate constant k = 0.0403 h–1 with t. = 17.2 h in sewage sludge and rate constant
k = 0.1601 d–1 with t. = 4.3 d in garden soil (Muller & Buser 1995).
Biotransformation:
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Air: tropospheric lifetime of 0.5 d for gas phase reaction with OH radicals; wet deposition lifetime estimated to
be 2.8 d in the atmosphere by rainfall (Gautier et al. 2003)
Surface water: t. = 23 d for 0.244 µg/mL to biodegrade in river water at 23°C with biodegradation rate k = 0.030 d–1
(Schnoor et al. 1982; quoted, Muir 1991);
t. > 6 wk for 0.01–1.0 µg/ml to biodegrade in sewage effluent lake water at 28°C (Novick & Alexander
1985; quoted, Muir 1991);
k(measured) = (3.8 ± 0.4) M–1 s–1 for direct reaction with ozone in water at pH 2–6 and 21°C, with t. = 2.4 h
at pH 7 (Yao & Haag 1991).
Ground water: t. < 6 months for 0.07 µg/mL to biodegrade in groundwater, and t. > 15 months for 10.0 µg/mL
to biodegrade in groundwater both at 25°C (Weidner 1974; quoted, Muir 1991) reported t. = 7, 4–21 and
38 d (Bottoni & Funari 1992)
Sediment:
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3464 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
Soil: dissipation t. = 7.8 d in soil (Beestman & Demming 1974); measured dissipation rate k = 0.077 d–1 (Zimdahl
& Clark 1982);
t. = 23 and 5.7 d in soil containing 6 and 15% moisture, respectively (Walker & Brown 1985);
t. = 18 d from screening model calculations (Jury et al. 1987b);
estimated dissipation rate k = 0.020 and 0.036 d–1 (Nash 1988);
field t. < 1.5 wk by using field lysimeters (Bowman 1990);
degradation rate constant k = (4.52 ± 0.192) . 10–2 d–1 with t. = 15.3 d in control soil and k = (7.27 ± 0.772 .
10–2 d–1 with t. = 9.53 d in pretreated soil in the field; k = (2.77 ± 0.226) . 10–2 d–1 with t. = 25 d in
control soil and k = (14.1 ± 1.75) . 10–2 d–1 with t. = 4.93 d in pretreated soil once only in the laboratory
(Walker & Welch 1991);
selected field t. = 15 d (Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996; quoted, Richards & Baker 1993);
soil t. = 30 d (quoted, Pait et al. 1992);
reported t. = 7, 4–21 and 38 d (Bottoni & Funari 1992);
soil t. = 14–28 d (Di Guardo et al. 1994);
dissipation t. = 42 d from soil surface (Gish et al. 1995);
degradation t. = 4.3 d in garden soil (Muller & Buser 1995);
t. = 15 d (selected, Halfon et al. 1996);
dissipation t.(calc) = 5 and 5.3 d in soil in model ecosystem, t. = 3.3 and 3.4 d in water in model ecosystem
(Ramesh & Maheswari 2004).
Biota: biochemical t. = 18 d from screening model calculations (Jury et al. 1987b).
TABLE 17.1.1.1.1
Reported Henry’s law constants of alachlor at various temperatures
Gautier et al. 2003
gas stripping-GC/MS
t/°C H/(Pa m3/mol) t/°C H/(Pa m3/mol)
10 1.097.10.3 23 3.46.10.3
10 1.26.10.3 25 6.33.10.3
10 1.30.10.3 25 8.44.10.3
11 9.76.10.4 25.0 7.24.10.3
12 2.115.10.3
15 1.68.10.3 Arrhenius expression:
17 2.58.10.3 ln H’/(M atm.1) = –A + B/(T/K)
18 3.13.10.3 A 20.946
20 4.24.10.3 B 9200
23 3.07.10.3
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Herbicides 3465
FIGURE 17.1.1.1.1 Logarithm of Henry’s law constant versus reciprocal temperature for alachlor.
Alachlor: Henry's law constant vs. 1/T
-8.0
-7.0
-6.0
-5.0
-4.0
-3.0
0.0032 0.0033 0.0034 0.0035 0.0036
1/(T/K)
m . a P ( / H n l
3
) l o m /
Gautier et al. 2003
Fendinger & Glotfelty 1988
Fendinger et al. 1989
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3466 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
17.1.1.2 Ametryn
Common Name: Ametryn
Synonym: Amephyt, Ametrex, Evik, Gesapax
Chemical Name: 6-methylthio-2-(ethylamino)-4-(isopropylamino)-1,3,5-triazine; N-ethyl-N.-(1-methylethyl)-
6-(methyl-thio)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine
Uses: herbicide to control broadleaf and grass weeds in corn, sugarcane, some citrus fruits, and in noncropland; also
used as pre-harvest and post-harvest dessicant in potatoes to control crop and weeds.
CAS Registry No: 834-12-8
Molecular Formula: C9H17N5S
Molecular Weight: 227.330
Melting Point (°C):
88 (Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C): 328.78 (Rordorf 1989)
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
1.19 (Hartley & Kidd 1987; Worthing & Hance 1991; Montgomery 1993; Tomlin 1994)
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
277.5 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Dissociation Constant:
4.00 (pKa, Weber 1970; quoted, Bintein & Devillers 1994)
4.10 (pKa, Worthing & Hance 1991; Montgomery 1993)
10.07 (pKb, Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996)
9.90 (pKb, Tomlin 1994)
Enthalpy of Vaporization, .HV (kJ/mol):
91.96 (Rordorf 1989)
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
19.8 (Rordorf 1989)
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
55 (Rordorf 1989)
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 0.241 (mp at 88°C)
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C or as indicated):
700 (Woodford & Evans 1963)
405, 195, 192 (26°C, shake flask-UV at pH 3.0, 7.0, 10.0, Ward & Weber 1968)
185 (Martin & Worthing 1977; Herbicide Handbook 1978)
185 (20°C, Khan 1980; Ashton & Crafts 1981; Verschueren 1983)
194 (Weber et al. 1980)
185 (20°C, Hartley & Kidd 1987; Herbicide Handbook 1989; Worthing & Hance 1991; Montgomery
1993; Milne 1995)
185 (20–25°C, selected, Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996)
200 (Tomlin 1994)
134 (calculated-group contribution fragmentation method, Kuhne et al. 1995)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C or as indicated and reported temperature dependence equations):
1.12 . 10–4 (20°C, extrapolated-Antoine eq. from gas saturation-GC measurements, measured range 50–130°C,
Friedrich & Stammbach 1964) (See figure at the end of this section.)
log (P/mmHg) = 11.911 – 4933/(T/K), temp range 50–130°C (gas saturation-GC, data presented in Antoine eq.,
Friedrich & Stammbach 1964) (See figure at the end of this section.)
N
N
N
HN
NH
S
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Herbicides 3467
1.12 . 10–4 (20°C, Khan 1980; Ashton & Crafts 1981; Verschueren 1983)
1.12 . 10–4 (20°C, Hartley & Kidd 1987; Worthing & Hance 1991; Montgomery 1993)
log (PS/kPa) = 11.036 – 5270/(T/K), temp range 323–403 K, (solid, Antoine eq., Stephenson & Malanowski 1987)
1.00 . 10–4 (20°C, selected, Suntio et al. 1988)
1.12 . 10–4, 4.40 . 10–4 (20°C, 30°C, Herbicide Handbook 1989)
3.74 . 10–4, 1.40 . 10–2, 0.30, 4.40, 46 (25, 50, 70, 100, 125°C, gas saturation-GC, Rordorf 1989)
log (PS/Pa) = 16.85 – 6048.6/(T/K); measured range 49.5–85°C (gas saturation-GC, Rordorf 1989)
log (PL/Pa) = 13.396 – 4803.6/(T/K); measured range 49.5–140°C (gas saturation-GC, Rordorf 1989)
3.65 . 10–4 (20–25°C, selected, Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996)
3.65 . 10–4 (Tomlin 1994)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol at 25°C or as indicated):
1.20 . 10–4 (20°C, calculated, Suntio et al. 1988)
1.38 . 10–4 (calculated-P/C, Montgomery 1993)
1.23 . 10–4 (calculated-P/C, this work)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
2.69 (Kenaga & Goring 1980)
2.58 (Gerstl & Helling 1987)
2.98 (shake flask, Log P Database, Hansch & Leo 1987)
2.82 (Worthing & Hance 1991)
2.98 (shake flask, Biagi et al. 1991)
3.07 (RP-HPLC-RT correlation, Finizio et al. 1991)
2.88 (RP-HPLC-RT correlation, Sicbaldi & Finizio 1993)
2.98 (recommended, Sangster 1993)
2.63 (Tomlin 1994)
2.61 (shake flask-UV, Liu & Qian 1995)
2.58 (calculated-RP-HPLC-k. correlation, Liu & Qian 1995)
2.83 (Milne 1995)
2.98 (recommended, Hansch et al. 1995)
2.88 (RP-HPLC-RT correlation, Finizio et al. 1997)
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
1.52 (calculated-S, Kenaga 1980)
1.32 (calculated-KOC, Kenaga 1980)
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
2.59 (soil, Hamaker & Thompson 1972;)
2.40 (soil, calculated, Kenaga & Goring 1980)
2.59 (soil, Kenaga & Goring 1980)
2.59 (Rao & Davidson 1980)
2.59, 2.86 (quoted, calculated-MCI ., Gerstl & Helling 1987)
2.59, 2.51 (reported as log KOM, estimated as log KOM, Magee 1991)
2.40–2.59, 2.58 (soil, quoted values, Bottoni & Funari 1992)
2.48 (soil, 20–25°C, selected, Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996)
2.23–2.44 (Montgomery 1993)
2.48 (Tomlin 1994)
2.42 (calculated-KOW, Liu & Qian 1995)
2.59 (soil, calculated-MCI 1., Sabljic et al. 1995)
2.70, 2.59 (soil, estimated-class-specific model, estimated-general model using molecular descriptors, Gramatica
et al. 2000)
2.52, 2.63, 2.60, 2.35 (soils with organic carbon OC . 0.5% at: pH 4.5–9.0, pH 4.5–5.4, pH 5.5–6.0, pH-6.1,
average, Delle Site 2001)
1.84, 2.23 (Kishon river sediments, sorption isotherm, Chefetz et al. 2004)
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3468 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization:
Photolysis: t. = 10 h for 10 µg mL–1 to degrade in distilled water under > 290 nm light and t. = 3.3 h in 1%
acetone solution (Burkhard & Guth 1976; quoted, Cessna & Muir 1991);
t. = 2.25 h for 17% of 33 µg mL–1 to degrade in 0.2% aqueous solutions of the surfactant Triton X-100
and for 8% of 33 µg/mL to degrade in distilled water both under 300 nm light (Tanaka et al. 1981;
quoted, Cessna & Muir 1991).
Oxidation:
Hydrolysis: t. = 32 d at pH 1 and t. > 200 d at pH 13 (Montgomery 1993).
Biodegradation:
Biotransformation:
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Air:
Surface water:
Groundwater: reported half-lives or persistence, t. = 7–120 d (Bottoni & Funari 1992)
Sediment:
Soil: t. = 6.0 months at 15°C and t. = 4.5 months at 30°C in soils (Freed & Haque 1973);
t. = 70–120 d (Bottoni & Funari 1992);
selected t. = 60 d (Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996);
t. = 70–129 d in soil (Tomlin 1994).
Biota:
FIGURE 17.1.1.2.1 Logarithm of vapor pressure versus reciprocal temperature for ametryn.
Ametryn: vapor pressure vs. 1/T
-5.0
-4.0
-3.0
-2.0
-1.0
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
0.0022 0.0024 0.0026 0.0028 0.003 0.0032 0.0034 0.0036
1/(T/K)
P( gol
S
) aP/
Friedrich & Stammbach 1964 (50 to 130 °C)
Friedrich & Stammbach 1964 (extrapolated)
m.p. = 88 °C
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Herbicides 3469
17.1.1.3 Amitrole
Common Name: Amitrole
Synonym: Amazole, Amitrol, Amizole, aminotriazole, Azolan, Azole, cytrol, Diurol
Chemical Name: 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole; 3-amino-s-triazole; 1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-amine
Uses: nonselective, foliage-applied herbicide in uncropped land and orchards to control perennial weeds in certain
grasses.
CAS Registry No: 61-82-5
Molecular Formula: C2H4N4
Molecular Weight: 84.080
Melting Point (°C):
159 (Khan 1980; Herbicide Handbook 1989; Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
1.138 (Hartley & Kidd 1987; Herbicide Handbook 1989; Montgomery 1993; Tomlin 1994)
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
85.1 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Dissociation Constant:
9.83 (pKb, Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996)
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
24.69 (DSC method, Plato 1972)
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 0.0484 (mp at 159°C)
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C or as indicated):
252000 (Freed & Burschel 1957)
280000 (Martin 1961; Spencer 1981)
280000 (Bailey & White 1965; Khan 1980; Weber et al. 1980; Ashton & Crafts 1981; Willis & McDowell
1982)
soluble (Wauchope 1978)
280000 (Worthing 1983, Worthing & Hance 1991)
280000 (Hartley & Kidd 1987; Herbicide Handbook 1989; Reinert 1989)
360000 (20–25°C, selected, Wauchope et al. 1992; Lohninger 1994; Hornsby et al. 1996)
280000 (20°C at pH 7, quoted, Montgomery 1993)
280000 (23°C, Tomlin 1994)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C or as indicated):
< 0.001 (Agrochemicals Handbook 1983; quoted, Howard 1991)
< 0.001 (Hartley & Kidd 1987)
5.50 . 10–8 (20°C, Worthing & Hance 1991; Tomlin 1994)
5.87 . 10–5 (20–25°C, selected, Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996)
5.51 . 10–7 (20°C, quoted, Montgomery 1993)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol at 25°C or as indicated):
< 3.04 . 10–7 (calculated-P/C, Howard 1991)
1.650 . 10–10 (20°C, calculated-P/C, Montgomery 1993)
1.650 . 10–10 (calculated-P/C, this work)
N
NH
N
NH2
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3470 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
–0.85 (shake flask, pH 7, Lichtner 1983)
0.52 (selected, Dao et al. 1983; Gerstl & Helling 1987)
–0.15 (Reinert 1989; quoted, Howard 1991; Montgomery 1993)
–0.87, –0.84 (pH 7) (Hansch et al. 1995)
–0.87 (LOGPSTAR or CLOGP data, Sabljic et al. 1995)
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
–0.301 (estimated-S, Lyman et al. 1982; quoted, Howard 1991)
–0.347 (estimated-log KOW, Lyman et al. 1982; quoted, Howard 1991)
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
2.04 (soil, estimated-molecular topology & QSAR, Sabljic 1984)
0.23 (calculated-MCI ., Gerstl & & Helling 1987)
1.26 (Reinert 1989)
2.00 (soil, 20–25°C, selected, Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996)
1.73–2.31 (quoted, Montgomery 1993)
2.00 (estimated-chemical structure, Lohninger 1994)
1.25 (soil, calculated-MCI 1., Sabljic et al. 1995)
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization:
Photolysis:
Oxidation: photooxidation t. = 3.2–32 h in air, based on estimated rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction
with hydroxyl radicals in air (Atkinson 1987; quoted, Howard et al. 1991).
Hydrolysis:
Biodegradation: aqueous aerobic t. = 672–4032 h, based on reported half-lives in soil and water (Freed & Haque
1973; Reinert & Rogers 1987; quoted, Howard et al. 1991); aqueous anaerobic t. = 2688–16128 h, based
on estimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life (Howard et al. 1991).
Biotransformation:
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Air: t. = 3.8 d, based on a theoretical calculation for the vapor-phase reaction with hydroxyl radicals in the
atmosphere at 25°C (GEMS 1986; quoted, Howard 1989);
t. = 3.2–32 h, based on estimated rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction with hydroxyl radicals in air
(Atkinson 1987; quoted, Howard et al. 1991).
Surface water: t. = 672–4320 h, based on estimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life (Howard et al.
1991).
Groundwater: t. = 1344–8640 h, based on estimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life (Howard et al.
1991).‘
Sediment:
Soil: t. = 1.4, 1.6, 1.3, 92, 36, and 56 d with disappearance rates: k = 0.495, 0.433, 0.533, 0.0075, 0.0193, and
0.124 d–1 at pH 6.0, 7.0, 8.0, 5.3, 6.5, and 7.5 (Hamaker 1972; quoted, Nash 1988);
t. = 1.5 month at 15°C and t. = 1.0 month at 30°C in soils (Freed & Haque 1973);
persistence of one month in soil (Wauchope 1978);
persistence in soil for ca. 2–4 wk (Herbicide Handbook 1989; Tomlin 1994);
t. = 672–4320 h, based on estimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life (Howard et al. 1991);
selected field t. = 14 d (Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996).
Biota:
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Herbicides 3471
17.1.1.4 Atrazine
Common Name: Atrazine
Synonym: Aatrex, Akikon, Aktikon, Aktinit, Atratol, Atred, Atrex, Candex, Fenamine, Gesaprim, Hungazin, Inakor,
Primatol, Primaze, Radazine, Strazine, Triazine A, Vectal, Weedex A, Wonuk, Zeazine
Chemical Name: 2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-1,3,5-triazine; 6-chloro-N-ethyl-N.-(1-methylethyl)-1,3,5-
triazine-diamine
Uses: pre-emergence and post-emergence herbicide to control some annual grasses and broadleaf weeds in corn, fallow
land, rangeland, sorghum, noncropland, certain tropical plantations, evergreen nurseries, fruit crops, and lawns.
CAS Registry No: 1912-24-9
Molecular Formula: C8H14ClN5
Molecular Weight: 215.684
Melting Point (°C):
173 (Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (C):
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
1.187 (Worthing & Hance 1991; Montgomery 1993; Tomlin 1994)
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
250.6 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Dissociation Constant:
1.68 (pKa, Weber 1970; Somasundaram et al. 1991; Bintein & Devillers 1994)
1.70 (pKa, Weber et al. 1980; Willis & McDowell 1982; Worthing & Hance 1991; Francioso et al. 1992;
Montgomery 1993; Tomlin 1994)
1.60 (pKa, Yao & Haag 1991; Haag & Yao 1992)
12.32 (pKb, Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996)
1.62 (pKa, 20°C, Montgomery 1993)
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
40.585 (DSC method, Plato 1972)
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 20°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K),
F: 0.0353 (mp at 173°C)
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C or as indicated):
70.0 (26°C, Bailey & White 1965)
50.0 (Gunther et al. 1968)
31.1, 34.9, 36.8 (26°C, shake flask-UV at pH 3.0, 7.0. 10.0, Ward & Weber 1968)
98.0 (50°C, Getzen & Ward 1971)
33.0 (shake flask-GC, Hormann & Eberle 1972)
29.9 (shake flask-UV, Hurle & Freed 1972)
30.0 (20°C, Weber 1972; Worthing & Walker 1987; Worthing & Hance 1991; Burkhard & Guth 1981)
33.0 (27°C, Ashton & Crafts 1973, 1981; Khan 1980; Herbicide Handbook 1989; Pait et al. 1992)
32.0 (Freed 1976; Beste & Humburg 1983; Jury et al. 1983)
31.5 (Spencer 1976)
33.0 (Wauchope 1978; Kenaga 1980; Kenaga & Goring 1980)
35.0 (Weber et al. 1980)
30.0 (shake flask-HPLC, Ellgehausen et al. 1981)
24.0 (Thomas 1982)
70.0 (Windholz 1983)
N
N
N
HN
NH
Cl
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3472 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
28.0 (20°C, Hartley & Kidd 1987)
29.9, 33, 70 (literature data variability, Heller et al. 1989)
33.0 (20–25°C, selected, Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996)
28.0, 33.0 (20°C, 27°C, Montgomery 1993)
33.0 (20°C, Tomlin 1994)
28.0 (Milne 1995)
4012, 4012 (supercooled liquid SL: literature derived value LDV, final adjust value FAV, Muir et al. 2004)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C or as indicated and reported temperature dependence equations. Additional data at other
temperatures designated * are compiled at the end of this section):
44.0 . 10–5* (20°C, extrapolated-Antoine eq. from gas saturation-GC measurements, measured range 50–130°C,
Friedrich & Stammbach 1964)
log (P/mmHg) = 13.766 – 5945/(T/K), temp range 50–130°C (gas saturation-GC, data presented in graph and
Antoine eq., Friedrich & Stammbach 1964)
4.00 . 10–5 (20°C, Weber 1972; Worthing 1979; Worthing & Walker 1987, Worthing & Hance 1991; quoted,
Khan 1980; Dobbs et al. 1984; Muir 1991)
3.99 . 10–5 (20°C, gas saturation, extrapolated from Friedrich & Stammbach 1964, Spencer 1976)
4.00 . 10–5 (20°C, Hartley & Graham-Bryce 1980; Beste & Humburg 1983)
4.00 . 10–5 (20–25°C, Weber et al. 1980)
4.00 . 10–5 (20°C, Ashton & Crafts 1981)
1.33 . 10–4 (selected, Schnoor & McAvoy 1981)
3.70 . 10–5* (20°C, extrapolated from gas saturation measurement, Grayson & Fosbracey 1982)
ln (P/Pa) = 36.8 – 13778/(T/K), for temp range 51–81.5°C, (Antoine eq., gas saturation, Grayson & Fosbracey
1982)
1.13 . 10–4 (Thomas 1982)
4.00 . 10–5 (20°C, Hartley & Kidd 1987)
log (PS/kPa) = 12.8909 – 5945/(/K), temp range 323–403 K, (solid, Antoine eq., Stephenson & Malanowski 1987)
8.70 . 10–5 (selected, Nash 1989)
3.99 . 10–5, 18.6 . 10–5 (20°C, 30°C, Herbicide Handbook 1989)
3.90 . 10–5* (gas saturation-GC, measured range 40.5–125°C, Rordorf 1989)
log (PS/Pa) = 13.27071 – 6558.5/(T/K); measured range 40.5–125°C (gas saturation-GC, Rordorf 1989)
log (PL/Pa) = 13.396 – 4803.6/(T/K); measured range not specified (gas saturation-GC, Rordorf 1989)
4.05 . 10–5 (Riederer 1990)
3.85 . 10–5 (20–25°C, selected, Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996)
4.00 . 10–5 (20°C, Montgomery 1993)
2.00 . 10–5 (selected, Sieber et al. 1994)
3.90 . 10–5 (Tomlin 1994; quoted, Halfon et al. 1996)
6.70 . 10–4* (40°C, Knudsen effusion method, measured range 40–80°C, Goodman 1997)
log (P/Pa) = 16.08 – 6040/(T/K); temp range 40–80°C, Goodman 1997)
0.0096, 0.0096 (supercooled liquid PL: literature derived value LDV, final adjust value FAV, Muir et al.
2004)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol at 25°C or as indicated):
6.20 . 10–4 (calculated-P/C, Jury et al. 1983, 1984, 1987a; Jury & Ghodrati 1989)
2.90 . 10–4 (20°C, calculated-P/C, Suntio et al. 1988)
6.19 . 10–4 (calculated-P/C, Taylor & Glotfelty 1988)
5.70 . 10–4 (calculated-P/C, Nash 1989)
3.04 . 10–4 (Riederer 1990)
2.66 . 10–4 (calculated-P/C, Howard 1991)
2.89 . 10–4 (20°C, calculated-P/C, Muir 1991)
3.08 . 10–4 (20°C, calculated-P/C, Montgomery 1993)
1.00 . 10–3 (calculated-P/C, Sieber et al. 1994)
6.20 . 10–4 (Gish et al. 1995)
2.88 . 10–4 (calculated-P/C, this work)
0.518 (final adjust value FAV, Muir et al. 2004)
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Herbicides 3473
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
2.75 (shake flask-GC, Erkell & Walum 1979)
2.63 (HPLC-RT correlation, Veith et al. 1979, 1980; Veith & Kosian 1982)
2.35 (Rao & Davidson 1980)
2.71 (shake flask-both phases analyzed by GC and UV spec., Brown & Flagg 1981)
2.40, 2.21 (HPLC-k. correlation, McDuffie 1981)
2.75 (shake flask, Ellgehausen et al. 1981)
2.80 (Elgar 1983)
2.05 (RP-HPLC-k. correlation, Braumann et al. 1983)
2.64 (shake flask-GC, Geyer et al. 1984)
2.75 (Hansch & Leo 1985)
2.64 (OECD method 1981, Kerler & Schonherr 1988)
2.68 (Lopez-Avila et al. 1989)
2.61, 2.61 (RP-HPLC-RT correlation, calculated, Finizio et al. 1991)
2.34 (Worthing & Hance 1991; Milne 1995)
2.10 (shake flask, pH 7, Baker et al. 1992)
2.33–2.80 (quoted values, Montgomery 1993)
2.75 (recommended, Sangster 1993)
2.42 (RP-HPLC-RT correlation, Sicbaldi & Finizio 1993)
2.50 (Tomlin 1994)
2.27 (shake flask-UV, Liu & Qian 1995)
2.61 (selected, Hansch et al. 1995)
2.43 (RP-HPLC-RT correlation, Finizio et al. 1997)
2.00 (RP-HPLC-RT correlation using short ODP column, Donovan & Pescatore 2002)
2.63 ± 0.07, 2.47 ± 0.15, 2.46 ± 0.09 (shake flask, isocratic RP-HPLC-k. correlation, gradient RP-HPLC-k.
correlation, Paschke et al. 2004)
2.40 (literature derived value LDV, Muir et al. 2004)
Octanol/Air Partition Coefficient, log KOA:
9.08 (final adjust value FAV, Muir et al. 2004)
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
–2.00 (vegetation, correlated-KOW, Beynon et al. 1972; quoted, Travis & Arms 1988)
1.04 (Metcalf & Sanborn 1975; quoted, Kenaga & Goring 1980; Isensee 1991)
1.00 (Isensee 1976)
0.50 (whitefish, Burkhard & Guth 1976)
0.90 (fathead minnow, Veith et al. 1979)
0.30 (catfish, Ellgehausen et al. 1980; quoted, Howard 1991)
0.26 (Daphnia magna, wet wt. basis, Ellgehausen et al. 1980)
0.48 (Corygonus fera. at 12°C, Gunkel & Streit 1980)
1.93, 0.845 (calculated-S, KOC, Kenaga 1980)
< 0.90 (Veith et al. 1980)
1.90 (selected, Schnoor & McAvoy 1981)
1.93, 1.77 (estimated-S, estimated-KOW, Bysshe 1982)
0.90 (fathead minnow, Veith & Kosian 1982)
2.00 (mottled sculpin, Lynch et al. 1982)
1.60 (activated sludge, Freitag et al. 1984)
1.00 (golden ide, Freitag et al. 1985)
0.477, 0.954, 0.845, 0.778 (zebrafish: egg, embryo, yolk sac fry, juvenile; Gorge & Nagel 1990)
0.78 (Brachydanio rerio, Gorge & Nagel 1990)
0.983 (Hydrilla, Hinman & Klaine 1992)
1.98, 0.748, 0.230 (algae Scenedesmus acutus, catfish Ictalurus melas, Daphnia magna, wet wt basis, Wang
et al. 1996)
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3474 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
Bioaccumulation Factor, log BAF:
1.710 (algae, Ellgehausen et al. 1980;)
0.329 (catfish, Ellgehausen et al. 1980)
0.261 (daphnids, Ellgehausen et al. 1980)
1.72, 0.477, 1.60 (algae, fish, sludge, Klein et al. 1984)
1.70, < 1.00, 1.60 (algae, fish, sludge, Freitag et al. 1985)
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC at 25°C or as indicated:
2.17 (soil, Hamaker & Thompson 1972)
2.09 (average of 4 soils, Rao & Davidson 1979; Davidson et al. 1980)
2.81 (calculated, Kenaga & Goring 1980; Kenaga 1980)
2.20 (average of soils/sediments, Rao & Davidson 1980)
2.21 (average of 56 soils from lit. review, Rao & Davidson 1980)
2.33 (a Georgia pond sediment, sorption isotherms by shake flask-GC/ECD, Brown & Flagg 1981)
1.59 (a Swiss soil, Burkhard & Guth 1981)
3.11, 2.31; 1.94, 2.42 (estimated-S, calculated-S and mp; estimated-KOW, Karickhoff 1981)
0.7–1.48 (selected, sediment/water, Schnoor & McAvoy 1981)
2.18 (soil, Thomas 1982)
2.29–3.18 (Wolf & Jackson 1982)
3.23–4.13 (Means & Wijayaratne 1982)
2.21 (soil average, Jury et al. 1983)
1.63–3.29 (Wauchope & Myers 1985; 1991)
2.46 (calculated-MCI ., Gerstl & Helling 1987)
2.20 (soil, screening model calculations, Jury et al. 1987a,b; Jury & Ghodrati 1989)
1.92 (RP-HPLC-k. correlation, cyanopropyl column, Hodson & Williams 1988)
2.21 (estimated as log KOM, Magee 1991)
2.0, 2.18, 2.17–2.81, 2.26 (soil, literature values, Bottoni & Funari 1992)
2.27, 2.41, 2.59, 2.16 (soils, no. 1, 2, 3, 4; Francioso et al. 1992)
1.81 (soil, HPLC-screening method, mean value from different stationary and mobile phases, Kordel
et al. 1993, 1995a,b)
2.00 (soil, 20–25°C, selected, Wauchope et al. 1992; quoted, Dowd et al. 1993; Richards & Baker 1993;
Wienhold & Gish 1994; Hornsby et al. 1996)
1.95–2.71 (quoted values, Montgomery 1993)
2,60 (soil with 9.23% organic carbon, Donati et al. 1994)
2.04 (agricultural soil, Dousset et al. 1994)
2.40 (estimated-chemical structure, Lohninger 1994)
2.05 (soil with low organic carbon 0.18%, Roy & Krapac 1994)
1.95–2.19 (Tomlin 1994)
2.23 (calculated-KOW, Liu & Qian 1995)
2.24 (soil, calculated-MCI 1., Sabljic et al. 1995)
1.81; 2.36 (HPLC-screening method; calculated-PCKOC fragment method, Muller & Kordel 1996)
1.00 (sediment/water, Chung et al. 1996)
2.64 (Levy wetland soil, sorption equilibrium technique, 24°C, Mersie & Seybold 1996)
2.14–2.21; 2.03–2.12 (Teufelsweiher pond sediment: field measurement; exptl laboratory data, Gao et al. 1997)
2.19 (sediment from Teufelsweiher pond, batch equilibrium isotherm, Gao et al. 1998)
1.93, 1.80–1.85, 1.81 (soil, liquid sewage sludge amended soil, sludge, pH 7.2, batch equilibrium-sorption
isotherm, Celis et al. 1998)
1.93, 1.83, 1.79 (soil + CaCl2 at pH 7.2, soil + liquid sewage sludge and dissolved organic matter at pH 7.5,
soil + liquid sewage sludge at pH 7.2, batch equilibrium-sorption isotherm, Celis et al. 1998)
2.566, 1.72, 1.75, 1.505, 2.40 (first generation Eurosoils ES-1, ES-2, ES-3, ES-4, ES-5, shake flask/batch equilibrium-
HPLC/UV, Gawlik et al. 1998, 1999)
2.24, 2.45; 2.82., 1.81, 2.81, 1.98, 1.99 (quoted lit., calculated-KOW; HPLC-screening method with different LCcolumns,
Szabo et al. 1999)
2.154, 1.97, 1.77, 1.61, 2.496 (second generation Eurosoils ES-1, ES-2, ES-3, ES-4, ES-5, shake flask/batch
equilibrium-HPLC/UV, Gawlik et al. 1999)
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Herbicides 3475
1.69 (sandy loam soil, column equilibrium method, 20°C, Xu et al. 1999)
2.154, 1.969, 1.769, 1,610, 2.486 (second generation Eurosoils ES-1, ES-2, ES-3, ES-4, ES-5, shake flask/batch
equilibrium-HPLC/UV and HPLC-k. correlation, Gawlik et al. 2000)
2.24; 2.27, 2.47 (soil, quoted obs.; estimated-class-specific model, estimated-general model using molecular
descriptors, Gramatica et al. 2000)
2.59, 2.16 (average values for sediments, soils, Delle Site 2001)
2.31, 2.17, 2.56 (soils: organic carbon OC . 0.1%, OC . 0.5%, 0.1 . OC < 0.5%, and pH 3.2–8.2, average, Delle
Site 2001)
2.34, 2.24, 2.06, 2.59 (soils with organic carbon OC . 0.5% at: pH 3.2–5.0, pH 5.1–5.9, pH-6.0, pH 4.4–7.7,
average, Delle Site 2001)
1.77, 2.10 (Kishon river sediments, sorption isotherm, Chefetz et al. 2004)
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization: initial rate constant k = 6.4 . 10–4 h–1 and predicted rate constant k = 4.2 . 10–4 h–1 from soil with
t. = 1650 h (Thomas 1982);
t. = 97 d (Jury et al. 1983; quoted, Grover 1991);
rate constants k(measured) = 1100 d–1 and k(est.) = 6000 d–1 (Glotfelty et al. 1989);
Half-lives from soil surfaces: t. = 655 to > 1000 d in peat soil and t. = 143–939 d in sandy soil; half-lives
from plant surfaces: t. = 25.6 d in bean, t. = 24.3 d in turnips and t. = 14.6 d in oats at 20 ± 1°C (Dorfler
et al. 1991)
Volatilization rate k = 1.4 . 10–4 d–1, 2.6 . 10–3 d–1, 4.4 . 10–3 d–1 at 15, 25, 35°C, respectively, for commercial
formulation; k = 1.2 . 10–5 d–1, 4.8 . 10–4 d–1, 8.1 . 10–4 d–1 at 15, 25, 35°C, respectively, for starchencapsulated
formulation after application (Weinhold et al. 1993)
Photolysis: t. = (19 ± 9) h under summer sunlight of 9.1 h d–1 exposure and t. = 61 ± 29 h under spring sunlight
of 3.7 h d–1 exposure in 10 ppm aqueous solutions: (Burkhard et al. 1975);
t. = 4.9 h for 10 µg/mL to degrade in 1% acetone solution and t. = 25 h for 10 µg/mL to degrade in distilled
water both under > 290 nm light (Burkhard & Guth 1976);
nearsurface direct sunlight photolysis rate constant k = 9 . 10–6 d–1 with t. = 81,000 d (Schnoor & McAvoy
1981; quoted, Schnoor 1992);
t. = 2.25 h for 17–27% of 100 µg/mL to degrade in distilled water under 300 nm light (Tanaka et al. 1981;
quoted, Cessna & Muir 1991);
rate of photolytic degradation was slightly higher in water (t. = 3–12 d) than in sediments (t. = 1–4 wk)
(Jones et al. 1982; quoted, Montgomery 1993);
40 ppb contaminated water in presence of TiO2 and H2O2 degraded to 4 ppb after 15 h by solar irradiation
with complete degradation after 75 h (Muszkat et al. 1992)
t.(aq.) = 335 d at pH 7 under natural light; t. = 17.5 h at pH 7 using mercury lamp in aqueous solution;
soil photolysis t.= 12 d under natural light, t. = 5 d using mercury lamp and t. = 45 d using xenon lamp
(Solomon et al. 1996);
Oxidation: rate constant k, for gas-phase second order rate constants, kOH for reaction with OH radical, kNO3
with NO3 radical and kO3 with O3 or as indicated, *data at other temperatures see reference:
kOH = 147.2 . 10–12 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 with n half-life of 2.6 h at 25°C for the vapor-phase reaction with
hydroxyl radical in air (Atkinson 1987; quoted, Howard et al. 1991);
k(aq.) = 5.9 . 109 M–1 s–1 for the reaction (photo-Fenton with reference to acetophenone) with OH radical
in aqueous solutions at pH 3.6 and 24 ± 1°C (Buxton et al. 1988; quoted, Faust & Hoigne 1990; Haag &
Yao 1992)
k(aq.) = (24 ± 4) M–1 s–1 for direct reaction with ozone at pH 4 and 26°C; k = (13 ± 1) M–1 s–1 at pH 4.2
and 21°C and k = (24 ± 4) M–1 s–1 at pH 4.1 and 19°C in water, with a half-life of 1.5 h at pH 7 (Yao &
Haag 1991)
k(aq.) = (2.6 ± 0.4) . 109 M–1 s–1 for the reaction (photo-Fenton with reference to acetophenone) with
hydroxyl radical in aqueous solutions at pH 3.6 and 24 ± 1°C (Haag & Yao 1992)
k(aq.) = 0.82 . 109 M–1 s–1 for reaction with hydroxyl radical in irradiated field water (Mabury & Crosby
1996)
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3476 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
Hydrolysis: t. ~ 70 d at pH 3.1 of citrate buffer; t. ~ 75 d at pH 11.1 of carbonate buffer and t. ~ 2 d at 3.9 of
phosphate buffer + sterile lake sediment in aqueous solutions at 25°C (Armstrong et al. 1967; quoted, Muir
1991)
Over all rate constant k = 7.6 . 10–5 s–1 with t. = 2.5 h at 25°C and pH 7 (Mabey & Mill 1978)
t. = 3.3, 14, 58, 240, 100, 12.5, and 1.5 d at pH 1, 2, 3, 4, 11, 12, and 13, respectively, in aqueous buffered
solutions in soil at 25°C (Armstrong et al. 1967; quoted, Montgomery 1993);
t. = 244 d without humic materials, t. = 1.37 d with the presence of 2% humic acid at pH 4 and 25°C
(Li & Felbeck 1972; quoted, Howard 1991; Montgomery 1993)
k = 3.9 . 10–5 M–1 s–1 and k = 7.6 . 10–5 M–1 s–1 with t. = 66 and 81 d in aqueous solutions of pH 3.1 and
11.1, respectively (Wolfe et al. 1976; quoted, Muir 1991)
k(aq.) = 19.9 d–1 at pH 2.9, k = 3.99 d–1 at pH 4.5, k = 1.74 d–1 at pH 6.0, and k = 0.934 d–1 at pH 7.0 with
corresponding t. = 34.8, 174, 398, and 742 d all at 25°C in 0.5 mg mL–1 concn. of aqueous fulvic acid
(Khan 1978; quoted, Howard 1991; Montgomery 1993)
k(aq.) = 28.4 d–1 at pH 2.8, k = 12.6 d–1 at pH 4.5, k = 3.16 d–1 at pH 6.0, and k = 1.23 d–1 at pH 7.0 with
corresponding t. = 24.4, 55.0, 219, and 563 d all at 25°C in 1.0 mg mL–1 concn. of aqueous fulvic acid
(Khan 1978)
k(aq.) = 151 d–1 at pH 2.4, k = 43.7 d–1 at pH 4.5, k = 13.2 d–1 at pH 6.0, and k = 7.93 d–1 at pH 7.0 with
corresponding t. = 4.60, 15.9, 52.5 and 87.3 d all at 25°C in 5.0 mg mL–1 concn. of aqueous fulvic acid
(Khan 1978)
k(aq.) = 9.30 . 10–6 s–1 with t. = 86 d at 20°C in a buffer at pH 5 (Burkhard & Guth 1981; quoted, Muir
1991)
t. > 3 months (in sterile buffer solution at pH 7.2) and t. > 14 d (in sterile mineral salt solution at pH 7.2)
for 20 µg mL–1 to hydrolyze at 23°C (Geller 1980; quoted, Muir 1991)
k(alkaline) = 1 . 10–16 M–1 s–1 with t. = 742 d (Schnoor & McAvoy 1981; quoted, Schnoor 1992)
t. = 1771 yr at pH 7 and 25°C (Montgomery 1993)
Biodegradation:
t. = 64 d in soil (Armstrong et al. 1967; Dao et al. 1979; quoted, Means et al. 1983)
t. = 3.21 d in aqueous solution from river die-away tests (Furmidge & Osgerby 1967; quoted, Scow 1982)
t.(aerobic) > 90 d for 10–20 µg mL–1 to degrade in soil-water suspension (Goswami & Green 1971; quoted,
Muir 1991)
k(aq.) = 0.019 d–1 by soil incubation die-away studies (Rao & Davidson 1980; quoted, Scow 1982);
t.(aerobic) > 35 d for 0.1–1.0 µg mL–1 to slowly biodegrade in sediment/water at 25°C (Wolf & Jackson
1982; quoted, Muir 1991)
t. = 36 and 110 d in soil (Jones et al. 1982; quoted, Means et al. 1983)
t. = 71 d for a 100 d leaching and screening test in 0–10 cm depth of soil (Jury et al. 1983, 1984, 1987a;
Jury & Ghodrati 1989; quoted, Grover 1991)
k = 0.22 d–1 of aerobic degradation rate observed in incubations of river water samples (Lyman et al. 1990;
quoted, Hemond & Fechner 1994)
t. = 201 d with 12 mM methanol, for aqueous atrazine using first-order decay rate, t. = 289 d with 6 mM
sodium acetate, t. = 164 d with 6 mM acetic acid and t. = 200 d with 2 mM glucose; however t. = 224 d
in the sample reactors without any organic amendments (Chung et al. 1996)
degradation t. = 39 h and 43 h by soil micro Rhodococcus. sp. NI86/21 with atrazine concn 4 µg/mL and
8 µg/mL respectively (Van Zwieten & Kennedy 1995)
first order removal of atrazine from sediment organic carbon: k = –0.0054 d–1 with t. = 128 d in surface
sediment 0–6 cm depth, k = –0.0016 d–1 with t. = 433 d in sub-surface sediment 24–34 cm depth from
Blue Heron Pond; k = –0.007 d–1 with t. = 99 d in surface sediment 0–6 cm depth, k = –0.0022 d–1 with
t. = 630 d in sub-surface sediment 24–34 cm depth rom Oyster Rake Pond; k = –0.0142 d–1 with t. = 49 d
in surface sediment 0–6 cm depth, k = –0.0009 d–1 with t. = 770 d in sub-surface sediment 24–34 cm
depth from Trumpet Creeper East Pond, and k = –0.0149 d–1 with t. = 47 d in surface sediment 0–6 cm
depth, k = –0.0000 d–1 with t. = 70 d in sub-surface sediment 24–34 cm depth from Trumpet Creeper
North, Kiawah island (Smalling & Aelion 2004)
50–60% degradation in 35–100 d by anaerobic mixed culture microorganisms with atrazine as sole carbon
source (Ghosh & Philip 2004)
Biotransformation:
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Herbicides 3477
k2 = 0.0248, 1.26 h–1 (algae, daphnids, Ellgehausen et al. 1980)
k2 = 27.2 d–1 (catfish, Ellgehausen et al. 1980)
k1 = 2.4, 30, 19.0 h–1 (zebrafish: egg, yolk sac fry, juvenile; Gorge & Nagel 1990)
k1 = 227.0 h–1; k2 = 2.354 h–1 (algae Scenedesmus acutus, Wang et al. 1996)
k1 = 0.412 h–1; k2 = 0.073 h–1 (catfish Ictalurus melas, Wang et al. 1996)
k1 = 2.027 h–1; k2 = 1.161 h–1 (water flea Daphnia magna, Wang et al. 1996)
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Air: t. = 2.6 h, based on estimated rate constant k = 147.2 . 10–12 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 at 25°C for the vaporphase
reaction with hydroxyl radical in air (Atkinson 1987; quoted, Howard 1991).
Surface water: estimated t. ~ 3.21 d in aqueous solution from river die-away tests (Furmidge & Osgerby 1967;
quoted, Scow 1982);
t. = 1–4 wk in estuarine systems (Jones et al. 1982; quoted, Meakins et al. 1994);
under laboratory conditions in distilled water and river water was completely degraded after 21.3 and 7.3 h,
respectively (Mansour et al. 1989; quoted, Montgomery 1993);
t. = 3.2 d to 7–8 months in aquatic environments (Eisler 1985; quoted, Day 1991);
measured rate constant k = (24 ± 4) M–1 s–1 at pH 4.0, k = (13 ± 1) M–1 s–1 at pH 4.2, for direct reaction with
ozone in water at 26 and 21°C, respectively, with t. = 1.5 h at pH 7 (Yao & Haag 1991);.
t. = 35.6–168 h in surface water system of a small stream in Iowa by water quality analyses (Kolpin &
Kalkhoff 1993);
t. = 235 d at 6°C, t. = 164 d at 22°C in darkness, t. = 59 d under sunlight conditions for river water at
pH 17.3; t. = 130 d at 22°C in darkness for filtered river water at pH 7.3 and t. = 200 d at 22°C in
darkness, t. = 169 d under sunlight conditions for seawater, pH 8.1 (Lartiges & Garrigues 1995)
Groundwater: t. = 6–15 months for 0.72–10 µg mL–1 to biodegrade slowly at 25°C (Weidener 1974; quoted,
Muir 1991)
reported half-lives or persistence, t. = 60–150, 71, 74, and 130 d (Bottoni & Funari 1992)
Sediment: t. = 145 d in a Wisconsin Lake sediment (Armstrong et al. 1967; quoted, Jones et al. 1982; Means
et al. 1983) and t. ~ 30 d for Chesapeake Bay sediment (Ballantine et al. 1978; quoted, Jones et al. 1982);
t. = 7–28 d for 0.1 µg mL–1 to rapid degrade in both aerobic and low oxygen systems in estuarine
sediment/water at 12–35°C (Jones et al. 1982, quoted, Muir 1991);
t.(aerobic) > 35 d for 0.1–1.0 µg mL–1 to slowly biodegrade in sediment/water at 25°C (Wolf & Jackson
1982; quoted, Muir 1991)
t. = 60–120 d in surface sediment, t. = 60–223 d in subsurface sediment
biodegradation t. = 47–128 d in the surface and t. = 70–770 in subsurface sediment (Smalling & Aelion
2004)
Soil: half-lives in aqueous buffered solutions in soil at 25°C and pH 1, 2, 3, 4, 11, 12, and 13 were reported to
be 3.3, 14, 58, 240, 100, 12.5, and 1.5 d, respectively (Armstrong et al. 1967; quoted, Montgomery 1993);
t. = 3–5 yr in agricultural soils (Armstrong et al. 1967; quoted, Jones et al. 1982);
estimated persistence of 10 months in soil (Kearney et al. 1969; quoted, Jury et al. 1987a);
t. = 1.73, and 244 d at 25°C and pH 4 with and without fulvic acid (2%) (Li & Felbeck 1972; quoted,
Montgomery 1993);
persistence of 10 months in soil (Edwards 1973; quoted, Morrill et al. 1982);
t. = 6.0 months at 15°C and t. = 2.0 months at 30°C in soils (Freed & Haque 1973);
persistence of 12 months (Wauchope 1978);
correlated t. = 37 d at pH 5.1–7.0, and t. = 28 d at pH 7.7–8.2 (Boddington Barn soil, Hance 1979),
t. ~ 30 d at pH 4.6–5.3 and t. = 40 d at pH 6.3–8.0 (Triangle soil, Hance 1979);
t. = 37 d in agricultural soils (Dao et al. 1979; quoted, Jones et al. 1982);
estimated first-order t. = 36.5 d from biodegradation rate constant k = 0.019 d–1 by soil incubation die-away
studies (Rao & Davidson 1980; quoted, Scow 1982);
t. = 53 and 113 d at pH 6.5 at 22°C in a Hatzenbuhl soil at pH 4.8 and Neuhofen soil, respectively (Burkhard
& Guth 1981; quoted, Montgomery 1993);
t. = 1–6 months (Jones et al. 1982; quoted, Meakins et al. 1994);
moderately persistent in soils with t. = 20–100 d (Willis & McDowell 1982);
biodegradation t. = 71 d from screening model calculations (Jury et al. 1984; 1987a,b; Jury & Ghodrati
1989);
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3478 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
t. ~ 6–10 wk (Hartley & Kidd 1987; quoted, Montgomery 1993);
field t. = 4 wk by using lysimeters (Bowman 1990);
half-lives from soil surfaces: t. = 655 to > 1000 d in peat soil and t. = 143–939 d in sandy soil at 20 ± 1°C
(Dorfler et al. 1991);
degradation rate constant k = (1.20 ± 0.097) . 10–2 d–1 with t. = 57.8 d in control soil and k = (1.01 ± 0.034) .
10–2 d–1 with t. = 68.6 d in pretreated soil once only in the laboratory (Walker & Welch 1991);
t. ~ 21 d based on extractable residues in microcosm studies, compared to t. = 14 d in surface field soil
(Winkelmann & Klaine 1991);
selected field t. = 60 d (Wauchope et al. 1992; quoted, Dowd et al. 1993; Richards & Baker 1993; Hornsby
et al. 1996);
soil t. = 130 d (quoted, Pait et al. 1992);
field t. = 35–50 d in soil and water but may be longer under cold or dry conditions; t. = 105 to > 200 d
under groundwater conditions, depending on test system (Wood et al. 1991; quoted, Tomlin 1994);
reported t. = 60–150 d, 71 d, 74 d and 130 d (Bottoni & Funari 1992);
first-order k = –0.017 to –0.003 d–1 with corresponding t. = 41 d in the 0- to 30-cm soil to t. = 231 d in
the 90 to 120-cm soil in Ames, Iowa (Kruger et al. 1993);
dissipation t. = 71 d from soil surface (Gish et al. 1995);
t. = 60 d (selected, Halfon et al. 1996).
t. = 60 d (Gao et al. 1997)
Biota: t. = 0.03 h in algae, t. = 1.52 d in catfish and t. = 9.5 h in daphnids (Ellgehausen et al. 1980);
biochemical t. = 64 d from screening model calculations (Jury et al. 1987b);
t. = 25.6 d in bean, t. = 24.3 d in turnips and t. = 14.6 d in oats at 20 ± 1°C from plant surfaces (Dorfler
et al. 1991).
TABLE 17.1.1.4.1
Reported vapor pressures of atrazine at various temperatures and the coefficients for the vapor pressure
equations
log P = A – B/(T/K) (1) ln P = A – B/(T/K) (1a)
log P = A – B/(C + t/°C) (2) ln P = A – B/(C + t/°C) (2a)
log P = A – B/(C + T/K) (3)
log P = A – B/(T/K) – C·log (T/K) (4)
Friedrich & Stammbach 1964 Grayson & Fosbracey 1982 Rordorf 1989 Goodman 1997
gas saturation-GC gas saturation-GC gas saturation-GC Knudsen effusion method
t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa t/°C P/Pa
20 4.0 . 10–5 51.0 0.0040 25 3.9 . 10–5 40 6.7 . 10–4
extrapolated 55.5 0.0048 50 1.9 . 10–3 50 2.2 . 10–3
measured range 50–130°C 63.0 0.0095 75 0.056 60 9.5 . 10–3
Antoine eq. 66.0 0.0337 100 1.0 70 0.030
eq. 1 P/mmHg 66.7 0.023 125 13.0 80 0.098
A 13.766 76.5 0.0713
B 5945 81.5 0.117 eq. 1 PS/Pa eq. 1 P/Pa
20 3.7 . 10–5 A 17.583 A 16.08
B 6558.5 B 6040
eq. 1a P/Pa for temp range 40–125°C
A 36.80
B 13.778 liquid
eq. 1 PL/Pa
A 13.2701
B 4626.79
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Herbicides 3479
FIGURE 17.1.1.4.1 Logarithm of vapor pressure versus reciprocal temperature for atrazine.
Atrazine: vapor pressure vs. 1/T
-5.0
-4.0
-3.0
-2.0
-1.0
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
0.0022 0.0024 0.0026 0.0028 0.003 0.0032 0.0034 0.0036
1/(T/K)
P( gol
S
) aP/
Grayson & Fosbracey 1982
Rordorf 1989
Goodman 1997
Friedrich & Stammbach 1964 (50 to 130 °C)
Friedrich & Stammbach 1964 (extrapolated)
m.p. = 173 °C
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3480 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
17.1.1.5 Barban
Common Name: Barban
Synonym: Barbamate, Barbane, Carbine, Carbyne, CBN, Chlorinat
Chemical Name: carbamic acid, (3-chlorophenyl)-, 4-chloro-2-butynyl ester; 4-chlorobut-2-ynyl 3-chloro-carbanilate;
4-chloro-2-butynyl 3-chlorophenylcarbamate
Uses: herbicide for post-emergence control of wild oats in wheat, barley, broad beans, field beans, soybeans, peas, sugar
beet, flax, lucerne, lentils, mustard, oilseed rape, sunflowers, etc.
CAS Registry No: 101-27-9
Molecular Formula: C11H9Cl2NO2
Molecular Weight: 258.101
Melting Point (°C):
75 (Khan 1980; Herbicide Handbook 1989; Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
1.403 (25°C, Hartley & Kidd 1987)
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
262.8 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point, this work)
Dissociation Constant pKa:
Enthalpy of Vaporization, .HV (kJ/mol):
109.1 (Rordorf 1989)
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
26.8 (Rordorf 1989)
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 0.323 (mp at 75°C)
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C or as indicated):
15.0 (Swezey & Nex 1961)
11.0 (20°C, Weber 1972; Worthing & Walker 1987)
11.0 (Martin & Worthing 1977; Ashton & Crafts 1981; Hartley & Kidd 1987; Worthing & Walker 1987;
Herbicide Handbook 1989, Budavari 1989; Milne 1995)
11.0 (20–25°C, selected, Augustijn-Beckers et al. 1994; Hornsby et al. 1996)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C or as indicated and reported temperature dependence equations):
1.33 . 10–3 (20°C, Weber 1972; Worthing & Walker 1987)
5.00 . 10–5 (Hartley & Kidd 1987)
1.60 . 10–4 (Worthing & Walker 1987)
5.05 . 10–5 (Herbicide Handbook 1989)
3.50 . 10–5, 1.0 . 10–3, 0.019, 0.240, 2.20 (25, 50, 70, 100, 125°C, gas saturation-GC, Rordorf 1989)
log (PL/Pa) = 14.669 – 5703.8/(T/K); measured range 72–150°C (gas saturation-GC, Rordorf 1989)
5.07 . 10–5 (20–25°C, selected, Augustijn-Beckers et al. 1994; Hornsby et al. 1996)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol at 25°C or as indicated):
0.00117 (20°C, calculated-P/C, Muir 1991)
1.17 (calculated-P/C as per Worthing & Walker 1987, Majewski & Capel 1995)
0.00117 (calculated-P/C, this work)
HN
O
O
Cl
Cl
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Herbicides 3481
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
2.68 (selected, Gerstl & Helling 1987)
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
2.20 (calculated-S, Kenaga 1980)
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC at 25°C or as indicated:
3.06 (soil, calculated-S, Kenaga 1980)
2.66 (calculated-MCI ., Gerstl & Helling 1987)
3.00 (20–25°C, estimated, Augustijn-Beckers et al. 1994; Hornsby et al. 1996)
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization: estimated t. = 6690 d from 1 m depth of water at 20°C (Muir 1991).
Photolysis: t. = 2.25 h for 22–99% of 10 µg/ml to degrade in distilled water under 300 nm light (Tanaka et al.
1981; quoted, Cessna & Muir 1991).
Oxidation:
Hydrolysis:
Biodegradation:
Biotransformation:
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Soil: estimated persistence of 2 months (Kearney et al. 1969; quoted, Jury et al. 1987);
persistence of 2 weeks in soil (Edwards 1973; quoted, Morrill et al. 1982);
persistence of about 3 weeks in soil (Herbicide Handbook 1989);
selected field t. = 5 d (Augustijn-Beckers et al. 1994; Hornsby et al. 1996).
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3482 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
17.1.1.6 Benefin
Common Name: Benefin
Synonym: Balan, Bonalan, benfluralin
Chemical Name: N-butyl-N-ethyl-.,.,.-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-p-toluidine
Uses: as pre-emergence herbicide for the control of annual grasses and broadleaf weeds in chicory, cucumbers, endive,
groundnuts, lettuce, lucerne, and other foliage crops.
CAS Registry No: 1861-40-1
Molecular Formula: C13H16F3N3O4
Molecular Weight: 335.279
Melting Point (°C):
66 (Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
121–122 (0.5 mmHg), 148–149 at 7 mmHg (Tomlin 1994)
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
1.28 (tech., Tomlin 1994)
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
295.9 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Dissociation Constant pKa:
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
38.70 (DSC method, Plato & Glasgow 1969)
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 0.396 (mp at 66°C)
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C or as indicated):
< 1.0 (Ashton & Crafts 1973)
0.50 (Weber et al. 1980)
1.0 (20°C, selected, Suntio et al. 1988)
0.10 (Herbicide Handbook 1983; Tomlin 1994)
0.10 (20–25°C, selected, Hornsby et al. 1996)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C or as indicated):
0.00519 (30°C, Ashton & Crafts 1973)
0.0104 (Herbicide Handbook 1983)
0.0040 (20°C, estimated, Suntio et al. 1988)
0.0087 (Tomlin 1994)
0.0088 (20–25°C, selected, Hornsby et al. 1996)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol at 25°C or as indicated):
1.34 (20°C, calculated-P/C, Suntio et al. 1988)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
5.34 (selected, Magee 1991)
5.29 (20°C, pH 7, Tomlin 1994)
5.29 (pH 7, selected, Hansch et al. 1995)
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
3.36 (calculated-S per Kenaga 1980, this work)
N
NO2 O2N
F F
F
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Herbicides 3483
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
4.03 (quoted exptl., Sabljic 1987)
4.03, 3.75 (quoted, estimated; Magee 1991)
3.95 (soil, Hornsby et al. 1996)
2.96 (2.59–3.33) (soil: organic carbon OC . 0.5%, average, Delle Site 2001)
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization:
Photolysis: atmospheric and aqueous photolysis half-lives were estimated to be 288–864 h (Howard et al. 1991).
Oxidation: photooxidation t. ~ 0.782–7.82 h based on reaction with OH radicals in air (Howard et al. 1991).
Hydrolysis: no hydrolyzable group (Howard et al. 1991).
Biodegradation: aerobic t. ~ 504–2880 h in soil, and anaerobic soil t. = 144–480 h (Howard et al. 1991).
Biotransformation:
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Air: t. = 0.782–7.82 h based on estimated reaction with OH radicals in the gas-phase (Howard et al. 1991).
Surface water: t. = 288–864 h based on observed photolysis by sunlight (Howard et al. 1991).
Groundwater: t. = 144–5760 h based on unacclimated aqueous aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation half-lives
(Howard et al. 1991).
Sediment:
Soil: t. = 504–2880 h based on aerobic solid die-away test data (Howard et al. 1991);
field t. = 40 d (Hornsby et al. 1996).
Biota:
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3484 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
17.1.1.7 Bifenox
Common Name: Bifenox
Synonym: MC-4379, Modown
Chemical Name: benzoic acid, 5-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)-2-nitro-, methyl ester; methyl-5-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)-2-
nitrobenzoate
Uses: selective pre-emergence and post-emergence herbicide to effectively control a wide variety of broadleaf weeds
in corn, grain, sorghum, maize, rice, and soybeans.
CAS Registry No: 42576-02-3
Molecular Formula: C14H9Cl2NO5
Molecular Weight: 342.131
Melting Point (°C):
85 (Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
1.155 (Ashton & Crafts 1981; Herbicide Handbook 1989; Montgomery 1993)
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
305.5 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Dissociation Constant pKa:
Enthalpy of Vaporization, .HV (kJ/mol):
90.5 (Rordorf 1989)
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
26.4 (Rordorf 1989)
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
74.0 (Rordorf 1989)
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 0.258 (mp at 85°C)
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C or as indicated):
0.35 (20°C, Weber 1972; Worthing & Walker 1987)
0.35 (Martin & Worthing 1977; Herbicide Handbook 1978)
0.35 (Ashton & Crafts 1981; Herbicide Handbook 1989; Budavari 1989)
0.35 (30°C, Worthing & Walker 1987)
0.35 (Hartley & Kidd 1987; Worthing & Hance 1991; Montgomery 1993; Tomlin 1994; Milne 1995)
0.398 (20–25°C, selected, Wauchope et al. 1992; Lohninger 1994; Hornsby et al. 1996)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C or as indicated and reported temperature dependence equations):
0.00032 (20°C, Weber 1972; Worthing & Walker 1987)
0.00032 (30°C, Ashton & Crafts 1981; Worthing & Hance 1991; Tomlin 1994)
0.00032 (30°C, Hartley & KIdd 1987; Budavari 1989; Montgomery 1993)
5.40 . 10–6, 2.0 . 10–4, 4.40 . 10–3, 0.064, 0.67 (25, 50, 70, 100, 125°C, gas saturation-GC, Rordorf 1989)
log (PS/Pa) = 14.996 – 6040.4/(T/K); measured range 36.9–85.5°C (solid, gas saturation-GC, Rordorf 1989)
log (PL/Pa) = 13.815 – 5582.5/(T/K); measured range 90.5–175°C (liquid, gas saturation-GC, Rordorf 1989)
0.00032 (20–25°C, selected, Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol at 25°C or as indicated):
0.321 (20°C, calculated-P/C, Muir 1991)
0.011 (calculated-P/C, Montgomery 1993)
0.313 (calculated-P/C, this work)
O Cl
Cl
NO2
O
O
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Herbicides 3485
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
5.63 (selected, Dao et al. 1983)
4.50 (Worthing & Hance 1991)
4.48 (Montgomery 1993; Tomlin 1994)
4.48 (selected, Hansch et al. 1995)
5.24 (RP-HPLC-RT correlation using short ODP column, Donovan & Pescatore 2002)
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
2.30 (static water, Metcalf & Sanborn 1975; quoted, Kenaga & Goring 1980; Isensee 1991)
3.05 (calculated-S, Kenaga 1980; quoted, Isensee 1991)
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
3.89 (soil, calculated per Kenaga & Goring, Kenaga 1980)
4.0 (soil, 20–25°C, estimated, Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996)
2.24–4.39 (Montgomery 1993)
4.0 (estimated-chemical structure, Lohninger 1994)
2.70–4.36 (Tomlin 1994)
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization: estimated t. = 29.8 d from 1 m depth of water at 30°C (Muir 1991).
Photolysis: with < 5% degradation by UV light of 290–400 nm in 48 h (Worthing & Hance 1991).
Oxidation:
Hydrolysis: stable in aqueous solution at pH 5.0–7.3 but rapidly hydrolyzed at pH 9.0 both at 22°C (Worthing
& Hance 1991).
Biodegradation: t. = 2–5 d for 10 µg/mL to biodegrade in flooded soil at 30°C (Ohyama & Kuwatsuka 1978;
quoted, Muir 1991).
Biotransformation:
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Soil: t. = 2–5 d for 10 µg/ml to biodegrade in flooded soil at 30°C (Ohyama & Kuwatsuka 1978; quoted, Muir
1991);
average t. = 7–14 d in soils (Hartley & Kidd 1987; Herbicide Handbook 1989; quoted, Montgomery 1993);
selected field t. = 7.0 d (Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996);
average t. = 7–14 d (Herbicide Handbook 1989);
t. ~ 5–7 d in soil (Tomlin 1994).
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3486 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
17.1.1.8 Bromacil
Common Name: Bromacil
Synonym: Borea, Bromax, Bromazil, Cynogan, Hyvar, Hyvarex, Krovar I or II, Nalkil, Uragan, Urox B, Uron HX,
Weed Blast
Chemical Name: 5-bromo-3-sec-butyl-6-methyluracil; 5-bromo-6-methyl-3-(1-methylpropyl)-2,4-(1H,3H)pyrimidinedione
Uses: Herbicide applied to soil to control annual and perennial grasses, broadleaf weeds, and general vegetation on
uncropped land; also used for selective weed control in apple, asparagus, cane fruit, hops, and citrus crops.
CAS Registry No: 314-40-9
Molecular Formula: C9H13BrN2O2
Molecular Weight: 261.115
Melting Point (°C):
158 (Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
1.55 (25°C, Hartley & Kidd 1987; Herbicide Handbook 1989; Worthing & Hance 1991; Montgomery
1993)
1.59 (23°C, Tomlin 1994)
1.55 (Milne 1995)
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
193.1 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Dissociation Constant pKa:
9.10 (Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996)
< 7.0 (Montgomery 1993)
9.27 (Tomlin 1994)
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 0.0496 (mp at 158°C)
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C or as indicated):
815 (Bailey & White 1965; Khan 1980; Hartley & Kidd 1987; Montgomery 1993; Milne 1995)
815 (Melnikov 1971; Spencer 1973; Herbicide Handbook 1978; Herbicide Handbook 1989)
815 (20°C, Weber 1972; Worthing & Walker 1987, Worthing & Hance 1991)
820 (Beste & Humburg 1983; Jury et al. 1983)
1064 (shake flask-GC or LSC, Gerstl & Mingelgrin 1984; Gerstl & Helling 1987)
626, 775, 1043 (4, 25, 40°C, shake flask-LSS, Madhun et al. 1986)
700 (20–25°C, selected, Wauchope et al. 1992; Lohninger 1994; Hornsby et al. 1996)
700, 807, 1287 (at pH 7, 5, 9, Tomlin 1994)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C or as indicated):
5 . 10–5 (20°C, Weber 1972; Worthing & Walker 1987)
3 . 10–5 (estimated, USEPA 1975)
0.107 (100°C, Khan 1980)
2.9 . 10–5 (Jury et al. 1983)
0.00033 (Hartley & Kidd 1987; Worthing & Hance 1991)
4 . 10–5 (20–25°C, selected, Wauchope et al. 1992)
3.3 . 10–5 (Montgomery 1993)
NH
N
O
O
Br
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Herbicides 3487
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol at 25°C at 25°C or as indicated):
9.17 . 10–6 (Beste & Humburg 1983; Jury et al. 1983)
9.17 . 10–5 (calculated-P/C, Jury et al. 1984, 1987a; Jury & Ghodrati 1989)
0.0019 (20°C, selected, Suntio et al. 1988)
1.06 . 10–5 (20°C, calculated-P/C, Muir 1991)
1.06 . 10–5 (calculated-P/C, Montgomery 1993)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
2.02 (Rao & Davidson 1980)
1.33 (selected, Dao et al. 1983)
1.84 (shake flask-GC or LSC, Gerstl & Mingelgrin 1984)
1.84, 1.87, 1.90 (4, 25, 40°C, shake flask-LSS, Madhun et al. 1986)
1.85 (selected, Gerstl & Helling 1987)
2.11 selected, Magee 1991; Devillers et al. 1996)
1.84–2.04 (Montgomery 1993)
2.11 (selected, Sangster 1993)
1.87, 1.88, 1.63 (at pH 7, 5, 9, Tomlin 1994)
2.11 (recommended, Hansch et al. 1995)
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
0.505 (measured, Kenaga 1980)
2.27 (calculated-S, Kenaga 1980)
0.477 (calculated-KOC, Kenaga 1980)
0.51 (Pimephales promelas, Call et al. 1987)
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC at 25°C or as indicated:
1.86 (soil, Hamaker & Thompson 1972)
3.13 (soil, calculated as per Kenaga & Goring 1980, Kenaga 1980)
1.86 (Rao & Davidson 1980)
2.33, 1.34, 1.63 (estimated-S, calculated-S and mp, calculated-KOW, Karickhoff 1981)
1.61 (sediments average-Freundlich adsorption, Corwin & Farmer 1984)
1.41–2.46 (California lake sediments, Corwin & Farmer 1984)
1.98, 1.88 (4, 25°C, Semiahmoo soil, in µmol/kg OC, batch equilibrium method-LSS, Madhun et al. 1986)
2.11, 1.88 (4, 25°C, Adkins soil, in µmol/kg OC, Madhun et al. 1986)
1.90, 1.66, 1.75; 1.86, 1.89, 1.34 (estimated-KOW; S, Madhum et al. 1986)
1.53, 2.73 (quoted, calculated-MCI ., Gerstl & Helling 1987)
1.86 (soil, screening model calculations, Jury et al. 1987a,b; Jury & Ghodrati 1989; Carsel 1989)
2.56 (calculated-MCI ., Bahnick & Doucette 1988)
1.86, 1.80 (reported, estimated as log KOM, Magee 1991)
1.53, 1.86, 3.13 (soil, quoted values, Bottoni & Funari 1992)
1.51 (soil, 20–25°C, selected, Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996)
1.51 (Montgomery 1993)
2.09 (estimated-chemical structure, Lohninger 1994)
1.60 (quoted or calculated-QSAR MCI 1., Sabljic et al. 1995)
1.43, 1.72 (average values for sediments, soils, Delle Site 2001)
1.48, 1.46, 1.53 (soils: organic carbon OC . 0.1%, OC . 0.5%, 0.1 . OC < 0.5%, and pH 6.3–7.9, average, Delle
Site 2001)
1.80, 1.72 (soils: organic carbon OC . 0.1%, OC . 0.5%, and pH . 7.3 undissociated, average, Delle Site 2001)
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization: estimated t. ~ 10,000 d from 1 m depth of water at 20°C (Muir 1991).
Photolysis: 115 ppb contaminated water in the presence of TiO2 and H2O2 photodegraded to 6 ppb by 15 h solar
irradiation with complete degradation after 75 h (Muszkat et al. 1992).
Oxidation:
Hydrolysis:
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3488 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
Biodegradation: t. = 350 d for 100 d leaching and screening test in 0–10 cm depth of soil (Rao & Davidson
1980; quoted, Jury et al. 1983, 1984, 1987a).
Biotransformation:
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Air:
Surface water:
Ground water: reported t. = 150–158 and 350 d (Bottoni & Funari 1992)
Sediment:
Soil: t. = 7.0 months at 15°C and t. = 4.5 months at 30°C in soils (Freed & Haque 1973);
rate constant k = 0.0038 d–1 with biodegradation t. = 350 d under field conditions (Rao & Davidson 1980;
quoted, Jury et al. 1984);
t. = 350 d from screening model calculations (Jury et al. 1987a,b; Jury & Ghodrati 1989);
t. > 100 d (Willis & McDowell 1982)
t. ~ 5429–46200 d in loamy sand and peat at 25–35°C as follows (Madhum & Freed 1987):
t. = 46200, 12391, and 5856 d at 25, 30, and 35°C, respectively, at herbicide concn at 5 µg/kg, while
t. = 18851, 9925, and 7588 d at 25, 30, and 35°C, respectively, at herbicide concn at 100 µg/kg in an
Adkins loamy sand; however, the half-lives in peat. t. = 5429, 6789, and 8044 d at 25, 30, and 35°C,
respectively, at herbicide concn at 5 µg/kg while t. = 6293, 5986, and 6784 d at 25, 30, and 35°C,
respectively, at herbicide concn at 100 µg/kg in a Semiahoo mucky peat (Madhun & Freed 1987)
selected field t. = 60 d (Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996);
t. = 150–180d and 350 d (Bottoni & Funari 1992).
Biota: biochemical t. = 350 d from screening model calculations (Jury et al. 1987a,b; Jury & Ghodrati 1989).
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Herbicides 3489
17.1.1.9 Bromoxynil
Common Name: Bromoxynil
Synonym: Brittox, Brominal, Brominex, Brominil, Broxynil, Buctril, Chipco crab-kleen, ENT 20852, Nu-lawn weeder,
Oxytril M, Partner
Chemical Name: 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile; 4-cyano-2,6-dibromophenol
Uses: herbicide for post-emergence control of annual broadleaf weeds and it is often used in combination with other
herbicides to extend the spectrum of control.
CAS Registry No: 1689-84-5
Molecular Formula: C7H3Br2NO
Molecular Weight: 276.913
Melting Point (°C):
190 (Khan 1980; Herbicide Handbook 1989; Montgomery 1993; Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
176.7 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point, this work)
Dissociation Constant pKa:
4.20 (radiometer/pH meter, Cessna & Grover 1978)
4.06 (Herbicide Handbook 1989; Montgomery 1993)
4.06 (Budavari 1989; Worthing & Hance 1991)
3.86 (Tomlin 1994)
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
31.80 (DSC method, Plato 1972)
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 0.0241 (mp at 190°C)
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C or as indicated):
130 (20–25°C, Spencer 1973)
131 (Kenaga 1980)
< 200 (Khan 1980)
130 (20–25°C, Ashton & Crafts 1981)
130 (Hartley & Kidd 1987; Montgomery 1993; Tomlin 1994; Milne 1995)
130 (Worthing & Walker 1987, Worthing & Hance 1991)
130 (20–25°C, Herbicide Handbook 1989)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C or as indicated):
< 0.0010 (20°C, Hartley & Kidd 1987; Tomlin 1994)
0.00064 (Herbicide Handbook 1989)
0.00064 (Montgomery 1993)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol at 25°C or as indicated):
0.14180 (20–25°C, calculated-P/C, Montgomery 1993)
1.36 . 10–3 (calculated-P/C, this work)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
2.60 (selected, Dao et al. 1983)
OH
Br Br
N
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3490 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
< 2.00 (Herbicide Handbook 1989)
< 2.00 (Montgomery 1993)
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
1.60 (calculated, Kenaga 1980)
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
2.48 (soil, quoted from Kenaga 1980, Bottoni & Funari 1992)
2.48 (calculated, Montgomery 1993)
2.86, 3.06 (soil, quoted exptl.; estimated-general model using molecular descriptors, Gramatica et al. 2000)
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization:
Photolysis: rate constant of degradation in water, k = 1.04 . 10–3 s–1 at pH 8.3 and k = 1.08 . 10–3 s–1 at pH 11.6
(Kochany 1992).
Oxidation:
Hydrolysis:
Biodegradation: t. . 24 h for 0.03 µg/mL to biodegrade in runoff water at 20–25°C (Brown et al. 1984; quoted,
Muir 1991).
Biotransformation:
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Air:
Surface water: t. . 24 h for 0.03 µg mL–1 to biodegrade in runoff water at 20–25°C (Brown et al. 1984; quoted,
Muir 1991).
Ground water: reported t. = 10 d (Bottoni & Funari 1992)
Sediment:
Soil: t. ~ 10 d in soil (Hartley & Kidd 1987; Worthing & Hance 1991; quoted, Bottoni & Funari 1992;
Montgomery 1993; Tomlin 1994);.
Biota:
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Herbicides 3491
17.1.1.10 sec-Bumeton
Common Name: sec-Bumeton
Synonym: etazine, GS14254, secbumeton
Chemical Name: N-ethyl-6-methoxy-N.-(1-methylpropyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine
CAS Registry No: 26259-45-0
Uses: herbicide
Molecular Formula: C10H19N5O
Molecular Weight: 225.291
Melting Point (°C):
87 (Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
1.105 (Hartley & Kidd 1987; Worthing & Walker 1987)
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
Dissociation Constant pKa:
4.4 (Worthing 1987)
4.4, 4.36 (Augustijn-Beckers et al. 1994; Hornsby et al. 1996)
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 0.246 (mp at 87°C)
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C or as indicated):
620 (quoted, Kenaga & Goring 1980)
620 (Ashton & Crafts 1981)
600 (20°C, Hartley & Kidd 1987; Worthing & Walker 1987)
600 (20–25°C, selected, Augustijn-Beckers et al. 1994; Hornsby et al. 1996)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C or as indicated):
9.7 . 10–4 (20°C, Ashton & Crafts 1981; Worthing & Walker 1987)
9.71 . 10–4 (20°C, Hartley & Kidd 1987)
9.7 . 10–4 (20–25°C, selected, Augustijn-Beckers et al. 1994; Hornsby et al. 1996)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol):
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
3.20 (LOGPSTAR or CLOGP data, Sabljic et al. 1995)
Octanol/Air Partition Coefficient, log KOA:
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF or log KB:
1.20 (fish, Kenaga 1980b)
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
2.54 (soil, calculated, Kenaga & Goring 1980)
2.11 (soil, calculated, Kenaga 1980b)
2.18 (soil, pH 7, Augustijn-Beckers et al. 1994; Hornsby et al. 1996)
2.78; 2.29 (soil: quoted, calculated-MCI ., Meylan et al. 1992)
2.78 (soil, calculated-MCI ., Sabljic et al. 1995)
N
N
N
NH
O
HN
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3492 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
2.78; 2.78, 2.55 (soil, estimated-class-specific model, estimated-general model using molecular descriptors,
Gramatica et al. 2000)
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Hydrolysis: on hydrolysis at 20°C, t. ~ 30 d at pH 1, t. = 75 d at pH 13 (Worthing & Walker 1987).
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Air:
Surface water: on hydrolysis at 20°C, t. ~ 30 d at pH 1, t. = 75 d at pH 13 (Worthing & Walker 1987).
Ground water:
Sediment:
Soil: field t. ~ 60 d (estimated, Augustijn-Beckers et al. 1994; Hornsby et al. 1996).
Biota:
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Herbicides 3493
17.1.1.11 Butachlor
Common Name: Butachlor
Synonym: Butanex, Butanox, CP 53619, Lambast, Machete, Pillarsete
Chemical Name: N-butoxymethyl-2-chloro-2.6.-diethylacetanilide; N-(butoxymethyl)-2-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-
acetamide
Uses: herbicide for pre-emergence control of most annual grasses, some broadleaf weeds, and many aquatic weeds in
both seeded and transplanted rice.
CAS Registry No: 23184-66-9
Molecular Formula: C17H26ClNO2
Molecular Weight: 311.847
Melting Point (°C):
< –5.0 (Hartley & Kidd 1987; Worthing & Hance 1991; Tomlin 1994; Milne 1995; Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
156 (at 0.5 mmHg, Ashton & Crafts 1981; Herbicide Handbook 1989; Tomlin 1994; Milne 1995)
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
1.07 (25°C, Ashton & Crafts 1981; Hartley & Kidd 1987; Herbicide Handbook 1989; Tomlin 1994;
Milne 1995)
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
387.8 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Dissociation Constant pKa:
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 1.0
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C or as indicated):
23 (20°C, Weber 1972; Worthing 1987)
20 (Martin & Worthing 1977)
23 (24°C, Ashton & Crafts 1981; Herbicide Handbook 1989)
20 (20°C, Hartley & Kidd 1987; Tomlin 1994; Milne 1995)
23 (24°C, Worthing & Walker 1987, Worthing & Hance 1991)
23 (20–25°C, selected, Augustijn-Beckers et al. 1994; Hornsby et al. 1996)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C or as indicated):
0.0007 (20°C, Weber 1972; Worthing & Walker 1987)
0.0006 (Ashton & Crafts 1981; Herbicide Handbook 1989)
0.0006 (Hartley & Kidd 1987; Worthing & Hance 1991; Tomlin 1994)
0.0006 (20–25°C, selected, Augustijn-Beckers et al. 1994; Hornsby et al. 1996)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol at 25°C or as indicated):
0.00817 (20°C, calculated-P/C, Muir 1991)
0.00814 (calculated-P/C, this work)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
4.50 (quoted and recommended, Hansch et al. 1995; quoted, Sabljic et al. 1995)
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
2.06 (calculated-S, Kenaga 1980)
1.03, 0.756 (18, 9 µg/L concn in water; carp, 3–5 d exposure, Wang et al. 1992)
N
O
Cl
O
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3494 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
0.38, 0.845 (10, 1 µg/L concn in water; tilapia, 3–5 d exposure, Wang et al. 1992)
0.447, 0.845 (10, 1 µg/L concn in water; loach, 3–5 d exposure, Wang et al. 1992)
1.76, 2.02 (2.5, 1.25 µg/L concn in water; grass carp, 3–5 d exposure, Wang et al. 1992)
1.71, 1.90 (5, 2.5 µg/L concn in water; eel, 3–5 d exposure, Wang et al. 1992)
1.99, 2.34 (2.4, 0.4 µg/L concn in water; black silver carp, 3–5 d exposure, Wang et al. 1992)
0.041, 0.778 (100, 10 µg/L concn in water; freshwater clam, 3–5 d exposure, Wang et al. 1992)
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
2.92 (calculated-solubility, Kenaga 1980)
2.85 (20–25°C, selected, Augustijn-Beckers et al. 1994; Hornsby et al. 1996)
2.86 (soil, calculated-MCI 1., Sabljic et al. 1995)
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization: estimated t. ~ 1049 d from 1 m depth of water at 20°C (Muir 1991).
Photolysis: t. = 0.8–5.4 h in distilled water (Chen et al. 1982; quoted, Cessna & Muir 1991).
Oxidation:
Hydrolysis: t. > 2.5 months for 2 µg/mL to hydrolyze in phosphate buffer at pH 6 and borate buffer at pH 9
both at 25°C (Chen & Chen 1979; quoted, Muir 1991).
Biodegradation:
Biotransformation:
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Soil: persists for 6–10 wk in soil (Hartley & Kidd 1987; Tomlin 1994);
t. = 4 to 8 d depending upon soil type (Herbicide Handbook 1989);
persists in soil 42–70 d (Worthing & Hance 1991);
selected field t. = 12 d (Augustijn-Beckers et al. 1994; Hornsby et al. 1996).
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Herbicides 3495
17.1.1.12 Butralin
Common Name: Butralin
Synonym: Amex, Butalin, Rutralin, Sector, Tamex
Chemical Name: N-sec-butyl-4-tert-butyl-2,6-dinitroaniline; 4-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-N-(1-methylpropyl)-2,6-dinitrobenzenamine
Uses: herbicide for pre-emergence control of annual broadleaf weeds and grasses in cotton, beans, barley, rice, soybeans,
alliums, vines, ornamentals and orchards of fruit and nut trees; also to control suckers on tobacco.
CAS Registry No: 33629-47-9e
Molecular Formula: C14H21N3O4
Molecular Weight: 295.335
Melting Point (°C):
60 (Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
134–136 (at 0.5 mmHg, Hartley & Kidd 1987; Worthing & Hance 1991; Tomlin 1994; Milne 1995)
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
313.6 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Dissociation Constant pKa:
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 0.454 (mp at 60°C)
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C or as indicated):
1.0 (Herbicide Handbook 1978)
1.0 (Khan 1980)
10 (24°C, Ashton & Crafts 1981)
1.0 (24°C, Hartley & Kidd 1987; Tomlin 1994; Milne 1995)
1.0 (24–26°C, Worthing & Walker 1987, Worthing & Hance 1991)
1.0 (Budavari 1989)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C):
0.002 (Ashton & Crafts 1981)
0.0017 (Hartley & Kidd 1987; Worthing & Hance 1991; Tomlin 1994)
0.0017 (Budavari 1989)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol at 25°C):
0.502 (calculated-P/C, this work)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
4.54 (selected, Dao et al. 1983)
5.16 (quoted LOGPSTAR or CLOGP data, Sabljic et al. 1995)
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
2.79 (calculated-S, Kenaga 1980; quoted, Isensee 1991)
2.80 (calculated-KOC, Kenaga 1980)
HN
NO2 O2N
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3496 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
3.64 (calculated, Kenaga & Goring 1980; quoted, Kenaga 1980)
3.91 (soil, Kenaga & Goring 1980; quoted, Sabljic 1987; Bahnick & Doucette 1988)
3.75 (calculated-MCI ., Bahnick & Doucette 1988)
3.98 (soil, calculated-MCI 1., Sabljic et al. 1995)
3.98; 3.38 (soil, quoted exptl.; estimated-general model using molecular descriptors, Gramatica et al. 2000)
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization:
Photolysis: t. = 8 h for 25% of 2000 µg/mL to degrade in methanol under sunlight (Plimmer & Klingebiel 1974;
quoted, Cessna & Muir 1991).
Oxidation:
Hydrolysis:
Biodegradation: t. = 24 d for 0.5 µg/mL to biodegrade in soil at 20–42°C (Savage 1978; quoted, Muir 1991).
Biotransformation:
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Soil: t. = 24 d for 0.5 µg/mL to biodegrade in soil at 20–42°C (Savage 1978; quoted, Muir 1991).
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Herbicides 3497
17.1.1.13 Butylate
Common Name: Butylate
Synonym: Butilate, diisocarb, Genate, R 1910, Sutan
Chemical Name: S-ethyldiisobutylthiocarbamate; S-ethyl-bis(2-methylpropylcarbamothioate
Uses: herbicide to control annual grass weeds in maize, by pre-plant soil incorporation; also to control some broadleaf
weeds.
CAS Registry No: 2008-41-5
Molecular Formula: C11H23NOS
Molecular Weight: 217.372
Melting Point (°C): liquid
Boiling Point (°C):
137.5–138 (at 21 mmHg, Hartley & Kidd 1987; Worthing & Hance 1991; Tomlin 1994; Milne 1995)
71.0 (at 10 mmHg, Herbicide Handbook 1989)
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
0.9402 (25°C, Hartley & Kidd 1987; Herbicide Handbook 1989; Worthing & Hance 1991; Tomlin 1994)
0.9417 (Milne 1995)
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
280.9 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point, Suntio et al. 1988)
Dissociation Constant pKa:
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 1.0
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C or as indicated):
45.0 (Kenaga 1980; Weber et al. 1980)
45.0 (22°C, Ashton & Crafts 1981; Hartley & Kidd 1987; Herbicide Handbook 1989)
46.0 (20°C, Worthing & Walker 1987, Worthing & Hance 1991)
44.0 (20–25°C, selected, Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996)
36.0 (20°C, Tomlin 1994)
45.0 (22°C, Milne 1995)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C or as indicated):
1.73 (Ashton & Crafts 1973)
0.096 (20°C, Hartley & Graham-Bryce 1980)
1.733 (Herbicide Handbook 1983, 1989)
0.287 (20°C, GC-RT correlation, Kim 1985)
0.10 (20°C, selected, Suntio et al. 1988)
0.17 (Worthing & Hance 1991)
1.733 (20–25°C, selected, Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996)
1.73 (Tomlin 1994)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol at 25°C or as indicated):
0.560 (20°C, calculated-P/C, Suntio et al. 1988)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
4.15 (Worthing & Hance 1991; Tomlin 1994; Milne 1995)
4.15 (recommended, Hansch et al. 1995)
4.17, 4.01, 3.45 (RP-HPLC-RT correlation, CLOGP, calculated-S, Finizio et al. 1997)
S N
O
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3498 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
1.86 (calculated-S, Kenaga 1980)
3.06 (calculated-KOW as per Kenaga 1980, this work)
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
2.73 (soil, Kenaga 1980)
2.73, 4.09 (quoted values, Bottoni & Funari 1992)
2.60 (soil, 20–25°C, selected, Wauchope et al. 1992)
2.60 (estimated-chemical structure, Lohninger 1994)
2.11 (soil, calculated-MCI 1., Sabljic et al. 1995)
2.39, 2.13 (soil, estimated-class specific model, estimated-general model using molecular descriptors, Gramatica
et al. 2000)
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Air:
Surface water:
Ground water: reported half-lives or persistence, t. = 11–21 d (Bottoni & Funari 1992)
Sediment:
Soil: measured dissipation rate k = 3.6 d–1 (Nash 1983; quoted, Nash 1988);
estimated dissipation rate k = 23 and 0.61 d–1 (Nash 1988);
t. = 1.5–3.0 wk in several soils under crop growing conditions (Herbicide Handbook 1989);
selected field t. = 13 d (Wauchope et al. 1992; quoted, Richards & Baker 1993; Hornsby et al. 1996)
reported t. = 11–21 d (Bottoni & Funari 1992);
soil t. = 12 d (quoted, Pait et al. 1992);
t. = 1.5–10 wk in soil and water (Tomlin 1994);
soil t. = 13 d (selected, Halfon et al. 1996).
Biota: disappear from the stems and leaves of corn plants 7 to 14 d after application (Herbicide Handbook 1989).
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Herbicides 3499
17.1.1.14 Chloramben
Common Name: Chloramben
Synonym: ACP-M-728, Amiben, Amoben, Chlorambed, Chlorambene, M-728, NCI-C00055, Ornamental weeder,
Vegaben, Vegiben
Chemical Name: 3-amino-2,5-dichlorobenzoic acid
Uses: pre-emergence or pre-plant herbicide used in many vegetable and field crops to control annual broadleaf weeds
and grasses.
CAS Registry No: 133-90-4
Molecular Formula: C7H5Cl2NO2
Molecular Weight: 206.027
Melting Point (C):
200 (Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
190.8 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Dissociation Constant pKa:
3.40 (Hornsby et al. 1996)
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
38.91 (DSC method, Plato 1972)
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 0.0192 (mp at 200°C)
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C):
700 (Spencer 1973; Ashton & Crafts 1981)
700 (Martin & Worthing 1977; Herbicide Handbook 1978; 1989)
700 (Hartley & Kidd 1987; Budavari 1989; Montgomery 1993; Milne 1995)
700 (Worthing & Walker 1987, Worthing & Hance 1991; Tomlin 1994; Majewski & Capel 1995)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C or as indicated):
0.933 (100°C, Segal & Sutherland 1967; Spencer 1976)
0.93 (100°C, Hartley & Kidd 1987; Worthing & Hance 1991; Tomlin 1994)
52.7 (Worthing & Walker 1987)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol at 25°C):
0.274 (calculated-P/C as per Worthing 1987)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
1.11 (quoted, Rao & Davidson 1980)
1.46 (selected, Dao et al. 1983)
–2.64 (selected, Gerstl & Helling 1987)
1.11 (Magee 1991)
1.11 (Montgomery 1993)
1.11 (Log P database of Hansch & Leo 1987, Sangster 1993)
1.90 (CLOGPSTAR or CLOGP data, Sabljic et al. 1995)
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
1.18 (calculated-S, Kenaga 1980)
O OH
Cl
NH2 Cl
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3500 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
–0.097 (calculated-KOC, Kenaga 1980)
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
1.32 (soil, Harris & Warren 1964; Farmer 1976)
2.08 (soil, calculated as per Kenaga & Goring 1980, Kenaga 1980)
1.78 (calculated-MCI ., Gerstl & Helling 1987)
1.32 (reported as log KOM, Magee 1991)
2.28 (Montgomery 1993)
1.56 (selected, Lohninger 1994)
1.48 (soil, calculated-MCI 1., Sabljic et al. 1995)
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization:
Photolysis: t. = 6 h for 206 µg/mL to degrade in distilled water under sunlight (Sheets 1963; quoted, Cessna &
Muir 1991);
t. < 2 d for 16 µg/mL to degrade in distilled water under sunlight (Hahn et al. 1969; quoted, Cessna &
Muir 1991).
Oxidation:
Hydrolysis:
Biodegradation: t. > 70 d for 50 µg/mL to degrade in incubated soil with nutrient medium of 3 g/L (Schliebe
et al. 1965; quoted, Muir 1991).
Biotransformation:
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Soil: estimated persistence of 3 months (Kearney et al. 1969; quoted, Jury et al. 1987);
t. = 36, 38, 41, and 20 d with disappearance rates: k = 0.0193, 0.0182, 0.0169 and 0.0347 d–1 at pH 4.3,
5.3, 6.5 and 7.5 (Hamaker 1972; quoted, Nash 1988);
persistence in soil is of 6–8 wk (Hartley & Kidd 1987; Herbicide Handbook 1989; quoted, Montgomery
1993).
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Herbicides 3501
17.1.1.15 Chlorazine
Common Name: Chlorazine
Synonym:
Chemical Name: 6-chloro-N,N,N.,N.-tetraethyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine
Uses: herbicide
CAS Registry No: 580-48-3
Molecular Formula: C11H20ClN5
Molecular Weight: 257.764
Melting Point (°C):
27 (Howard 1991; Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
154–156/4.0 mmHg (Howard 1991)
Density (g/cm3):
Acid Dissociation Constants, pKa:
1.74 (pKa of conjugate acid, Howard 1991)
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C, (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 0.956 (mp at 27°C)
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C or as indicated):
23.7, 22.2, 21.4 (26°C, shake flask-UV at pH 3.0, 7.0, 10.0, Ward & Weber 1968)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C):
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol at 25°C):
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
3.236 (estimated, Howard 1991)
Octanol/Air Partition Coefficient, log KOA:
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF or log KB:
2.033 (estimated-S, Howard 1991)
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
2.90 (calculated-S, Howard 1991)
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, and Half-Lives, t.:
Hydrolysis: may be more important at low pH (Howard 1991).
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Air: t. = 2.5 h for the vapor phase reaction with OH radicals (estimated, Howard 1991).
N
N
N
N
N Cl
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3502 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
17.1.1.16 Chlorbromuron
Common Name: Chlorbromuron
Synonym: Maloran
Chemical Name: 3-(4-bromo-3-chlorophenyl)-1-methoxy-1-methylurea
Uses: herbicide
CAS Registry No: 13360-45-7
Molecular Formula: C9H10BrClN2O2
Molecular Weight: 293.544
Melting Point (°C):
96 (Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
Density (g/cm3): 1.69 (Tomlin 1994)
Acid Dissociation Constants, pKa:
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C, (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K) F: 0.201 (mp at 96°C)
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C or as indicated):
50 (Kenaga & Goring 1980, Kenaga 1980a; Ashton & Crafts 1981
35 (20°C, Spencer 1982; Worthing 1983; Hartley & Kidd 1987; Tomlin 1994)
35; 27.4 (quoted; calculated-MCI ., Patil 1994)
35 (selected, 20–25°C, Augustjin-Beckers 1994; Hornsby et al. 1996)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C or as indicated):
5.33 . 10–5 (20°C, Ashton & Crafts 1981)
5.3 . 10–5 (Spencer 1982; Worthing 1983; Hartley & Kidd 1987; Tomlin 1994)
5.33 . 10–5 (selected, 20–25°C, Augustijn-Beckers et al. 1994; Hornsby et al. 1996)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol):
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
3.06 (quoted, Rao & Davidson 1980)
3.09 (shake flask, Brigg 1981)
3.09; 3.26 (quoted lit.; calculated-MCI ., Patil 1994)
3.09 (recommended, Hansch et al. 1995)
2.86, 2.99, 3.45 (RP-HPLC-RT correlation, CLOGP, HPLC-k. correlation, Finizio et al. 1997)
Octanol/Air Partition Coefficient, log KOA:
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF or log KB:
1.83, 1.40 (quoted, calculated, Kenaga 1980b)
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
2.66 (soil, Kenaga & Goring 1980)
2.66, 2.71 (quoted, calculated-KOW, Kenaga 1980b)
3.00 (mean value of 5 soils, Rao & Davidson 1980)
2.34, 2.94 (quoted, calculated-MCI ., Gerstl & Helling 1987)
2.19–3.61 (range of reported data, Augustijn-Beckers et al. 1994)
HN
N
O
O
Cl
Br
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Herbicides 3503
2.70 (estimated and recommended, soil, Augustjin-Beckers et al. 1994; Hornsby et al. 1996)
2.70 (soil, calculated-MCI 1., Sabljic et al. 1995)
2.70, 2.97 (soil, estimated-class-specific model, estimated-general model using molecular descriptors,
Gramatica et al. 2000)
2.54, 2.55 (soils: organic carbon OC . 0.1%, OC . 0.5%, average, Delle Site 2001)
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, and Half-Lives, t.:
Hydrolysis: slowly hydrolyzed in neutral, slightly acidic, and slightly alkaline media (Hartley & Kidd 1987;
Tomlin 1994).
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Soil: persists in soil > 56 d (Worthing 1983);
t. = 45 d (Hartley & Kidd 1987);
t. = 45–120 d (Tomlin 1994);
t. = 21–45 d and 40 d (range of reported values and recommended field half-life, Augustjin-Beckers et al.
1994; Hornsby et al. 1996)
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3504 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
17.1.1.17 Chlorpropham
Common Name: Chlorpropham
Synonym: Beet-Kleen, Bud-nip, Chlor-IFC, Chloro-IPC, CIPC, Ebanil, ENT 18060, Fasco Wy-hoe, Furloe, Nexoval,
Prevenol, Preweed, Sprout-nip, Taterpex
Chemical Name: isopropyl N-(3-chlorophenyl) carbamate; isopropyl 3-chlorocarbanilate
Uses: pre-emergent and post-emergent herbicide used to regulate plant growth and control weeds in carrot, onion, garlic,
and other crops.
CAS Registry No: 101-21-3
Molecular Formula: C10H12ClNO2
Molecular Weight: 213.661
Melting Point (°C):
41 (Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
149 (at 2 mmHg, Budavari 1989)
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
1.180 (30°C, Hartley & Kidd 1987; Herbicide Handbook 1989; Worthing & Hance 1991; Montgomery
1993; Tomlin 1994)
1.5388 (Budavari 1989)
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
232.4 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Enthalpy of Vaporization, .HV (kJ/mol):
88.67 (Rordorf 1989)
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
20.50 (DSC method, Plato & Glasgow 1969)
16 (Rordorf 1989)
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 0.697 (mp at 41°C)
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C or as indicated):
0.470 (Brust 1966)
102.3 (shake flask-GC, Freed et al. 1967)
108 (20°C, Gunther et al. 1968)
89 (20°C, Weber 1972; Martin & Worthing 1977; Worthing & Walker 1987)
2.0 (Spencer 1973; quoted, Shiu et al. 1990)
88 (Martin & Worthing 1977; Herbicide Handbook 1978, 1989)
0.70 (19°C, shake flask-GC, Bowman & Sans 1979)
0.73 (20°C, shake flask-GC, Bowman & Sans 1983a,b)
88 (Khan 1980; Ashton & Crafts 1981)
80–102 (Weber et al. 1980)
89 (Hartley & Kidd 1987; Worthing & Hance 1991; Tomlin 1994)
89 (selected, Gerstl & Helling 1987; Montgomery 1993; Lohninger 1994)
2.0 (20°C, Worthing & Walker 1987)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C or as indicated and reported temperature dependence equations):
0.00050 (20°C, Weber 1972; Worthing & Walker 1987)
0.00133 (extrapolated, Spencer 1976)
0.00133 (Khan 1980)
0.00133 (Ashton & Crafts 1981; Herbicide Handbook 1989)
0.00100 (20°C, selected, Suntio et al. 1988)
HN
O
O
Cl
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Herbicides 3505
0.012, 0.30, 5.0, 56, 470 (25, 50, 70, 100, 125°C, gas saturation-GC, Rordorf 1989)
log (PS/Pa) = 16.402 – 5467.7/(T/K); measured range 44.9–140°C (solid, gas saturation-GC, Rordorf 1989)
log (PL/Pa) = 13.753 – 4631.9/(T/K); measured range 44.9–140°C (liquid, gas saturation-GC, Rordorf 1989)
0.00130 (selected, Taylor & Spencer 1990)
0.00107 (20–25°C, selected, Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996)
0.00133 (estimated, Montgomery 1993)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa m3/mol at 25°C or as indicated):
0.0021 (20°C, calculated-P/C, Suntio et al. 1988)
0.0032 (20°C, calculated-P/C, Muir 1991)
0.0021 (20–25°C, calculated-P/C, Montgomery 1993)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
3.06 (Rao & Davidson 1980; Karickhoff 1981)
3.42 (selected, Dao et al. 1983; Gerstl & Helling 1987)
3.51 (shake flask, Mitsutake et al. 1986)
3.10 (selected, Suntio et al. 1988)
3.51 (recommended, Sangster 1993)
3.09 (calculated, Patil 1994)
3.51 (recommended, Hansch et al. 1995)
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
1.70 (calculated-S, Kenaga 1980)
1.52 (calculated-KOC, Kenaga 1980)
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
2.77 (soil, Hamaker & Thompson 1972)
2.57 (soil, calculated-S as per Kenaga & Goring 1980, Kenaga 1980)
2.85, 2.80 (estimated-S, Karickhoff 1981)
3.17, 3.08 (estimated-S and mp, Karickhoff 1981)
2.67 (estimated-KOW, Karickhoff 1981)
2.31 (calculated-MCI ., Gerstl & Helling 1987)
2.32 (calculated-MCI . and fragment contribution method, Meylan et al. 1992)
2.60 (soil, 20–25°C, estimated, Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996)
2.77, 2.91 (Montgomery 1993)
2.60 (estimated-chemical structure, Lohninger 1994)
2.53 (soil, calculated-MCI 1., Sabljic et al. 1995)
2.40, 2.05 (soil, estimated-class-specific model, estimated-general model using molecular descriptors,
Gramatica et al. 2000)
2.62 (2.37–2.87) (soil: organic carbon OC . 0.5%, average, Delle Site 2001)
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization: t. = 2220 d from 1-m depth of water at 20°C (estimated, Muir 1991).
Photolysis: t. = 130 h for 4 µg/mL to degrade in distilled water under > 280 nm light (Guzik 1978; quoted,
Cessna & Muir 1991)
direct photolysis t. = 121 d in distilled water pH 5–7 for a mid-summer day at latitude of 40° (Wolfe et al.
1978)
t.= 2.25 h for 21–76% of 80 µg/mL to degrade in distilled water under 300 nm light (Tanaka et al. 1981;
quoted, Cessna & Muir 1991).
Oxidation:
Hydrolysis: t. > 4 months for 4274 µg/mL to hydrolyze in phosphate buffer at pH 5–9 and 20°C (El-Dib & Aly
1976; quoted, Muir 1991)
k(alkaline) = 2.0 . 10–5 M–1 s–1 at 27°C, 1.9 . 10–4 M–1 s–1 at 50°C, 6.4 . 10–4 M–1 s–1 at 70°C; with
t. > 1 . 104 d at pH 5, 7 and 9 (Wolfe et al. 1978)
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3506 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
t. > 1 wk for 2.10 µg/mL to hydrolyze in natural waters at 67°C (Schnoor et al. 1982; quoted, Muir 1991).
Biodegradation:
t.(aerobic) = 10–75 d for 0.1–5.4 µg/mL to biodegrade in activated sludge (Schwartz 1967; quoted, Muir
1991)
k = (3.6–6.7) . 10–10 mL cell–1 d–1 of different river water samples (Paris et al. 1978; quoted, Scow 1982)
t. = 120 d by fungi Aspergillus fumigatus and t. = 2.9 d by bacteria at 28°C (Wolfe et al. 1978)
k = 2.5 . 10–4 L (mg M)–1 h–1 with t. = 120 d for 2–25 µg/mL fungus Aspergillus fumigatus; k = 0.1 L (mg
M)–1 h–1 with t. = 2.9 d for bacteria Pseudomonas striata to biodegrade in stream water at pH 7 and
28°C (Wolfe et al. 1978; quoted, Muir 1991)
k = (1.6–1.8) . 10–8 mL cell–1 d–1 of different river water samples (Steen et al. 1979; quoted, Scow 1982)
k = (2.6 ± 0.72) . 10–14 L cell–1 h–1 in North American waters (Paris et al. 1981; quoted, Battersby 1990)
k = (1.3–4.9) . 10–4 L org–1 h–1 with t.(aerobic) = 190 h for 0.1–1.0 µg/mL to biodegrade in lake water at
22°C (Schnoor et al. 1982; quoted, Muir 1991)
k = (1.4–4.2) . 10–13 L org–1 h–1 for 75 µg/mL to biodegrade at 28°C in natural and sediment waters (Steen
et al. 1982; quoted, Muir 1991);
t.(aerobic) > 4 months for 6–7 µg/mL to biodegrade in river water at 25°C (Stepp et al. 1985; quoted, Muir
1991).
Biotransformation:
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Air:
Surface water: rate constant k = 3.6–6.7 . 10–10 mL cell–1 d–1 from measurements of different river water samples
(Paris et al. 1978; quoted, Scow 1982);
hydrolysis t. > 1 . 104 d based on neutral and alkaline hydrolysis assuming pseudo-first order kinetics;
direct photolysis t. = 121 d assuming a quantum efficiency of 1 and for a mid-summer day at altitude
40°, and biolysis t. = 120 d for 1mg/L of fungus and t. = 2.9 d for bacteria at 28°C (Wolfe et al. 1978);
k = (1.6–1.8) . 10–8 mL cell–1 d–1 from measurements of different river water samples (Steen et al. 1979;
quoted, Scow 1982);
aerobic t. = 190 h for 0.1–1.0 µg/mL to biodegrade in lake water with biodegradation rate of
(1.3–4.9) . 10–4 L org–1 h–1 at 22°C (Schnoor et al. 1982; quoted, Muir 1991);
aerobic t. > 4 months for 6–7 µg mL–1 to biodegrade in river water at 25°C (Stepp et al. 1985; quoted,
Muir 1991).
Ground water:
Sediment: aerobic half-life of 10–75 d for 0.1–5.4 µg/mL to biodegrade in activated sludge (Schwartz 1967;
quoted, Muir 1991).
Soil: t. = 65 and 30 d soil at 15 and 29°C, respectively (Hartley & Kidd 1987; Herbicide Handbook 1989;
quoted, Montgomery 1993; Tomlin 1994);
selected field t. = 30 d (Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996).
Biota:
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Herbicides 3507
17.1.1.18 Chlorsulfuron
Common Name: Chlorsulfuron
Synonym: DPX 4189, Finesse, Glean, Telar
Chemical Name: 2-chloro-N-(((4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino)-carbonyl)-benzenesulfonamide;
1-(o-chlorophenyl)-3-(4-methoxy-6-methyl-s-triazin-2-yl)urea
Uses: herbicide to control broadleaf weeds and some grass weeds.
CAS Registry No: 64902-72-3
Molecular Formula: C12H12ClN5O4S
Molecular Weight: 357.773
Melting Point (°C):
176 (Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
192 (dec., Herbicide Handbook 1989; Montgomery 1993)
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
Dissociation Constant pKa:
3.6 (Herbicide Handbook 1989; Worthing & Hance 1991; Montgomery 1993; Tomlin 1994)
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 0.0330 (mp at 176°C)
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C or as indicated):
300 (at pH 5, Hartley & Kidd 1987; Worthing & Hance 1991; Tomlin 1994; Milne 1995)
27900 (at pH 7, Hartley & Kidd 1987; Worthing & Hance 1991; Tomlin 1994; Milne 1995)
28000 (at pH 7 with ionic strength 0.05, Herbicide Handbook 1989)
7000 (20–25°C, at pH 7, selected, Wauchope et al. 1992; quoted, Majewski & Capel 1995)
7000 (20–25°C, at pH 7, selected, Hornsby et al. 1996)
60, 7000 (at pH 5, pH 7, Montgomery 1993)
32000 (selected, Armbrust 2000)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C or as indicated):
6.10 . 10–4 (Hartley & Kidd 1987)
6.13 . 10–4 (Herbicide Handbook 1989)
3.00 . 10–9 (Worthing & Hance 1991; Tomlin 1994)
1.98 . 10–2 (20–25°C, Wauchope et al. 1992)
3.11 . 10–9 (Montgomery 1993)
6.13 . 10–4 (20–25°C, selected, Hornsby et al. 1996)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol at 25°C or as indicated):
3.60 . 10–11 (calculated-P/C, Montgomery 1993)
1.98 . 10–5 (20–25°C, calculated-P/C as per Wauchope et al. 1992, Majewski & Capel 1995)
6.79 . 10–6 (selected, Armbrust 2000)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
–0.84, 0.17, 1.09 (pH 8.4, pH 7.1, pH 4.5, UV, Ribo 1988)
–0.88, 1.05 (pH 8.4, pH 4.5, HPLC, Ribo 1988)
–1.34, 0.74 (pH 7, pH 4.5, Hay 1990)
N
N
N
O
NH
NH
O
S
O O Cl
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3508 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
2.20 (Grayson & Kleier 1990)
–1.0 (Montgomery 1993)
–0.88, 1.05, –1.34, 0.74, 2.20 (reported values, Sangster 1993)
–1.00 (at pH 7, Tomlin 1994)
0.74, –1.34 (lit. values, Hansch et al. 1995)
2.14 (LOGPSTAR or CLOGP data, Sabljic et al. 1995)
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
0.622 (calculated-S as per Kenaga 1980, this work)
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
1.02 (Flanagan silt loam, Montgomery 1993)
1.60 (Tomlin 1994)
2.19 (calculated-MCI 1., Sabljic et al. 1995)
1.60 (at pH 7, selected, Hornsby et al. 1996)
1.56 (selected, Armbrust 2000)
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization:
Photolysis: assuming first-order kinetics, calculated t. .186 h for 33 µg/mL to degrade in distilled water, t. = 31 h
for creek water, t. = 136 h for silica gel and t. = 115 h for montmorillonit under sunlight (Herrmann et al.
1985; quoted, Cessna & Muir 1991);
under indoor conditions t. = 92 h in methanol, t. = 78 h in distilled water but t. = 18 h in natural creek
water (Herrmann et al. 1985);
reported t. = 18 h in distilled water at > 290 nm (Montgomery 1993)
aqueous photolysis rate constant, k = 5.0 . 10–4 h–1 (Armbrust 2000).
Oxidation:
Hydrolysis: t. = 4–8 wk at 20°C and pH 5.7–7.0 (Hartley & Kidd 1987; Worthing & Hance 1991; Montgomery
1993; Tomlin 1994);
stable aqueous hydrolysis rates at pH 7, 9; measured hydroxy radical rate constant for chlorsulfuron 6.9 . 1012 M–1/h
(Armbrust 2000).
Biodegradation: aerobic rate constant, k = 1.44 . 10–3 h–1 (Armbrust 2000).
Biotransformation:
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Soil: hydrolysis rates will be increased by warm soil temperatures at low pH and in the presence of moisture
with an average t. = 4–6 wk under growing conditions (Hartley & Kidd 1987; Herbicide Handbook 1989)
t. = 4–6 wk for degradation in soil via hydrolysis followed by microbial degradation (Hartley & Kidd 1987;
quoted, Montgomery 1993; Tomlin 1994);
degradation rate constants: k = 0.033 d–1 at depth 0–20 cm with t. = 21 d, k = 0.0315 d–1 at depth 20–40
cm with t. = 22 d and for depth 40–60 cm with t. > 150 d (Soakwaters soil, Walker et al. 1989);
degradation k = 0.0116 d–1 at depth 0–20 cm with t. = 60 d, k = 0.0120 d–1 at depth 20–40 cm with t. = 58 d,
and k = 0.0076 d–1 at depth 40–60 cm with t. = 91 d (Wharf ground soil, Walker et al. 1989);
degradation k = 0.0126 d–1 at depth 0–20 cm with t. = 55 d, k = 0.0073 d–1 at depth 20–40 cm with t. = 95 d,
and k = 0.0056 d–1 at depth 40–60 cm with t. = 124 d (Cottage Field soil, Walker et al. 1989);
degradation k = 0.0147 d–1 at depth 0–20 cm with t. = 47 d, 0.0116 d–1 at depth 20–40 cm with t. = 60 d,
and k = 0.0047 d–1 at depth 40–60 cm with t. = 147 d (Hunts Mill soil, Walker et al. 1989);
degradation 0.0094 d–1 (depth 0–20 cm with t. = 74 d), 0.0096 d–1 (depth 20–40 cm with t. = 72 d) and
0.0082 d–1 (depth 40–60 cm with t. = 85 d) (Bottom Barn soil, Walker et al. 1989);
degradation k = 0.0141 d–1 at depth 0–20 cm with t. = 49 d, k = 0.0126 d–1 at depth 20–40 cm with t. = 55 d,
and k = 0.0089 d–1 at depth 40–60 cm with t. = 78 d (Long Ashton soil, Walker et al. 1989);
degradation k = 0.0144 d–1 at depth 0–20 cm with t. = 48 d, k = 0.0126 d–1 at depth 20–40 cm with t. = 55 d,
and k = 0.0124 d–1 at depth 40–60 cm with t. = 56 d (Norfolk Agricultural Station soil, Walker et al. 1989)
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Herbicides 3509
degradation k = 0.0248 d–1 at depth 0–20 cm with t. = 28 d, k = 0.0289 d–1 at depth 20–40 cm with t. = 24 d,
and k = 0.0347 d–1 at depth 40–60 cm with t. = 20 d (Norfolk Agricultural Station soil, Walker et al. 1989);
selected field t. = 40 d (Hornsby et al. 1996).
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3510 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
17.1.1.19 Chlorotoluron
Common Name: Chlorotoluron
Synonym: C 2242, Clortokem, Deltarol, Dicuran, Highuron, Higaluron, Tolurex
Chemical Name: 3-(3-chloro-p-tolyl)-1,1-dimethylurea; N.-(3-chloro-4-methylphenyl)-N,N-dimethylurea
Uses: herbicide to control pre- and post-emergent annual grasses and broadleaf weeds in winter cereals, particularly
wheat and barley.
CAS Registry No: 15545-48-9
Molecular Formula: C10H13ClN2O
Molecular Weight: 212.675
Melting Point (°C):
147 (Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
1.40 (Tomlin 1994)
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
192 (modified Le Bas method at normal boiling point, Spurlock & Biggar 1994)
Dissociation Constant pKa:
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 0.0635 (mp at 147°C)
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C or as indicated):
10.0 (20°C, Spencer 1973)
70.0 (Martin & Worthing 1977)
10.0 (20°C, Khan 1980)
70.0 (20°C, Ashton & Crafts 1981)
56.4, 80.6, 99.1 (4, 25, 40°C, shake flask-liquid scintillation spectrometer LSS, Madhun et al. 1986)
70.0 (20°C, Hartley & Kidd 1987; Worthing & Walker 1991)
90.0 (Spurlock 1992; Spurlock & Biggar 1994)
10660 (calculated, Patil 1994)
74.0 (Tomlin 1994)
49.3 (predicted-AQUAFAC, Lee et al. 1996)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C or as indicated):
4.8 . 10–6 (20°C, Khan 1980)
1.7 . 10–5 (20°C, Ashton & Crafts 1981)
1.7 . 10–5 (20°C, Hartley & Kidd 1987)
1.7 . 10–5 (Tomlin 1994; selected, Halfon et al. 1996)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol at 25°C or as indicated):
5.17 . 10–5 (20°C, calculated-P/C, this work)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
2.41 (shake flask-UV, Briggs 1981)
2.54 (Dao et al. 1983; Spurlock 1992; Spurlock & Biggar 1994)
2.33, 2.34, 2.32 (4, 25, 40°C, shake flask-liquid scintillation spectrometer LSS, Madhun et al. 1986)
2.41 (shake flask, Mitsutake et al. 1986)
2.0 (shake flask, pH 7, Baker et al. 1992)
HN
N
O
Cl
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Herbicides 3511
2.241 (calculated, Evelyne et al. 1992)
2.41 (recommended, Sangster 1993)
2.25 (RP-HPLC-RT correlation, Sicbaldi & Finizio 1993)
0.26 (calculated, Patil 1994)
2.50 (Tomlin 1994)
2.41 (recommended, Hansch et al. 1995)
2.38, 2.44 (shake flask-UV, calculated-RP-HPLC-k. correlation, Liu & Qian 1995)
2.25, 2.49, 2.42 (RP-HPLC-RT correlation, ClOGP, calculated-S, Finizio et al. 1997)
2.0 (RP-HPLC-RT correlation using short ODP column, Donovan & Pescatore 2002)
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
1.75 (calculated-S, Kenaga 1980)
2.09, 2.16 (cuticle/water 24 h: tomato, pepper, Chaumat et al. 1991)
2.01, 2.15 (cuticle/water 24 h: box tree, pear, Chaumat et al. 1991)
1.30 (cuticle/water 24 h: vanilla, Chaumat et al. 1991)
2.09, 2.16 (cuticle/water: tomato, pepper, Evelyne et al. 1992)
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
2.62 (soil, calculated-S, Kenaga 1980)
1.78 (reported as log KOM, Briggs 1981)
2.75, 2.62 (4°C, 25°C, Semiahmoo soil, in µmol/kg OC, batch equilibrium-sorption isotherm-liquid scintillation
spectrometer LSS, Madhun et al. 1986)
2.57, 2.43 (4°C, 25°C, Adkins soil, in µmol/kg OC, batch equilibrium method-LSS, Madhun et al. 1986)
2.48, 2.18; 2.54, 2.50 (estimated-KOW; solubility, Madhun et al. 1986)
2.81, 2.58 (exptl., calculated-KOW, Liu & Qian 1995)
2.02 (soil, calculated-MCI 1., Sabljic et al. 1995)
2.02; 2.05, 2.15 (soil, quoted obs.; estimated-class-specific model, estimated-general model using molecular
descriptors, Gramatica et al. 2000)
2.00, 2.00 (soils: organic carbon OC . 0.1%, OC . 0.5%, average, Delle Site 2001)
2.14, 2.36 (Kishon river sediments, sorption isotherm, Chefetz et al. 2004)
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization:
Photolysis:
Oxidation:
Hydrolysis: calculated t. > 200 d at pH 5, 7, 9 and 30°C (Tomlin 1994).
Biodegradation: Biological degradation rate followed a first order kinetics with t. = 21.6 d by raw water microflora
from River Nile, t. = 13,8 d by raw water microflora + sewage (El-Dib & Abou-Waly 1998)
Biotransformation: 4% of the selected 90 strains of micromycetes mostly isolated from soil-soil fungi, depleted
50% of chlorotoluron (100 mg/L) in 5-d experiment. (Vroumsia et al. 1996)
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Air:
Surface water: Biological degradation t. = 21.6 d by raw water microflora from River Nile, t. = 13,8 d by raw
water microflora + sewage (El-Dib & Abou-Waly 1998)
Ground water:
Sediment:
Soil: t. = 4 wk in the moist silty loam at (25 ± 1)°C (Smith & Briggs 1978);
t. ~ 200–4000 d in loamy sand and peat for 25–35°C as follows (Madhum & Freed 1987):
t. = 4340, 904, and 381 d at 25, 30, and 35°C, respectively, at herbicide concn at 5 µg/kg, while t. = 1335,
524, and 266 d at 25, 30, and 35°C, respectively, at herbicide concn at 100 µg/kg in an Adkins loamy
sand; however, the half-lives in peat. t. = 2306, 1245, and 618 d at 25, 30, and 35°C, respectively, at
herbicide concn at 5 µg/kg while t. = 1949, 1024, and 582 d at 25, 30, and 35°C, respectively, at herbicide
concn at 100 µg/kg in a Semiahoo mucky peat (Madhun & Freed 1987)
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3512 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
degradation by microorganism in biometer systems, t. = 93 d in silty sand standard metabolism experiments,
t. = 140 d corrected standard conditions, t. = 110 d in simulated outdoor conditions; t. = 40 d in silty
loam standard conditions, t. = 60 d corrected standard conditions, t. = 31 d in simulated outdoor
conditions; at constant soil moisture and 20°C. Degradation by microorganism in small lysimeter systems:
t. = 52 d outdoor fallow, t. = 14 d outdoor barley in silty sand, and t. = 49 d outdoor fallow, t. = 38 d
outdoor barley in silty loam (Rudel et al. 1993)
t. = 30–40 d in soil (Tomlin 1994);
t. = 135 d (selected, Halfon et al. 1996).
Biota:
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Herbicides 3513
17.1.1.20 Cyanazine
Common Name: Cyanazine
Synonym: Bladex, 90DF, DW 3418, Fortrok, Fortrol, Payze, SD 15418, WL 19805
Chemical Name: 2-(4-chloro-6-ethylamino-1,3,5-triazin-2-ylamino)-2-methyl-propionitrile
Uses: herbicide to control annual grasses and broadleaf weeds in cereals, cotton, maize, onions, peanuts, peas, potatoes,
soybeans, sugar cane, and wheat fallow.
CAS Registry No: 21725-46-2
Molecular Formula: C9H13ClN6
Molecular Weight: 240.692
Melting Point (°C):
168 (Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
Dissociation Constant:
1.00 (pKa, Weber et al. 1980; Willis & McDowell 1982)
12.9 (pKb, Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996)
0.63, 1.1 (pKa, Montgomery 1993)
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 0.0395 (mp at 168°C)
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C or as indicated):
171 (Melnikov 1971; Wauchope 1978; Weber et al. 1980; Ashton & Crafts 1981)
171 (Martin & Worthing 1977; Herbicide Handbook 1978; Worthing & Walker 1987, Worthing & Hance
1991; Majewski & Capel 1995)
150 (selected, Schnoor & McAvoy 1981; Schnoor 1992)
171 (Hartley & Kidd 1987; Montgomery 1993; Tomlin 1994)
160 (23°C, Herbicide Handbook 1989)
171 (Budavari 1989; Milne 1995)
170 (20–25°C, selected, Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996)
6046 (calculated, Patil 1994)
45 (calculated-group contribution fragmentation method, Kuhne et al. 1995)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C or as indicated. Additional data at other temperatures designated * are compiled at the
end of this section):
2.13 . 10–7 (20°C, Ashton & Crafts 1973; 1981; Spencer 1982; Herbicide Handbook 1989)
2.67 . 10–7 (20–25°C, Weber et al. 1980)
5.33 . 10–7 (selected, Schnoor & McAvoy 1981; Schnoor 1992)
1.00 . 10–5 (20°C, extrapolated from gas saturation measurement, Grayson & Fosbracey 1982)
ln (P/Pa) = 25.7–10913/(T/K), temp range 65.7–92°C, (Antoine eq., gas saturation, Grayson & Fosbracey 1982)
2.00 . 10–7 (20°C, Hartley & Kidd 1987; Worthing & Hance 1991; Tomlin 1994; Majewski & Capel 1995)
5.21 . 10–6 (Worthing & Walker 1987)
1.33 . 10–6 (30°C, Herbicide Handbook 1989)
2.13 . 10–7 (20°C, Budavari 1989)
2.13 . 10–7 (20–25°C, selected, Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996)
2.13 . 10–7 (20°C, Montgomery 1993)
N
N
N
Cl
NH
NH
N
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3514 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol at 25°C or as indicated):
2816 (20–25°C, calculated-P/C, Montgomery 1993)
2.87 . 10–7 (calculated-P/C as per Worthing & Walker 1987, Majewski & Capel 1995)
3.00 . 10–7 (calculated-P/C, this work)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
2.18 (Kenaga & Goring 1980)
2.24 (shake flask-GC, Brown & Flagg 1981)
1.80, 1.66 (RP-HPLC-RT correlation, calculated, Finizio et al. 1991)
2.22 (selected, Magee 1991)
1.80, 2.24 (Montgomery 1993)
2.22 (recommended, Sangster 1993)
0.79 (calculated, Patil 1994)
2.10 (Tomlin 1994)
2.22 (recommended, Hansch et al. 1995)
2.04 (shake flask-UV, Liu & Qian 1995)
1.64, 1.29, 3.02 (RP-HPLC-RT correlation, CLOGP, calculated-S, Finizio et al. 1997)
1.70 (RP-HPLC-RT correlation using short ODP column, Donovan & Pescatore 2002)
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
1.53 (calculated-S, Kenaga 1980)
1.00 (calculated-KOC, Kenaga 1980)
1.48 (selected, Schnoor & McAvoy 1981; Schnoor 1992)
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
2.30 (Kenaga 1980; Kenaga & Goring 1980; Karickhoff 1981; Sabljic 1987; Bahnick & Doucette 1988)
2.41 (soil, calculated-S as per Kenaga & Goring 1980, Kenaga 1980)
2.26 (Georgia’s Hickory Hill pond sediment, Brown & Flagg 1981)
2.71, 1.75, 1.85 (estimated-S, calculated-S and mp, calculated-KOW, Karickhoff 1981)
0.48–1.48 (selected, sediment/water, Schnoor & McAvoy 1981; Schnoor 1992)
2.57, 2.26 (soil, quoted, Madhun et al. 1986)
2.36, 2.09; 2.33, 1.75 (estimated-reported KOWs; estimated-reported solubilities, Madhun et al. 1986)
2.23 (soil, screening model calculations, Jury et al. 1987b)
2.35 (calculated-MCI ., Bahnick & Doucette 1988)
2.30, 2.16 (reported, estimated as log KOM, Magee 1991)
2.23, 2.26, 2.30 (soil, quoted values, Bottoni & Funari 1992)
2.28 (soil, 20–25°C, selected, Wauchope et al. 1992; quoted, Richards & Baker 1993; Hornsby et al. 1996)
1.58–2.63 (Montgomery 1993)
2.54 (selected, Lohninger 1994)
2.05, 2.11 (exptl., calculated-KOW, Liu & Qian 1995)
2.28 (soil, calculated-MCI 1., Sabljic et al. 1995)
2.28; 2.33, 2.25 (soil, quoted obs.; estimated-class-specific model, estimated-general model using molecular
descriptors, Gramatica et al. 2000)
2.14, 2.19 (soils: organic carbon OC . 0.1%, OC . 0.5%, pH 5.6–8.0, average, Delle Site 2001)
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization:
Photolysis:
Oxidation:
Hydrolysis: alkaline chemical hydrolysis t. > 365 d (Schnoor & McAvoy 1981; quoted, Schnoor 1992).
Biodegradation: aerobic t. = 14 d for 0.06 µg/mL to degrade in pond water and t. > 28 d in pond sediment both
at 10–20°C (Roberts 1974; quoted, Muir 1991).
Biotransformation:
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Herbicides 3515
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Air:
Surface water: aerobic t. = 14 d for 0.06 µg/mL to degrade in pond water at 10–20°C (Roberts 1974; quoted,
Muir 1991).
Ground water: reported half-lives or persistence, t. = 10–29, 14 and 108 d (Bottoni & Funari 1992)
Sediment: aerobic t. > 28 d for 0.06 µg/mL to slowly degrade in pond sediment at 10–20°C (Roberts 1974;
quoted, Muir 1991).
Soil: t. ~ 2 wk in soil (Beynon et al. 1972; quoted, Tomlin 1994);
persistence of 12 months in soil (Wauchope 1978);
t. = 13.5 d from screening model calculations (Jury et al. 1987b);
t. = 12–15 d in sandy loam soils and t. = 20–25 d in silt and clay loam soils (Herbicide Handbook 1989;
quoted, Montgomery 1993);
disappearance t. = 181 d from the upper 15 cm on a clay loam Ontario soil in 1987 and t. = 90 d in 1988
with t.(calc) = 27 and 12 d, respectively (Frank et al. 1991);
reported t. = 10–29 d, 13 d and 108 d (Bottoni & Funari 1992);
selected field t. = 14 d (Wauchope et al. 1992; quoted, Richards & Baker 1993; Hornsby et al. 1996)
soil t. = 19 d (Pait et al. 1992).
Biota: biochemical t. = 13.5 d from screening model calculations (Jury et al. 1987b).
TABLE 17.1.1.20.1
Reported vapor pressures of cyanazine at various temperatures
Grayson & Fosbracey 1982
gas saturation-GC
t/°C P/Pa
65.7 0.0016
70.0 0.0025
77.5 0.0040
85.8 0.0101
87.8 0.0096
92.0 0.0181
20 1. . 10–5
ln P = A – B/(T/K)
P/Pa
A 25.7
B 10913
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3516 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
FIGURE 17.1.1.20.1 Logarithm of vapor pressure versus reciprocal temperature for cyanazine.
Cyanazine: vapor pressure vs. 1/T
-6.0
-5.0
-4.0
-3.0
-2.0
-1.0
0.0
1.0
2.0
0.0022 0.0024 0.0026 0.0028 0.003 0.0032 0.0034 0.0036
1/(T/K)
P( gol
S
) aP
/
Grayson & Fosbracey 1982
m.p. = 168 °C
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Herbicides 3517
17.1.1.21 2,4-D
(See also Chapter 13, Carboxylic Acids)
Common Name: 2,4-D
Synonym: 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
Chemical Name: 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
Uses: post-emergence control of annual and perennial broadleaf weeds in cereals, maize, sorgum, grassland, established
turf, grass seed crops, orchards, cranberries, asparagus, sugar cane, rice, forestry, and on noncropland, etc.
CAS Registry No: 94-75-7
Molecular Formula: C8H6Cl2O3, Cl2C6H3OCH2COOH
Molecular Weight: 221.038
Melting Point (°C):
140.5 (Hartley & Kidd 1987; Howard 1991; Tomlin 1994; Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
160 (at 0.4 mmHg, Dean 1985)
215 (Neely & Blau 1985)
Density (g/cm3 at 25°C):
1.565 (30°C, Neely & Blau 1985; Tomlin 1994)
1.416 (Montgomery 1993)
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
209.8 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Dissociation Constant, pKa:
2.73 (potentiometric method, Nelson & Faust 1969)
2.87 (spectrophotometric method, Cessna & Grover 1978)
2.80 (Reinert & Rogers 1984; selected, Wauchope et al. 1992)
2.64 (Dean 1985; Haag & Yao 1992; Lee et al. 1993)
2.61–3.31 (Howard 1991)
2.97 (Sangster 1993)
3.10 (Kollig 1993)
2.64–3.31 (Montgomery 1993)
Enthalpy of Vaporization, .HV (kJ/mol):
93.89 (Rordorf 1989)
Enthalpy of Fusion .Hfus (kJ/mol):
38.074 (DSC method, Plato & Glasgow 1969)
39.6 (Rordorf 1989)
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 0.0736 (mp at 140.5°C)
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C or as indicated):
890 (Hodgman 1952; Hamaker 1975; Verschueren 1983; Montgomery 1993)
522 (shake flask-UV, Leopold et al. 1960)
725 (Bailey & White et al. 1965)
725, 400, 900, 550 (Gunther et al. 1968)
900 (Herbicide Handbook 1974; Wauchope 1978; Kenaga 1980a,b; Kenaga & Goring 1980)
600 (20°C, Khan 1980)
620–900 (Weber et al. 1980)
470 (20–25°C, pH 5.6, Geyer et al. 1981)
633, 812 (15, 25°C, shake flask method, average values of 5 laboratories, OECD 1981)
620 (20°C, Hartley & Kidd 1983, 1987)
Cl Cl
O
OH
O
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3518 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
620 (Worthing & Walker 1983)
609 (Gerstl & Helling 1987)
400 (20°C, selected, Suntio et al. 1988)
703 (Gustafson 1989)
682 (Yalkowsky et al. 1987)
540–890(Nyholm et al. 1992)
900, 600, 890, 703, 1072 (Wauchope et al. 1992)
890 (20–25°C, selected, Wauchope et al. 1992)
311 (pH 1, Tomlin 1994)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C or as indicated and reported temperature dependence equations):
8.0 . 10–5 (Hamaker 1975)
0.180–1.69 (transpiration method, Spencer 1976)
53.0 (160°C, Hartley & Kidd 1983, 1987)
8.0 . 10–5 (recommended, Neely & Blau 1985; Lyman 1985)
1.0 (20°C, selected, Suntio et al. 1988)
6.0 . 10–6 (selected, Nash 1989)
4.10 . 10–5, 2.0 . 10–3, 0.058, 1.10, 13.0 (25, 50, 70, 100, 125°C, gas saturation-GC, Rordorf 1989)
log (PS/Pa) = 17.56 – 6544.1/(T/K); measured range 70.2–135°C (solid, gas saturation-GC, Rordorf 1989)
log (PL/Pa) = 13.558 – 4904.6/(T/K); measured range 140–196°C (liquid, gas saturation-GC, Rordorf 1989)
0.20, 0.0032 (quoted, estimated from Henry’s law constant, Howard 1991)
5.6 . 10–5 (selected, Mackay & Stiver 1991)
1.40, 3.2 . 10–3 (quoted, estimated from HLC, Howard 1991)
1.33 . 10–5, 8.0 . 10–5, 1.07 . 10–3; 1.07 . 10–3 (20–25°C, quoted lit; selected, Wauchope et al. 1992)
0.627 (Montgomery 1993)
0.011 (Tomlin 1994)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol at 25°C or as indicated):
1.36 . 10–5 (calculated-P/C, Jury et al. 1983)
1.39 . 10–5 (calculated-P/C, Jury et al. 1987a, Jury & Ghodrati 1989)
0.55 (20°C, calculated-P/C, Suntio et al. 1988)
0.0015 (calculated, Nash 1989)
1.03 . 10–3 (calculated-bond contribution, Howard 1991)
6.80, 0.853 (pH 1, pH 7 at 20°C, wetted wall column-GC, Rice et al. 1997b)
1.82 . 10–7 (quoted lit., Armbrust 2000)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
2.81 (shake flask-UV, Fujita et al. 1964)
2.59 (electrometric titration, Freese et al. 1979)
1.57 (Kenaga & Goring 1980; Kenaga 1980b)
2.74 (selected, Dao et al. 1983)
2.81 (20°C, Verschueren 1983)
1.57, 4.88 (shake flask-OECD 1981 Guidelines, Geyer et al. 1984)
2.65 (shake flask, log P Database, Hansch & Leo 1987)
2.50 (OECD 1981 method, Kerler & Schonherr 1988)
2.649 (liquid/liquid-countercurrent-chromatography, Ilchmann et al. 1993)
2.81 (recommended, Sangster 1993)
1.44–4.18 (quoted lit. range, Montgomery 1993)
2.58–2.83 (pH 1, Tomlin 1994)
2.81 (selected, Hansch et al. 1995)
0.59 (RP-HPLC-RT correlation, CLOGP, Calculated-S, Finizio et al. 1997)
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Herbicides 3519
Octanol/Air Partition Coefficient, log KOA:
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
1.11, –0.097 (calculated-S, KOW, Kenaga 1980a)
–2.46, 1.30 (beef fat, fish, Kenaga 1980b)
0.778, 1.94 (alga Chlorella: exptl. 24 h exposure, calculated-S, Geyer et al. 1981)
0.778 (algae, Freitag et al. 1982)
< 1.00 (golden orfe, Freitag et al. 1982)
1.23 (activated sludge, Freitag et al. 1982)
0.0 (fish, microcosm conditions, Garten & Trabalka 1983;)
0.778, 1.23 (algae, calculated-KOW, Geyer et al. 1984)
1.23 (algae, Geyer et al. 1984)
1.11 (calculated, Isensee 1991)
–5.00 (bluegill sunfish and channel catfish, Howard 1991)
–2.70 (frog tadpoles, Howard 1991)
–3.0, –2.52 (pH 7.8, seaweeds, Howard 1991)
0.778, 0.85 (quoted: alga, fish, Howard 1991)
0.0, 0.505 (catfish Ictalurus melas, water flea Daphnia magna, wet wt basis, Wang et al. 1996)
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
1.51 (Hamaker 1975)
1.30, 2.0 (quoted, calculated, Kenaga 1980a)
1.30, 2.11 (quoted, Kenaga & Goring 1980)
1.30 (quoted, Kenaga 1980b)
1.76 (quoted, average value of 3 soils, McCall et al. 1980)
2.25, 2.04, 2.35 (soil I-very strongly acid sandy soil pH 4.5–5.5, soil II-moderately or slightly acid loamy soil
pH 5.6–6.5, soil III-slightly alkaline loamy soil pH 7.1–8.0, OECD 1981)
1.29 (soil, Neely & Blau 1985)
1.30 (soil, screening model calculations, Jury et al. 1987a,b; Jury & Ghodrati 1989)
1.61 (soil, quoted, Sabljic 1987)
1.75, 2.00 (quoted, calculated-MCI ., Gerstl & Helling 1987)
2.59 (HPLC-k. correlation, cyanopropyl column, mobile phase buffered to pH 3, Hodson & Williams
1988)
1.00, 1.23, 2.29 (sediment, Alfisol soil, Podzol soil, von Oepen et al. 1991)
1.30–1.78, 1.30–2.0, 1.72 (soil, quoted lit. values, Bottoni & Funari 1992)
1.30, 1.78, 1.51, 1.26, 1.72, 1.75, 1.76 (soil, quoted values, Wauchope et al. 1992)
1.30 (soil, selected, Wauchope et al. 1992)
0.68 (calculated-KOW, Kollig 1993)
1.68–2.73 (Montgomery 1993)
1.66 (calculated-QSAR MCI 1., Sabljic et al. 1995)
2.09, 1.04, 1.40, 0.778 (first generation Eurosoils ES-1, ES-2, ES-3, ES-4, shake flask/batch equilibrium-
HPLC/UV, Gawlik et al. 1998, 1999)
1.65, 1.36, 1.37, 0.899 (second generation Eurosoils ES-1, ES-2, ES-3, ES-4, shake flask/batch equilibrium-
HPLC/UV, Gawlik et al. 1999)
1.652 (second generation Eurosoil ES-1, HPLC-k. correlation, Gawlik et al. 2000)
1.68 (soil, quoted, Armbrust 2000)
1.79, 1.77 (soils: organic carbon OC . 0.1%, OC . 0.5%, pH 2.8–8.0, average, Delle Site 2001)
2.16, 2.13 (soils: organic carbon OC . 0.1%, OC . 0.5%, pH 2.8–5.0, average, Delle Site 2001)
1.68, 1.68 (soils: organic carbon OC . 0.1%, OC . 0.5%, pH > 5.0, average, Delle Site 2001)
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization: volatilization from water is negligible, calculated volatilization t. = 660 d (from 1 cm) and
t. = 7.1 yr (from 10 cm) from soil (Howard 1991).
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3520 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
Photolysis: aqueous photolysis t. = 2–4 d when irradiated at 356 nm, t. = 50 min in water when irradiated at
254 nm and t. = 29–43 d when exposed to September sunlight (Howard 1991);
aqueous photolysis rate constant, k = 2.2 . 10–3 h–1 (Armbrust 2000).
Oxidation:
photooxidation t. = 1.8–18 h, based on estimated rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction with hydroxyl
radical in air (Howard et al. 1991)
k(aq.) = (1.0–2.3) M–1 s–1 for direct reaction with ozone in water at pH 1.5–2.9 and 21 ± 1°C, with t. = 3.9 h
at pH 7 (Yao & Haag 1991).
k(calc) = 5.0 . 109 M–1 s–1 (Haag & Yao 1992)
kOH(aq.) = 1.6 . 109 M–1 s–1 for reaction with hydroxyl radical in irradiated field water both in the laboratory
and sunlit rice paddies (Mabury & Crosby 1996; quoted, Armbrust 2000);
kOH(aq.) = 8.4 . 1012 M–1 h–1 at pH 5, 7, 9; measured hydroxyl radical rate constant for 2,4-D, (Armbrust
2000)
Hydrolysis: no hydrolyzable groups and rate constant at neutral pH is zero (Kollig et al. 1987; selected, Howard
et al. 1991); generally resistant to hydrolysis, may become important at pH > 8 (Howard 1991).
Biodegradation:
k = 0.7–14.0 d–1 and t. = 10 to > 50 d in clear to murky river water with lag time ranges from 6–12 d
(Nesbitt & Watson 1980a);
t. = 4 d in river with nutrient and suspended sediments and t. = 10 d with a lag time of 5 d for filtered
river water (Nesbitt & Watson 1980b);
degradation kinetics not first-order, time for 50% decomposition in six soils: Commerce 5 d, Catlin 1.5 d,
Keith 3.9 d, Cecil 3.0 d, Walla-Walla 2.5 d and Fargo 8.5 d, with an average time of 4 d (McCall et al. 1981)
aerobic degradation k = 0.3 . 10–3 h–1 with t. = 97.0 d for control system, k = 9.5 . 10–3 h–1 with t. = 3.1 d for
metabolism, k = 16.2 . 10–3 h–1 with t. = 1.8 d for co-metabolism; anaerobic degradation k = 0.24 . 10–3 h–1
with t. = 120 d for control system, k = 0.21 . 10–3 h–1 with t. = 135 d for metabolism, k = 0.42 . 10–3 h–1
with t. = 69 d for co-metabolism, by a mixture of microorganisms from activated sludge, soil and sediment
in cyclone fermentors (Liu et al. 1981)
k = (3.6–28.8) . 10–6 mL cell–1 d–1 in natural water (Paris et al. 1981; quoted, Klecka 1985)
k < 0.14–0.07 d–1 in river water at 25°C (Nesbitt & Watson 1980; quoted, Klecka 1985)
k = (0.058 ± 0.006) d–1 in lake water at 29°C (Subba-Rao et al. 1982; quoted, Klecka 1985)
k = 0.08–0.46 d–1 in soil at 25°C (McCall et al. 1981; quoted, Klecka 1985);
t. (aq. aerobic) = 240–1200 h, based on unacclimated aerobic river die-away test data (Nesbitt & Watson
1980; selected, Howard et al. 1991);
t. (anaerobic) = 672–4320 h, based on unacclimated aqueous screening test data (Liu et al. 1981; selected,
Howard et al. 1991);
k = 0.035 d–1 in die-away test, k = 0.029 d–1 in CO2 evolution test, in soil and k = 6.9 . 10–1 mL (g bacteria)–1 d–1
by activated sludge cultures (Scow 1982);
t. = 18 to over 50 d in clear river water, and t. = 10 to 25 d in muddy river water with lag times of 6 to
12 d; degradation with a mixture of microorganisms from activated sludge, soil, and sediments lead to
half-lives of 1.8–3.1 d under aerobic conditions and 69–135 d under anaerobic conditions (Howard 1991)
k(aerobic) = 5.25 . 10–3 h–1 (Armbrust 2000).
Biotransformation:
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
k1 = 0.0092 h–1; k2 = 0.0092 h–1 (catfish Ictalurus melas, Wang et al. 1996)
k1 = 0.8560 h–1; k2 = 0.2690 h–1 (Water flea Daphnia magna, Wang et al. 1996)
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Air: t. = 1.8–18 h, based on estimated rate constant for the reaction with OH radical (Howard et al. 1991);
photooxidation t. = 23.9 h for reactions with OH radical in air (Howard 1991).
Surface water: t. = 48–96 h, based on reported photolysis half-lives for aqueous solution irradiated at UV
wavelength of 356 nm (Baur & Bovey 1974; selected, Howard et al. 1991);
degradation t. = 14 d in sensitized, filtered and sterilized river water, based on sunlight photolysis test of
1 µg mL–1 in distilled water (Zepp et al. 1975; quoted, Cessna & Muir 1991);
t. = 1.8 and 3.1 d for cometabolism and metabolism, respectively, easily degraded under aerobic conditions;
t. = 69 and 135 d under anaerobic conditions (Liu et al. 1981;)
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Herbicides 3521
typical biodegradation t. = 10 to < 50 d with longer expected in oligotrophic waters, photolysis t. = 29–43 d
for water solutions irradiated at sunlight (Howard 1991);
degraded relatively slowly when incubated in natural waters or in soil/sediment suspensions, with t. ~ 6 to
170 d (Muir 1991);
rate constant k(exptl) = (1.0–2.3) M–1 s–1 for direct reaction with ozone in water at pH 1.5–2.9 and 21°C,
with t. = 3.9 h at pH 7 (Yao & Haag 1991);
rate constant k(calc) = 5 . 109 M–1 s–1 for the reaction with hydroxyl radical in aqueous solution (Haag &
Yao 1992);
t. = 2–4 d when irradiated at . = 356 nm in aqueous solution (Montgomery 1993).
Ground water: t. = 480–4320 h, based on estimated unacclimated aqueous aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation
half-lives (Howard et al. 1991)
reported t. = 4, 15, 1–35, 7–21 d (Bottoni & Funari 1992)
Sediment: t. < 1 d for degradation in sediments and lake muds (Howard 1991);
degraded relatively slowly when incubated in natural waters or in soil/sediment suspensions, with t. = 6 to
170 d (Muir 1991).
Soil: degradation t. = 5.0 and 4.0 d in Quachita Highlands’ forest and grassland soil respectively, t. = 4 d in
Gross Timbers Forest soil, average t. = 4 d in 3 soils (shake flask, Altom & Stritzke 1973);
field t. = 5.2 d in Arid range (Lane et al. 1977; quoted, Nash 1983);
field t. = 19 d in Dykland soil (Stewart & Gaul 1977; quoted, Nash 1983);
lab. t. = 5.5 d in Naff soil (Wilson & Cheng 1978; quoted, Nash 1983);
microagroecosystem t. = 11 d for granular application to bluegrass turf (Nash & Beall 1980)
non-persistent in soil with t. < 20 d (Willis & McDowell 1982);
microagroecosystem t. = 3 d in moist fallow soil (Nash 1983);
t. = 15 d in soil (Jury et al. 1983, 1987a,b; Jury & Ghodrati 1989);
persistence of one month in soil (Jury et al. 1987);
t. = 240–1200 h, based on estimated unacclimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life (Howard et al.
1991);
biodegradation t. < 1 d to several weeks, t. = 3.9 and 11.5 d in 2 moist soils and t. = 9.4 to 254 d in the
same soils under dry conditions (Howard 1991);
degraded relatively slowly when incubated in natural waters or in soil/sediment suspensions, with t. = 6 to
170 d (Muir 1991);
reported t. = 4,15, 1–35 and 7–21 d (Bottoni & Funari 1992);
field t. = 2–16 d, with a selected value of 10 d (Wauchope et al. 1992);
soil t. = 18 d (Pait et al. 1992);
rate constants for Amsterdam silt loam at soil depth 0–30 cm: k = 0.0053 d–1 at 10°C, k = 0.0046 d–1 at
17°C and k = 0.0127 d–1 at 24°C with corresponding first-order t. = 7, 7, and 2 d; at soil depth 30–60
cm: k = 0.00012 d–1 at 10°C, k = 0.0044 d–1 at 17°C and k = 0.0077 d–1 at 24°C with corresponding
first-order t. = 273, 8, and 4 d; and at soil depth 60–120 cm: k = 0.00005 d–1 at 10°C, k = 0.0013 d–1 at
17°C and k = 0.0022 d–1 at 24°C with corresponding first-order t. = 593, 25, and 12 d (Veeh et al. 1996).
Biota: depuration t. = 13.8 h in daphnids, t. = 1.32 d in catfish (Ellgehausen et al. 1980).
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3522 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
17.1.1.22 Dalapon
Common Name: Dalapon
Synonym: Alatex, Basinex P, Crisapon, D-Granulat, Dawpon-Rae, Ded-Weed, Dowpon, DPA, Gramevin, Kenapon,
Liropon, Proprop, Radapon
Chemical Name: 2,2-dichloropropanoic acid; 2,2-dichloropropionic acid; .-dichloropropanoic acid; .,.-dichloropropionic
acid
Uses: selective systemic herbicide to control perennial and annual grasses on noncropland, fruits, vegetables, and some
aquatic weeds.
CAS Registry No: 75-99-0
Molecular Formula: C3H4Cl2O2
Molecular Weight: 1432.969
Melting Point (°C): liquid
Boiling Point (°C):
185–190 (Herbicide Handbook 1989; Worthing & Hance 1991; Tomlin 1994)
98–99 (sodium salt at 20 mmHg, Budavari 1989)
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
1.389 (Nelson & Faust 1969; quoted, Kenaga 1974; Montgomery 1993)
1.389 (22.8°C, Herbicide Handbook 1989)
1.4014 (Budavari 1989; Milne 1995)
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
Dissociation Constant pKa:
1.84 (potentiometric titration, Nelson & Faust 1969; Freed 1976; Hornsby et al. 1996)
1.74 (Kenaga 1974; quoted, Howard 1991)
1.74–1.84 (Worthing & Hance 1991; Tomlin 1994)
2.06 (Yao & Haag 1991; Haag & Yao 1992)
1.84 (free acid, Montgomery 1993)
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 1.0
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C or as indicated):
900000 (Woodford & Evans 1963; Bailey & White 1965)
> 800000 (Kenaga 1974)
502000 (Martin & Worthing 1977)
450000 (Weber et al. 1980; Budavari 1989)
501200 (Garten & Trabalka 1983)
431850 (selected, Gerstl & Helling 1987)
900000 (sodium salt, Worthing & Walker 1987, Worthing & Hance 1991)
500000 (Reinert 1989)
450000–900000 (Montgomery 1993)
900000 (20–25°C, selected, Hornsby et al. 1996)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C or as indicated):
16.0 (calculated from high temp., Foy 1976)
1.0 . 10–5 (Worthing & Hance 1991; Tomlin 1994)
0.0 (20–25°C, selected, Hornsby et al. 1996)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol at 25°C):
6.50 . 10–3 (Hine & Mookerjee 1975)
0.608 (calculated, Montgomery 1993)
OH
O
Cl Cl
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Herbicides 3523
4.56 . 10–3 (calculated-P/C as per Howard 1991, Majewski & Capel 1995)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
0.76 (Kenaga 1974)
0.78 (Kenaga 1980)
1.34 (selected, Dao et al. 1983)
–2.76 (selected, Gerstl & Helling 1987)
1.48 (Reinert 1989)
0.78 (selected, Hansch et al. 1995)
1.47 (LOGSTAR or CLOGP data, Sabljic et al. 1995)
Octanol/Air Partition Coefficient, log KOA:
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
0.477 (dalapon sodium salt in fish, Kenaga 1974)
–0.444 (calculated-S, Kenaga 1980; quoted, Isensee 1991)
0.301 (estimated-KOW, Lyman et al. 1982; quoted, Howard 1991)
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
0.477 (soil, calculated-S as per Kenaga & Goring 1980, Kenaga 1980)
0.97 (calculated-MCI ., Gerstl & Helling 1987)
2.13 (Reinert 1989)
0.48, 2.13 (soil, quoted values, Bottoni & Funari 1992)
0.27–2.18 (calculated, Montgomery 1993)
0.40 (soil, calculated-MCI 1., Sabljic et al. 1995)
0.0 (soil, 20–25°C, selected, Hornsby et al. 1996)
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization:
Photolysis:
Oxidation:
photooxidation t. = 289–2893 h in air, based on an estimated rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction
with hydroxyl radical in air (Atkinson 1987; quoted, Howard et al. 1991);
k(aq.) = 4.6 . 108 M–1 s–1 for the reaction (photo-Fenton with reference to acetophenone) with hydroxyl
radical in aqueous solutions at pH 3.4 and at 24 ± 1°C (Buxton et al. 1988; quoted, Faust & Hoigne
1990; Haag & Yao 1992)
k(aq.) . 0.005 M–1 s–1 for direct reaction with ozone in water at pH 6.4 and 22°C, with a half-life of > 2 yr
at pH 7 (Yao & Haag 1991).
k(aq.) = (7.3 ± 0.3) . 107 M–1 s–1 for the reaction (photo-Fenton with reference to acetophenone) with
hydroxyl radical in aqueous solutions at pH 3.4 and at 24 ± 1°C (Haag & Yao 1992).
Hydrolysis:
Biodegradation: aqueous aerobic t. = 336–1440 h, based on unacclimated aerobic soil grab sample data (Corbin &
Upchurch 1967; Kaufman & Doyle 1977; quoted, Howard et al. 1991);
rate constant k = 0.047 d–1 by soil incubation die-away studies (Rao & Davidson 1980; quoted, Scow 1982);
aqueous anaerobic t. = 1344–5760 h, based on estimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life (Howard
et al. 1991).
Biotransformation:
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Air: t. = 289–2893 h, based on an estimated rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction with hydroxyl radical in
air (Atkinson 1987; quoted, Howard et al. 1991).
Surface water: t. = 336–1440 h, based on estimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life (Howard et al.
1991);
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3524 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
measured rate constant k . 0.0005 M–1 s–1 for direct reaction with ozone in water at pH 6.4 and 22°C, with
a t. . 2 yr at pH 7 (Yao & Haag 1991).
Groundwater: t. = 672–2880 h, based on estimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life (Howard et al.
1991).
reported t. = 30 d (Bottoni & Funari 1992)
Sediment:
Soil: t. = 7–8 d in soil (Kaufman 1966; quoted, Kaufman 1976);
persistence across 43 soils from < 2 wk to > 8 wk (Day et al. 1963; quoted, Kaufman 1976);
t. = 336–1440 h, based on unacclimated aerobic soil grab sample data (Corbin & Upchurch 1967; Kaufman
& Doyle 1977; quoted, Howard et al. 1991);
estimated persistence of 8 months (Kearney et al. 1969; quoted, Jury et al. 1987);
persistence of 8 wk in soil (Edwards 1973; quoted, Morrill et al. 1982);
persistence of about 2 wk in growing season in most agricultural soils (Herbicide Handbook 1974; quoted,
Kaufman 1976);
estimated first-order t. = 15 d from biodegradation rate constant k = 0.047 d–1 by soil incubation die-away
studies (Rao & Davidson 1980; quoted, Scow 1982);
non-persistent in soil with t. < 20 d (Willis & McDowell 1982);
reported half-life or persistence, 30 d (Verschuren 1983; Bottoni & Funari 1992);
field t. = 30 d at 20–25°C (selected, Hornsby et al. 1996).
Biota:
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Herbicides 3525
17.1.1.23 2,4-DB
Common Name: 2,4-DB
Synonym: Butoxon, Butyrac, Butyrac 118, Embutox, Legumex D
Chemical Name: 4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)butanoic acid; 4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)butyric acid
Uses: herbicide for post-emergence control of many annual and perennial broadleaf weeds in lucerne, clovers, undersown
cereals, grassland, forage legumes, soybeans, and groundnuts.
CAS Registry No: 94-82-6
Molecular Formula: C10H10Cl2O3
Molecular Weight: 249.090
Melting Point (°C):
118 (Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
254.2 (calculate-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Dissociation Constant pKa:
5.95 (Bailey & White 1965; Que Hee et al. 1981)
4.80 (Worthing & Walker 1987; Hornsby et al. 1996)
Enthalpy of Vaporization, .HV (kJ/mol):
91.29 (Rordorf 1989)
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
33.6 (Rordorf 1989)
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 0.122 (mp at 118°C)
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C or as indicated):
82.3 (Bailey & White 1965)
53 (rm. temp., Melnikov 1971)
46 (Martin & Worthing 1977; Worthing & Walker 1987, Worthing & Hance 1991)
46 (Weber et al. 1980)
46 (Hartley & Kidd 1987; Budavari 1989;, Milne 1995)
46 (20–25°C, selected, Hornsby et al. 1996)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C or as indicated and reported temperature dependence equations):
negligible (Hartley & Kidd 1987)
1.0 . 10–5, 5.90 . 10–4, 0.019, 0.38, 5.20 (25, 50, 70, 100, 125°C, gas saturation-GC, Rordorf 1989)
log (PS/Pa) = 17.692 – 6760.5/(T/K); measured range 80–120°C (solid, gas saturation-GC, Rordorf 1989)
log (PL/Pa) = 12.682 – 4768.7/(T/K); measured range 125–196°C (liquid, gas saturation-GC, Rordorf 1989)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol):
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
3.53 (shake flask-HPLC/UV, Jafvert et al. 1990)
3.53 (selected, Hansch et al. 1995)
Octanol/Air Partition Coefficient, log KOA:
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
1.85 (calculated-S, Kenaga 1980)
2.21 (calculated-log KOW as per Mackay 1982, this work)
Cl Cl
O
OH
O
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3526 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
2.72 (soil, calculated-S, Kenaga 1980)
1.3 (organic carbon, Wauchope et al. 1991)
2.64 (20–25°C, estimated, Hornsby et al. 1996)
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization:
Photolysis:
Oxidation: photooxidation t. = 6–60 h in air, based on an estimated rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction
with hydroxyl radicals in air (Atkinson 1987; quoted, Howard et al. 1991).
Hydrolysis: stable in distilled water for 40 d (Chau & Thomson 1978; quoted, Howard et al. 1991).
Biodegradation: aqueous aerobic t. = 24–168 h, based on unacclimated soil grab sample data (Smith 1978;
quoted, Howard et al. 1991); aqueous anaerobic t. = 96–672 h, based on estimated unacclimated aqueous
aerobic biodegradation half-life (Howard et al. 1991).
Biotransformation:
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Air: t. = 6–60 h, based on an estimated rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction with hydroxyl radicals in air
(Atkinson 1987; Howard et al. 1991).
Surface water: t. = 24–168 h, based on estimated unacclimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life (Howard
et al. 1991).
Groundwater: t. = 48–336 h, based on estimated unacclimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life (Howard
et al. 1991)
reported t. < 7 d (Bottoni & Funari 1992)
Sediment:
Soil: t. = 24–168 h, based on unacclimated soil grab sample data (Smith 1978; quoted, Howard et al. 1991)
selected t. = 10 d (Wauchope et al. 1991; quoted, Dowd et al. 1993);
t. < 7 d (Worthing & Hance 1991; Bottoni & Funari 1992);
field t. = 5 d (20–25°C, selected, Hornsby et al. 1996).
Biota:
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Herbicides 3527
17.1.1.24 Diallate
Common Name: Diallate
Synonym: Avadex, CP 15336, DATC, Pyradex
Chemical Name: S-(2,3-dichloroallyl)diisopropyl(thiocarbamate); S-(2,3-dichloro-2-propenyl)bis(1-methylethyl)-
carbamothioate
Uses: pre-emergent and selective herbicide to control wild oats and blackgrass in barley, corn, flax, lentils, peas, potatoes,
soybeans, and sugar beets.
CAS Registry No: 2303-16-4
Molecular Formula: C10H17Cl2NOS
Molecular Weight: 270.219
Melting Point (°C):
25–30 (Herbicide Handbook 1989; Montgomery 1993)
Boiling Point (°C):
97 (at 0.15 mmHg, Herbicide Handbook 1989)
108 (at 0.25 mmHg, Herbicide Handbook 1989; Montgomery 1993)
150 (at 9 mmHg, Howard 1991; Milne 1995; Montgomery 1993)
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
1.188 (25°C, Hartley & Kidd 1987; Montgomery 1993)
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
305.1 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Dissociation Constant pKa:
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F:
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C or as indicated):
40.0 (Gunther et al. 1968)
14.0 (Ashton & Crafts 1973, 1981)
40.0 (rm. temp., Spencer 1973; Khan 1980)
40.0 (Martin & Worthing 1977; Hartley & Kidd 1987; Montgomery 1993; Milne 1995)
14.0 (Herbicide Handbook 1978; Herbicide Handbook 1989; Montgomery 1993)
68.8 (22°C, shake flask-GC, Bowman & Sans 1979, 1983a,b)
40.5 (20–25°C, shake flask-GC, Kanazawa 1981)
52.5 (Garten & Trabalka 1983)
14.0 (20–25°C, selected, Augustijn-Beckers et al. 1994; Hornsby et al. 1996)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C or as indicated):
0.020 (Ashton & Crafts 1973; Herbicide Handbook 1989)
0.0117 (20°C, Hartley & Graham-Bryce 1980)
0.0337 (20°C, GC-RT correlation, Kim 1985)
0.020 (Hartley & Kidd 1987)
0.013 (20°C, selected, Suntio et al. 1988)
0.020 (20°C, Montgomery 1993)
0.020 (20–25°C, selected, Augustijn-Beckers et al. 1994; Hornsby et al. 1996)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol at 25°C or as indicated):
0.250 (20°C, calculated-P/C, Suntio et al. 1988)
0.385 (calculated-P/C, Howard 1991)
0.253 (20–25°C, calculated-P/C, Montgomery 1993)
CClCH2S N
O
ClCH
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3528 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
0.108 (calculated-P/C, this work)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
5.23 (estimated, USEPA 1988; quoted, Howard 1991)
3.29 (calculated, Montgomery 1993)
3.67 (LOGPSTAR or CLOGP data, Sabljic et al. 1995)
Octanol/Air Partition Coefficient, log KOA:
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
2.15 (calculated-S, Kenaga 1980; quoted, Howard 1991; Isensee 1991)
2.08 (calculated-KOC, Kenaga 1980)
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
3.28 (soil, Grover 1974)
2.96. 2.46, 2.59, 2.49, 2.65 (Melfort loam, Weyburn sandy loam, Regina clay, Indian Head sandy loam,
Asquith loamy sand, Grover et al. 1979)
3.28 (soil, measured value, Kenaga 1980; Kenaga & Goring 1980)
3.00 (soil, calculated-S as per Kenaga & Goring 1980, Kenaga 1980)
2.77 (calculated-MCI ., Bahnick & Doucette 1988)
2.28 (Montgomery 1993)
3.52 (selected, Lohninger 1994)
2.70 (20–25°C, selected, Augustijn-Beckers et al. 1994; Hornsby et al. 1996)
3.28 (soil, calculated-MCI 1., Sabljic et al. 1995)
3.28; 3.21, 2.66 (soil, cis-isomer, quoted exptl.; estimated-class-specific model, estimated-general model using
molecular descriptors, Gramatica et al. 2000)
3.28; 3.21, 2.65 (soil, trans-isomer, quoted exptl.; estimated-class-specific model, estimated-general model using
molecular descriptors, Gramatica et al. 2000)
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization:
Photolysis: t. = 4 h, < 1% of 135 µg/mL to degrade in distilled water under > 300 nm light (Ruzo & Casida
1985; quoted, Cessna & Muir 1991).
Oxidation: photooxidation t. = 0.58–5.8 h, based on an estimated rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction with
hydroxyl radicals in air (Atkinson 1987; quoted, Howard et al. 1991).
Hydrolysis: neutral hydrolysis rate constant k = (1.2 ± 0.7) . 10–5 h–1 with a calculated first-order t. = 6.6 yr at
pH 7 (Ellington et al. 1987, 1988);
first-order t. = 6.6 yr, based on measured first-order base catalyzed hydrolysis rate constant at pH 7 (Ellington
et al. 1987; quoted, Howard et al. 1991)
t. = 2400 d at pH 2, t. = 2500 d at pH 7 and t. = 32 d at pH 12 in natural waters (Capel & Larson 1995).
Biodegradation: aqueous aerobic t. = 252–2160 h, based on aerobic soil die-away test data (Anderson & Domsch
1976; Smith 1970; quoted, Howard et al. 1991); aqueous anaerobic t. = 1008–8640 h, based on aerobic
soil die-away test data (Anderson & Domsch 1976; Smith 1970; quoted, Howard et al. 1991)
t.(aerobic) = 11 d, t.(anaerobic) = 42 d in natural waters (Capel & Larson 1995)
Biotransformation:
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Air: t. = 0.58–5.8 h, based on an estimated rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction with hydroxyl radicals in
air (Atkinson 1987; quoted, Howard et al. 1991).
Surface water: t. = 252–2160 h, based on aerobic soil die-away test data (Anderson & Domsch 1976; Smith
1970; quoted, Howard et al. 1991)
Biodegradation t.(aerobic) = 11 d, t.(anaerobic) = 42 d, hydrolysis t. = 2400 d at pH 2, t. = 2500 d at
pH 7 and t. = 32 d at pH 12 in natural waters (Capel & Larson 1995)
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Herbicides 3529
Ground water: t. = 504–4320 h, based on aerobic soil die-away test data (Anderson & Domsch 1976; Smith
1970; quoted, Howard et al. 1991).
Sediment:
Soil: t. = 252–2160 h, based on aerobic soil die-away test data (Anderson & Domsch 1976; Smith 1970; quoted,
Howard et al. 1991; Montgomery 1993);
t. = 30 d (Hartley & Kidd 1987; quoted, Montgomery 1993);
selected field t. = 30 d (Augustijn-Beckers et al. 1994; Hornsby et al. 1996).
Biota:
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3530 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
17.1.1.25 Dicamba
Common Name: Dicamba
Synonym: Banex, Banvel, Banvel D, Brush buster, Dianat, MDBA, Mediben
Chemical Name: 3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid; 3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid
Uses: systemic pre-emergent and post-emergent herbicide to control both annual and perennial broadleaf weeds.
CAS Registry No: 1918-00-9
Molecular Formula: C8H6Cl2O3
Molecular Weight: 221.038
Melting Point (°C):
115 (Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
1.570 (25°C, Hartley & Kid 1987; Worthing & Hance 1991; Montgomery 1993; Tomlin 1994; Milne 1995)
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
207.9 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Dissociation Constant pKa:
1.94 (Kearney & Kaufman 1975; Spencer 1982; Lee et al. 1993)
1.90 (Cessna & Grover 1978; Weber et al. 1980; Willis & McDowell 1982; Howard 1991; Montgomery
1993; Armbrust 2000)
1.95 (Worthing & Hance 1991; Montgomery 1993; Caux et al. 1993)
1.87 (Tomlin 1994)
1.91 (Hornsby et al. 1996)
Enthalpy of Vaporization, .HV (kJ/mol):
77.85 (Rordorf 1989)
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
22.59 (DSC method, Plato & Glasgow 1969)
19.1 (Rordorf 1989)
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 0.131 (mp at 115°C)
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C or as indicated):
7900 (Freed 1966; Verschueren 1983)
4500 (Martin & Worthing 1977; quoted, Kenaga 1980; Kenaga & Goring 1980; Khan 1980; Ashton &
Crafts 1981; Weber et al. 1980; Hartley & Graham-Bryce 1980)
6500 (Hartley & Kidd 1987; Herbicide Handbook 1989; Caux et al. 1993)
6500 (Worthing & Walker 1987, Worthing & Hance 1991; Montgomery 1993; Tomlin 1994; Milne 1995)
5600 (20°C, selected, Suntio et al. 1988)
4410, 221 (quoted, calculated-group contribution fragmentation method, Kuhne et al. 1995)
8310 (selected., Armbrust 2000)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C or as indicated and reported temperature dependence equations):
0.00454 (Ashton & Crafts 1973; 1981)
0.00267 (Baur & Bovey 1974; Spencer 1976)
0.49 (20°C, Hartley & Graham-Bryce 1980; Khan 1980)
< 0.00013 (20–25°C, Weber et al. 1980; Willis & McDowell 1982)
0.00453 (Herbicide Handbook 1983, 1989; Worthing & Hance 1991)
0.0045 (Hartley & Kidd 1987; Tomlin 1994)
0.50 (100°C, Budavari 1989)
2.90 . 10–3, 6.40 . 10–2, 0.88, 8.60, 63.0 (25, 50, 70, 100, 125°C, gas saturation-GC, Rordorf 1989)
O OH
O
Cl
Cl
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Herbicides 3531
log (PS/Pa) = 14.706 – 5139.1/(T/K); measured range 60.1–110°C (solid, gas saturation-GC, Rordorf 1989)
log (PL/Pa) = 11.911 – 4067.0/(T/K); measured range 115–176°C (liquid, gas saturation-GC, Rordorf 1989)
0.50 (20°C, selected, Taylor & Spencer 1990)
0.0045 (20°C, Montgomery 1993)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol at 25°C or as indicated):
0.00012 (20°C, calculated-P/C, Suntio et al. 1988)
0.0248 (calculated-P/C, Taylor & Glotfelty 1988)
0.0918 (Suntio et al. 1988; quoted, Howard 1991; Majewski & Capel 1995)
2.2 . 10–5 (calculated-P/C, Nash 1989)
1.22 . 10–4 (20–25°C, calculated-P/C, Montgomery 1993)
0.00012, 0.000154 (20, 25°C, quoted, Caux et al. 1993)
4.46 . 10–5 (quoted lit., Armbrust 2000)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
0.477 (Rao & Davidson 1980)
2.41 (selected, Dao et al. 1983)
2.21 (shake flask, Log P Database, Hansch & Leo 1985, 1987)
–1.69 (selected, Gerstl & Helling 1987)
3.01 (selected, Travis & Arms 1988)
2.46 (Reinert 1989)
2.49 (shake flask-HPLC/UV, Jafvert et al. 1990)
2.46 (EPA Environmental Fate one-liner database Version 3.04, Lee et al. 1993)
2.21 (recommended, Sangster 1993)
0.48 (Montgomery 1993)
–0.80 (pH 7, Tomlin 1994)
2.21 (recommended, Hansch et al. 1995)
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
0.699 (calculated-S, Kenaga 1980)
–2.00 (calculated-KOC, Kenaga 1980)
–4.58 (beef biotransfer factor logBb, correlated-KOW, Oehler & Ivie 1980)
–4.60 (milk biotransfer factor logBm, correlated-KOW, Oehler & Ivie 1980)
1.450 (estimated-KOW per Hansch & Leo 1985, Lyman et al. 1982)
0.903 (estimated-S per Suntio et al. 1988, Lyman et al. 1982)
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
–0.398 (soil, quoted exptl., Kenaga 1980)
1.63 (soil, calculated-S as per Kenaga & Goring 1980, Kenaga 1980)
0.342 (av. soils/sediments, Rao & Davidson 1980)
–0.40, 2.08 (quoted, calculated-MCI ., Gerstl & Helling 1987)
0.34 (soil, screening model calculations, Jury et al. 1987b)
2.67 (KOC = 470 reported, Reinert 1989)
0.643 (soil, estimated, Shirmohammadi et al. 1989)
–1.00 (selected, USDA 1989; quoted, Neary et al. 1993)
0.30 (organic carbon, Wauchope et al. 1991)
–0.40, 1.62, 0.18, 0.34 (soil, quoted values, Bottoni & Funari 1992)
1.50; 1.46 (soil, quoted exptl.; calculated-MCI . and fragment contribution Meylan et al. 1992)
–0.40, 0.34 (Montgomery 1993)
0.30 (Tomlin 1994)
1.50 (quoted or calculated-QSAR MCI 1., Sabljic et al. 1995)
1.114 (quoted lit., Armbrust 2000)
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOM:
2.74 (organo-clay DODMA140-SAz, sorption isotherm, Zhao et al. 1996)
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3532 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
2.57 (organo-clay DODMA-SAz, sorption isotherm-HPLC/UV, Zhao et al. 1996)
2.48 (organo-clay HDTMA-SAz, sorption isotherm-HPLC/UV, Zhao et al. 1996)
2.59 (organo-clay HDTMA-SWy, sorption isotherm-HPLC/UV, Zhao et al. 1996)
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization:
Photolysis: aqueous photolysis rate constant k = 7.5 . 10–4 h–1 (Armbrust 2000).
Oxidation: photooxidation t. = 2.4–6.0 d, based on estimated rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction with
hydroxyl radicals in the atmosphere (Atkinson 1985; quoted, Howard 1991);
measured hydroxy radical reaction rate constant for dicamba 4.8 . 1012 M–1 /h (Armbrust 2000).
Hydrolysis: t. > 133 d for 2 µg mL–1 to hydrolyze in dark sterile pond water at 37–39°C (Scifres et al. 1973;
quoted, Muir 1991);
stable aqueous hydrolysis rates at pH 5, 7, 9 (Armbrust 2000).
Biodegradation: t. = 60 d to > 160 d for 100 µg mL–1 to degrade in pond sediment/water under lighted conditions
at 20–30°C (Scifres et al. 1973; quoted, Muir 1991); under lab. conditions using nonsterile sandy loam,
silty clay, or heavy clay soil, 50% of applied dicamba degraded within 2 weeks; however in sterilized (via
heating) soil, over 90% of applied dicamba was recovered after 4 weeks, suggesting that microbes were
responsible for the decomposition (Smith 1973; quoted, Howard 1991);
t. > 25 d for 5.85 mg of labeled dicamba to plants to degrade following washoff from plants and sands in
model ecosystem (derived from data of Yu et al. 1975; Muir 1991);
k = 0.022 d–1 by soil incubation die-away studies (Rao & Davidson 1980; quoted, Scow 1982);
rate of biodegradation in soil generally increases with temperature and soil moisture (up to 50%) and tends
to be faster when the soil is slightly acidic (Herbicide Handbook 1983; quoted, Howard 1991);
aerobic rate constant k = 1.60 . 10–3 h–1 (Armbrust 2000).
Biotransformation:
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Air: t. ~ 2.42 d for reaction with hydroxyl radicals (estimated, Eisenreich et al. 1981; quoted, Caux et al. 1993
t. = 2.42–6.0 d, based on estimated rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction with hydroxyl radicals in the
atmosphere (Atkinson 1985; quoted, Howard 1991).
Surface water:
Ground water: t. = 23.5 d determined under batch conditions at 28°C, t. = 38 d at 20°C, and t. = 151 d at 12°C
and were all higher than t. ~ 13.5 d from the decrease in column effluent concentrations over time (Comfort
et al. 1992);
reported t. = 14–433, 201 and 25 d (Bottoni & Funari 1992)
t. < 7 d in surface water (Caux et al. 1993).
Sediment:
Soil: estimated persistence of 2 months (Kearney et al. 1969; quoted, Jury et al. 1987a);
t. = 59, 19, and 17 d with disappearance rates: k = 0.0117, 0.036 and 0.041 d–1 at pH 4.3, 5.3 and 6.5
(Hamaker 1972; quoted, Nash 1988);
persistence of 2 months in soil (Edwards 1973; quoted, Morrill et al. 1982);
degradation t. = 32 d and 17 d in Quachita Highlands = forest and grassland soil respectively, t. = 26 d in
Gross Timbers Forest soil, average t. = 25 d in 3 soils (Altom & Stritzke 1973);
first-order t. ~ 31.5 d in soil from biodegradation rate constant k = 0.022 d–1 by soil incubation die-away
studies (Rao & Davidson 1980; quoted, Scow 1982);
nonpersistent in soils with t. < 20 d (Willis & McDowell 1982);
mean t. = 14 d under lab. conditions from review of persistence literature, while the mean t. = 8 d under
field conditions (Rao & Davidson 1982; quoted, Howard 1991);
non-persistent with t. < 20 d in soil (Willis & McDowell 1982);
t. = 14 d from screening model calculations (Jury et al. 1987b);
t. < 14 d under conditions amenable to rapid metabolism (Herbicide Handbook 1989);
selected t. = 14 d (Wauchope et al. 1991; quoted, Dowd et al. 1993);
t. < 14–25 d (Worthing & Hance 1991; quoted, Montgomery 1993);
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Herbicides 3533
reported t. = 20 d, 25 d and 14–433 d (Bottoni & Funari 1992);
t. = 4–555 d with a mean t. = 24 d (Caux et al. 1993);
t. < 14 d (Tomlin 1994).
Biota: biochemical t. = 14 d from screening model calculations (Jury et al. 1987b);
average t. = 25 d in the forest (USDA 1989; quoted, Neary et al. 1993);
biological t. = 0.64 h (Caux et al. 1993).
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3534 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
17.1.1.26 Dichlobenil
Common Name: Dichlobenil
Synonym: Barrier 2G, Barrier 50W, Casoron, DBN, DCB, Decabane, Du-Sprex, Dyclomec, NIA 5996, Niagara 5006,
Niagara 5996, Norosac
Chemical Name: 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile
Uses: soil applied herbicide to control many annual and perennial broadleaf weeds.
CAS Registry No: 1194-65-6
Molecular Formula: C7H3Cl2N
Molecular Weight: 172.012
Melting Point (°C):
144.5 (Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
270 (Verloop 1972; Khan 1980; Worthing & Hance 1991; Tomlin 1994; Milne 1995)
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
> 1.0 (Milne 1995)
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
148.9 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Dissociation Constant pKa:
Enthalpy of Vaporization, .HV (kJ/mol):
65.74 (Rordorf 1989)
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
25.94 (DSC method, Plato & Glasgow 1969)
34.33 (Verloop 1972)
24.2 (Rordorf 1989)
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 0.0672 (mp at 144.5°C)
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C or as indicated):
18 (20°C, Gunther et al. 1968; Weber 1972; Verloop 1972; Spencer 1982; Verschueren 1983)
25 (Gunther et al. 1968; Montgomery 1993)
18 (Martin & Worthing 1977; Herbicide Handbook 1978)
18 (Wauchope 1978; Khan 1980; Burkhard & Guth 1981)
18 (20°C, Ashton & Crafts 1981; Hartley & Kidd 1987; Herbicide Handbook 1989)
18 (20°C, Worthing & Walker 1987, Worthing & Hance 1991; Tomlin 1994)
21.2 (20–25°C, selected, Wauchope et al. 1992; Lohninger 1994; Hornsby et al. 1996)
18, 25 (20°C, 25°C, Milne 1995)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C or as indicated and reported temperature dependence equations):
0.072 (20°C, effusion manometer technique, Barnsley & Rosher 1961)
0.0733 (20°C, Verloop 1972; Khan 1980; Ashton & Crafts 1981; Herbicide Handbook 1989)
0.0667 (20°C, Weber 1972; Worthing & Walker 1987)
0.0004 (20°C, Spencer 1976)
0.0666 (20°C, effusion method, Spencer 1976)
0.0733 (20–25°C, Weber et al. 1980)
0.073 (20°C, Hartley & Kidd 1987)
0.070 (20°C, selected, Suntio et al. 1988)
0.110, 1.80, 20.0, 160, 970 (25, 50, 70, 100, 125°C, gas saturation-GC, Rordorf 1989)
log (PS/Pa) = 14.787 – 4698.2/(T/K); measured range 32.4–125°C (solid, gas saturation-GC, Rordorf 1989)
Cl Cl
N
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Herbicides 3535
log (PL/Pa) = 11.754 – 3434.1/(T/K); measured range 32.4–125°C (liquid, gas saturation-GC, Rordorf 1989)
0.133 (20–25°C, selected, Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996)
0.0733 (Montgomery 1993)
0.088 (20°C, gas saturation, Tomlin 1994)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol at 25°C or as indicated):
0.700 (20°C, volatilization rate, Burkhard & Guth 1981)
0.669 (20°C, calculated-P/C, Suntio et al. 1988)
0.637 (20°C, calculated-P/C, Muir 1991)
0.669 (20–25°C, calculated-P/C, Montgomery 1993)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
2.90 (Rao & Davidson 1980; selected, Suntio et al. 1988, Magee 1991)
2.57; 2.65 (RP-HPLC-RT correlation; shake flask, Eadsforth & Moser 1983)
3.06 (shake flask, Geyer et al. 1984)
2.94 (Hansch & Leo 1985)
1.63 (Reinert 1989)
2.98 (selected, Dao et al. 1983, Gerstl & Helling 1987)
2.90 (shake flask, Log P Database, Hansch & Leo 1987)
2.90 (recommended, Sangster 1993)
2.70 (Tomlin 1994)
2.74 (recommended, Hansch et al. 1995)
2.95 (RP-HPLC-RT correlation, Nakamura et al. 2001)
2.98 (RP-HPLC-RT correlation using short ODP column, Donovan & Pescatore 2002)
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
1.74 (fish in static water, Kenaga 1975; Kenaga & Goring 1980)
2.08 (calculated-S, Kenaga 1980; quoted, Isensee 1991)
1.08 (calculated-KOC, Kenaga 1980)
1.18–1.60 (fish, Freitag et al. 1982)
1.30 (algae, Freitag et al. 1982)
1.72 (estimated-S, Lyman et al. 1982; quoted, Howard 1991)
2.03–2.32 (Montgomery 1993)
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC at 25°C or as indicated:
2.91 (potting soil with 22% organic content, Massini 1961)
2.08 (sandy loam with 5% organic content, Massini 1961)
2.37 (soil, Hamaker & Thompson 1972–1987)
2.95 (soil, calculated-S as per Kenaga & Goring 1980, Kenaga 1980)
2.35 (Rao & Davidson 1980)
2.94 (soil, estimated-S, Lyman et al. 1982; quoted, Howard 1991)
2.37, 1.45 (quoted, calculated-MCI ., Gerstl & Helling 1987)
2.96 (Reinert 1989)
2.37; 2.31 (reported as log KOM; estimated as log KOM, Magee 1991)
2.21, 2.57–2.96 (soil, quoted values, Bottoni & Funari 1992)
2.60 (soil, 20–25°C, estimated, Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996)
2.60 (estimated-chemical structure, Lohninger 1994)
2.31 (soil, calculated-MCI 1., Sabljic et al. 1995)
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization: t. ~ 7.4 d, based on Henry’s law constant for a model river 1-m deep with a wind velocity of
3 m/s and flowing at 1 m/s (estimated, Lyman et al. 1982; quoted, Howard 1991);
t. ~ 11 d from 1 m depth of water at 20°C (estimated, Muir 1991).
Photolysis: photolytic t. = 15 d in water (Tomlin 1994).
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3536 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
Oxidation: photooxidation t. = 92 d in air, based on estimation for the vapor-phase reaction with hydroxyl
radicals in atmosphere (Atkinson 1987; quoted, Howard 1991).
Hydrolysis:
Biodegradation: t. ~ 7 d for 5 µg/mL to biodegrade in sediment suspension at 30°C (Miyazaki et al. 1975;
quoted, Muir 1991).
Biotransformation:
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Air: t. = 92 d, based on estimation for the vapor-phase reaction with hydroxyl radicals in atmosphere (Atkinson
1987; quoted, Howard 1991).
Surface water:
Ground water: reported t. = 44–360 d (Bottoni & Funari 1992)
Sediment: t. ~ 7 d for 5 µg/mL to biodegrade in sediment suspension at 30°C (Miyazaki et al. 1975; quoted,
Muir 1991).
Soil: estimated persistence of 4 months (Kearney et al. 1969; quoted, Jury et al. 1987);
t. = 1–6 months in soil depending on soil type (Beynon & Wright 1972; Verloop 1972; quoted, Tomlin 1994);
persistence of 4 months in soil (Edwards 1973; quoted, Morrill et al. 1982);
persistence of 4 months (Wauchope 1978);
t. = 1.5 to 12 months depending upon soil type (Herbicide Handbook 1989);
selected t. = 60 d (Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996);
reported t. = 45–360 d (Bottoni & Funari 1992).
Biota:
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Herbicides 3537
17.1.1.27 Dichlorprop
Common Name: Dichlorprop
Synonym: Cornox RK, dichloroprop, Dikofag DP, 2,4-DP, Hedonal DP, Polymone
Chemical Name: ( ± )-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) propanoic acid; ( ± )-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) propionic acid
Uses: herbicide and growth regulator to control annual broadleaf and grass weeds; also to control aquatic weeds and
chemical maintenance of embankments and roadside verges.
CAS Registry No: 120-36-5
Molecular Formula: C9H8Cl2O3
Molecular Weight: 235.064
Melting Point (°C):
117.5 (Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
1.64 (25°C, Bailey & White 1965)
1.42 (Herbicide Handbook 1989; Tomlin 1994)
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
232.0 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
165.6 (calculated-density)
Dissociation Constant pKa:
2.855 (Cessna & Grover 1978)
2.86 (Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996)
3.00 (Tomlin 1994)
Enthalpy of Vaporization, .HV (kJ/mol):
127.9 (Rordorf 1989)
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
34.31 (DSC method, Plato 1972)
30.9 (Rordorf 1989)
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 0.124 (mp at 117.5°C)
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C or as indicated):
350 (20°C, Woodford & Evans 1963; Spencer 1973)
350 (Martin & Worthing 1977)
350 (20°C, Hartley & Kidd 1987; Worthing & Walker 1987, 1991)
710 (28°C, Herbicide Handbook 1989)
50 (ester, 20–25°C, estimated, Wauchope et al. 1992; Lohninger 1994; Hornsby et al. 1996)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C or as indicated and reported temperature dependence equations):
4.50 . 10–4 (20°C, Hartley & Kidd 1987)
2.90 . 10–7, 4.10 . 10–5, 2.8 . 10–3, 0.11, 2.80 (25, 50, 70, 100, 125°C, gas saturation-GC, Rordorf 1989)
log (PS/Pa) = 21.26 – 8289.2/(T/K); measured range 95.7–118°C (solid, gas saturation-GC, Rordorf 1989)
log (PL/Pa) = 17.174 – 6682.8/(T/K); measured range 120–150°C (liquid, gas saturation-GC, Rordorf 1989)
4.00 . 10–4 (20–25°C, estimated, Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996)
< 1.0 . 10–5 (20°C, Tomlin 1994)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol at 25°C):
2.69 . 10–4 (calculated-P/C, this work)
Cl Cl
O
OH
O
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3538 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
2.75 (RP-HPLC-k. correlation, Braumann et al. 1983)
3.43 (shake flask-GC, Ilchmann et al. 1993)
2.06 to –0.22 (pH 4–7, shake flask-LSC, Riise & Salbu 1992)
1.77 (Tomlin 1994)
3.43 (recommended, Sangster 1993; Hansch et al. 1995)
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
1.36 (calculated-S, Kenaga 1980)
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
2.23 (soil, calculated-S, Kenaga 1980)
3.00 (soil, 20–25°C, estimated, Wauchope et al. 1992; Lohninger 1994; Hornsby et al. 1996)
2.05, 2.07, 1.70, 1.79, 1.73 (5 soils: soil A 30.4% OC and pH 4.4, soil B14.6% OC pH 4.1, soil C/loam 3.3%
OC pH 5.0, soil D/silty clay 1.3% OC pH 5.1, soil E/sand 1.4% OC pH 5.3, batch equilibrium-sorption
isotherms, Riise Salbu 1992)
1.08–1.60 (Tomlin 1994)
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Photolysis: photodegradation t. = 10 to 19 d on 3 Spanish natural dry soils; t. = 22 to 59 d on 10% peat-amened
dry soils; degradation t. ~ 2–6 d on moist soils at field capacity and saturation soils for degradation at 0,1
and 2 exposures days; and t. = 16–37 d on moist soils at field capacity and saturated soils for degradation
at 2,4 and 10 exposure days (Romero et al. 1998)
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Soil: t. = 12 d and 8 d in Quachita Highlands = forest and grassland soil, respectively, t. = 10 d in gross timbers
forest soil, average t. = 10 d in 3 soils (Altom & Stritzke 1973);
selected field t. = 10 d (Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996);
t. ~ 8 d in soil (Tomlin 1994)
photodegradation t. = 10–19 d in 3 Spanish natural dry soils, t. = 22–59 d in the 10% peat-amended dry
soils; degradation t. ~ 2–6 d on moist soils at field capacity and saturation soils for degradation at 0,1
and 2 exposures days; and t. = 16–37 d on moist soils at field capacity and saturated soils for degradation
at 2,4 and 10 exposure days (Romero et al. 1998)
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Herbicides 3539
17.1.1.28 Diclofop-methyl
Common Name: Diclofop-methyl
Synonym: Hoelon, dichlordiphenoprop, Hoegrass, Illoxan
Chemical Name: methyl 2-[4-(2.,4.-dichlorophenoxy)-phenoxy]propanoate
Uses: herbicide to control post-emergent wild oats, wild millets, and other annual grass weeds in wheat, barley, rye,
red fescue, and broadleaf weeds in crops such as soybeans, sugar cane, fodder beet, flax, legumes, oilseed rape,
sunflowers, clover, lucerne, groundnuts, brassicas, carrots, celery, beet root, parsnips, lettuce, spinach, potatoes,
tomatoes, fennel, alliums, herbs, etc.
CAS Registry No: 51338-27-3
Molecular Formula: C16H14Cl2O4
Molecular Weight: 341.186
Melting Point (°C):
40 (Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
175–176 (at 0.1 mmHg, Hartley & Kidd 1987; Herbicide Handbook 1989)
Density (g/cm3):
1.30 (40°C, Hartley & Kidd 1987; Worthing & Walker 1987; Herbicide Handbook 1989)
1.035 (Herbicide Handbook 1989)
Acid Dissociation Constants, pKa:
3.1 (Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996)
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
349.6 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
329.7 (calculated-density)
Dissociation Constant pKa:
3.1 (Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996)
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 0.713 (mp at 40°C)
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C or as indicated):
3.0 (22°C, Hartley & Kidd 1987; Worthing & Walker 1987; Worthing & Hance 1991)
3.0 (22°C, Herbicide Handbook 1989)
0.80 (20–25°C, selected, Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996)
0.80 (20°C, pH 7, Tomlin 1994)
4.23 (Majewski & Capel 1995)
4.06 (calculated-group contribution method, Kuhne et al. 1995)
3.0 (Lohninger 1994; Milne 1995)
0.8 (selected, Halfon et al. 1996)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C or as indicated):
3.44 . 10–5 (20°C, Worthing 1983, 1987; Hartley & Kidd 1987)
3.40 . 10–5 (20°C, Worthing & Walker 1987, Worthing & Hance 1991)
3.47 . 10–5, 1.6 . 10–4, 3.87 . 10–3 (20°C, 30°C, 54.3°C, Herbicide Handbook 1989)
5.91 . 10–5 (selected, Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996)
2.5 . 10–4, 7.7 . 10–3 (20°C, 50°C, Tomlin 1994)
4.80 . 10–5 (quoted, Majewski & Capel 1987)
4.7 . 10–4 (selected, Halfon et al. 1996)
Cl
Cl
O
O
O
O
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3540 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol at 25°C):
0.00387 (calculated-P/C, Majewski & Capel 1995)
0.199 (calculated-P/C, this work)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
4.80 (shake flask, Log P Database, Hansch & Leo 1987)
4.601 (Stevens et al. 1988)
4.58 (Worthing & Hance 1991)
4.60 (shake flask, pH 7, Baker et al. 1992)
4.80 (recommended, Sangster 1993)
4.5775 (Tomlin 1994)
4.80 (recommended, Hansch et al. 1995)
5.52 (Pomona-database, Muller & Kordel 1996)
4.87 (RP-HPLC-RT correlation using short ODP column, Donovan & Pescatore 2002)
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF or log KB:
2.74 (calculated-S as per Kenaga 1980, this work)
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
4.69, 4.20 (Wauchope et al. 1992)
4.15–4.39 (soil, quoted values, Bottoni & Funari 1992)
4.20 (20–25°C, soil, recommended, Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996)
4.25 (soil, HPLC-screening method, mean value of different stationary and mobile phases, Kordel et al.
1993, 1995b)
4.15–4.39 (soil, Tomlin 1994)
4.20 (estimated-chemical structure, Lohninger 1994)
4.25; 3.61 (HPLC-screening method; calculated-PCKOC fragment method, Muller & Kordel 1996)
5.505, 5.334, 4.122, 4.737, 4.182 (first generation Eurosoils ES-1, ES-2, ES-3, ES-4, ES-5, shake flask/batch
equilibrium-HPLC/UV, Gawlik et al. 1998)
4.002, 3.731, 3.453, 3.257, 3.715 (second generation Eurosoils ES-1, ES-2, ES-3, ES-4, ES-5, shake flask-batch
equilibrium-HPLC/UV and HPLC-k. correlation, Gawlik et al. 2000)
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization:
Photolysis:
Oxidation:
Hydrolysis:
Biodegradation: first-order rate constants k = –0.0883, –0.225, –0.266 h–1 in nonsterile sediment and k = –0.0158,
–0.0139, –0.0134 h–1 in sterile sediment by shake-tests at Davis Bayou, k = –0.0457, –0.103, –0.120 h–1 in
nonsterile water and k = –0.00233, –0.00722, –0.00785 h–1 in sterile water by shake-tests at Davis Bayou
(Walker et al. 1988)
t. = 10 d in sandy soils and t. ~ 30 d in sandy clay soils under aerobic conditions (Herbicide Handbook 1989)
Biotransformation:
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Air:
Surface water: t. = 363 d at 25°C and pH 5, t. = 31.7 d at pH 7 and t. = 0.52 d at pH 9 (Tomlin 1994).
Ground water: reported t. = 6–9, 23–38 and 150 d (Bottoni & Funari 1992)
Sediment:
Soil: t. = 10 d in sandy soils and t. ~ 30 d in sandy clay soils while under anaerobic conditions, results were
similar except that the very rapid cleavage of the ester bond by hydrolysis within one hour to propionic acid
derivatives was experienced and within 2 d, up to 86% of the parent compound was metabolized into various
free acid metabolites and up to 3.7% of phenol metabolites (Herbicide Handbook 1989);
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Herbicides 3541
t. = 6–9 d, 23–38 d and 150 d (Bottoni & Funari 1992);
selected field t. = 30 d at pH 7.0 (Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996)
V = 1–57 d and t. = 30–281 d for various soils in field trials (Tomlin 1994).
t. = 30 d (selected, Halfon et al. 1996).
Biota: t. = 3–7 d for wheat (Herbicide Handbook 1989)
t. = 3 d in sugar beet (Tomlin 1994).
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3542 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
17.1.1.29 Dinitramine
Common Name: Dinitramine
Synonym: Cobex, Cobexo
Chemical Name: N,N-diethyl-2,6-dinitro-4-trifluoromethyl-m-phenylenediamine
Uses: herbicide for selective pre-plant soil incorporating control of many annual grass and broadleaf weeds in cotton,
soybeans, peas, groundnuts, beans, sunflowers, safflowers, carrots, turnips, fennel, chicory, etc. and in transplanted
tomatoes, capsicums, aubergines, and brassicas.
CAS Registry No: 29091-05-2
Molecular Formula: C11H13N4O4F3
Molecular Weight: 322.241
Melting Point (°C):
98 (Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
1.50 (25°C, Ashton & Crafts 1981; Hartley & Kidd 1987)
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
265.7 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Dissociation Constant pKa:
4.5 (Haag & Yao 1992)
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 0.192 (mp at 98°C)
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C or as indicated):
1.1 (Martin & Worthing 1977; Kenaga 1980; Kenaga & Goring 1980; Khan 1980; Isensee 1991)
1.0 (Wauchope 1978; Verschueren 1983)
1.0 (20°C, Ashton & Crafts 1981; Hartley & Kidd 1987)
1.1 (Worthing & Walker 1987, 1991)
1.1 (20–25°C, selected, Augustijn-Beckers et al. 1994; Hornsby et al. 1996)
1.0 (20°C, Tomlin 1994; Milne 1995)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C or as indicated):
0.00048 (Khan 1980; Ashton & Crafts 1981)
0.00048 (Verschueren 1983)
0.000479 (Hartley & Kidd 1987; Worthing & Hance 1991; Tomlin 1994)
0.00040 (20°C, selected, Suntio et al. 1988)
0.00048 (20–25°C, selected, Augustijn-Beckers et al. 1994; Hornsby et al. 1996)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol at 25°C or as indicated):
0.160 (20°C, calculated-P/C, Suntio et al. 1988)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
4.31 (selected, Dao et al. 1983)
4.30 (Worthing & Hance 1991; Tomlin 1994)
4.30 (Milne 1995)
4.30 (recommended, Hansch et al. 1995)
3.89 (LOGPSTAR or CLOGP data, Sabljic et al. 1995)
NH2
NO2 O2N
N
F F
F
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Herbicides 3543
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
2.77 (calculated-S, Kenaga 1980; quoted, Isensee 1991)
2.45 (calculated-KOC, Kenaga 1980)
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
3.60 (soil, Harvey 1974)
3.61 (soil, calculated-S as per Kenaga & Goring 1980, Kenaga 1980)
3.60 (20–25°C, estimated, Augustijn-Beckers et al. 1994; Hornsby et al. 1996)
3.84 (estimated-chemical structure, Lohninger 1994)
3.63 (soil, calculated-MCI 1., Sabljic et al. 1995)
3.63; 3.42 (soil, quoted exptl.; estimated-general model using molecular descriptors, Gramatica et al. 2000)
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization:
Photolysis: t. < 1 h in distilled water, river water and ocean water under sunlight (Newsom & Woods 1973;
quoted, Cessna & Muir 1991).
Oxidation:
Hydrolysis:
Biodegradation: t. = 22 d for 0.5 µg/mL to biodegrade in flooded soil with approximately 1 cm of water on top
of the soil (Savage 1978; quoted, Muir 1991).
Biotransformation:
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Soil: t. = 22 d for 0.5 µg/mL to biodegrade in flooded soil with approximately 1 cm of water on top of the soil
(Savage 1978; quoted, Muir 1991);
persistence of 3 months in soil (Wauchope 1978);
selected field t. = 30 d (Augustijn-Beckers et al. 1994; Hornsby et al. 1996);
t. = 10–66 d (Tomlin 1994).
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3544 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
17.1.1.30 Dinoseb
Common Name: Dinoseb
Synonym: Anatox, Aretit, Basanite, Butaphene, Caldon, Chemox, Dibutox, Dinitrall, DNBP, DN-289, DNOSAP,
DNOSBP, DNSBP, Dow General, Dyanap, Dytop
Chemical Name: 2-sec-butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol
Uses: herbicides/insecticides; pre- or post-emergence control of broadleaf weeds in cereals, maize, lucerne, clover,
trefoil, grass leys, potatoes, peas, onions, garlics, peas, leeks, soya beans, orchards, groundnuts, strawberries,
vineyards and other crops; for control of strawberry runners and raspberry suckers and overwintering forms of
insect pests on fruit trees; also used as a desiccant for leguminous seed crops; destruction of potato haulms; as a
pre-harvest hop defoliant, etc.
CAS Registry No: 88-85-7
Molecular Formula: C10H12N2O5
Molecular Weight: 240.212
Melting Point (°C):
40 (Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
362 (estimated, Grain 1982)
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
1.265 (45°C, Hartley & Kidd 1987; Herbicide Handbook 1989; Milne 1995)
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
218.0 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Dissociation Constant pKa:
4.62 (radiometer/pH meter, Cessna & Grover 1978; Hornsby et al. 1996)
4.61 (radiometer/pH meter, Cessna & Grover 1978)
4.62 (Worthing & Walker 1987, 1991)
4.50 (Yao & Haag 1991)
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 0.713 (mp at 40°C)
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C or as indicated):
50 (Gunther 1968; Spencer 1982; Thomas 1982)
52 (Kearney & Kaufman 1975; Khan 1980)
50 (Martin & Worthing 1977; Kenaga 1980)
52 (Ashton & Crafts 1981; Herbicide Handbook 1989)
100 (rm. temp., Worthing & Walker 1983, Worthing & Hance 1991)
52 (20°C, Hartley & Kidd 1987; Milne 1995)
52 (20–25°C, selected, Hornsby et al. 1996)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C or as indicated):
130 (151.5°C, Khan 1980)
133 (151.1°C, Ashton & Crafts 1981)
0.0008, 0.0067 (supercooled liquid, estimated, Grain 1982)
0.0067 (Thomas 1982)
0.0023 (30°C, Spencer 1982)
10 (20°C, selected, Suntio et al. 1988)
0.183 (60°C, Worthing & Hance 1991)
0.0067 (20–25°C, selected, Hornsby et al. 1996)
OH
NO2
O2N
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Herbicides 3545
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol at 25°C or as indicated):
51.1 (20°C, calculated-P/C, Suntio et al. 1988)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
3.59 (Hansch & Leo 1979)
3.69 (calculated, Zitko et al. 1976)
3.69 (Hansch & Leo 1985)
4.10 (RP-PHLC-RT correlation, Klein et al. 1988)
3.14 (shake flask/slow stirring-GC, De Bruijn et al. 1989)
3.0, 3.57 (pH 7, pH 2, shake flask, Brooke et al. 1990)
3.69 (recommended, Sangster 1993)
3.56 (recommended, Hansch et al. 1995)
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
1.83 (calculated-S, Kenaga 1980a; quoted, Howard 1991)
0.778 (calculated-KOC, Kenaga 1980)
1.51 (measured, Kenaga 1980; quoted, Isensee 1991)
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
2.85 (soil, Thomas 1982)
2.09 (soil, Kenaga 1980a; Kenaga & Goring 1980)
2.71 (soil, calculated-S as per Kenaga & Goring 1980, Kenaga 1980a)
3.82 (HPLC-k. correlation, cyanopropyl column, mobile phase buffered to pH 3, Hodson & Williams 1988)
2.68 (estimated as log KOM, Magee 1991)
1.80, 2.04, 2.08 (soil, literature values, Bottoni & Funari 1992)
2.70 (selected, Lohninger 1994)
2.09 (soil, calculated-MCI 1., Sabljic et al. 1995)
1.48 (soil, 20–25°C, estimated, Hornsby et al. 1996)
Adsorption coefficient, Kd (L·kg–1):
6.4, 64 (homoionic K+-kaolinite, K+-montmorillonite clay minerals, Haderlein et al. 1996)
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization: initial rate constant k = 1.1 . 10–3 h–1 and predicted rate constant k = 2.6 . 10–3 h–1 from soil with
t. = 266.5 h (Thomas 1982).
Photolysis:
Oxidation:
photooxidation t. = 12.2–122 h in air, based on estimated rate constant for the reaction with hydroxyl radical
in air (Atkinson 1987; quoted, Howard et al. 1991)
k(aq.) = (0.003–2) . 105 M–1 s–1 for direct reaction with ozone in water at pH 1.9–5.0 and 24 ± 1°C, with
t. = 0.16 s at pH 7 (Yao & Haag 1991).
k(calc) = 4 . 109 M–1 s–1 for the reaction with hydroxyl radical in aqueous solutions at 24 ± 1°C (Haag &
Yao 1992).
Hydrolysis:
Biodegradation: aqueous aerobic t. = 1032–2952 h, based on aerobic soil mineralization data for one soil (Doyle
et al. 1978; quoted, Howard et al. 1991) and aqueous anaerobic t. = 96–360 h, based on anaerobic soil dieaway
test data for isopropalin (Gingerich & Zimdahl 1976; quoted, Howard et al. 1991).
Biotransformation:
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination Constants (k2):
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Air: t. = 12.2–122 h, based on estimated rate constant for the reaction with hydroxyl radical in air (Atkinson
1987; quoted, Howard et al. 1991).
Surface water: t. = 1032–2952 h, based on aerobic soil mineralization data for one soil (Doyle et al. 1978;
quoted, Howard et al. 1991);
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3546 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
measured rate constant k = (0.003–2) . 105 M–1 s–1 for direct reaction with ozone in water at pH 1.9 -5.0
and 24 ± 1°C, with t. = 0.16 s at pH 7 (Yao & Haag 1991).
Ground water: t. = 96–5904 h, based on estimated unacclimated aqueous aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation
half-lives (Howard et al. 1991)
reported t. = 30 d (Bottoni & Funari 1992)
Sediment:
Soil: t. = 1032–2952 h, based on aerobic soil mineralization data for one soil (Doyle et al. 1978; quoted, Howard
et al. 1991);
reported t. = 30 d (Bottoni & Funari 1992);
field t. = 30 d at 20–25°C (estimated, Hornsby et al. 1996).
Biota:
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Herbicides 3547
17.1.1.31 Diphenamid
Common Name: Diphenamid
Synonym: Difenamide, Dimid, Dymid, Enide, Fenam, Rideon
Chemical Name: N,N-dimethyldiphenylacetamide; N,N-dimethyl-.-phenyl-benzeneacetamide
Uses: herbicide for pre-emergence control of annual grasses and some broadleaf weeds in cotton, sweet potatoes,
tomatoes, vegetables, capsicums, okra, soybeans, groundnuts, tobacco, pome fruit, stone fruit, citrus fruit, bush
fruit, strawberries, forestry nurseries, and ornamental plants, shrubs, and trees.
CAS Registry No: 957-51-7
Molecular Formula: C16H17NO
Molecular Weight: 239.312
Melting Point (°C):
135 (Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
1.17 (23.3°C, Hartley & Kidd 1987; Tomlin 1994; Milne 1995)
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
284.2 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Dissociation Constant pKa:
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
27.405 (DSC method, Plato & Glasgow 1969)
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 0.0833 (mp at 135°C)
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C or as indicated):
240 (Melnikov 1971)
260 (27°C Spencer 1973, 1982; Khan 1980; Worthing & Walker 1987)
260 (Martin & Worthing 1977; Weber et al. 1980; Kenaga 1980)
260 (27°C, Hartley & Kidd 1987; Herbicide Handbook 1989; Tomlin 1994)
280 (20–25°C, selected, Hornsby et al. 1996)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C or as indicated):
< 1.33 . 10–4 (Weber et al. 1980)
negligible (20°C, Hartley & Kidd 1987; Tomlin 1994)
4.0 . 10–6 (20–25°C, selected, Hornsby et al. 1996)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol at 25°C or as indicated):
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
1.43 (calculated-S, Kenaga 1980)
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
2.32 (soil, calculated-S, Kenaga 1980)
2.32 (selected, Lohninger 1994)
2.32 (soil, 20–25°C, selected, Hornsby et al. 1996)
O N
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3548 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Photolysis: t. = 2.25 h in distilled water (Tanaka et al. 1981; quoted, Cessna & Muir 1991);
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Soil: estimated persistence of 8 months (Kearney et al. 1969; Edwards 1973; quoted, Morrill et al. 1982; Jury
et al. 1987);
persistence under warm damp conditions is ca. 3–6 months (Herbicide Handbook 1989; Tomlin 1994)
field t. = 30 d at 20–25°C (selected, Hornsby et al. 1996).
Biota:
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Herbicides 3549
17.1.1.32 Diquat
Common Name: Diquat
Synonym: Aquacide, Deiquat, Dextrone, Ortho, Pathclear, Preeglone, Reglone, Weedol, Weedtrine-D
Chemical Name: 1,1.-ethylene-2,2.-dipyridine
Uses: nonselective contact herbicide to control broadleaf weeds in fruit and vegetable crops.
CAS Registry No: 2764-72-9
Molecular Formula: C12H14N2
Molecular Weight: 186.236
Melting Point (°C): 335–340 (Spencer 1982)
Boiling Point (°C):
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
1.22–1.27 (Ashton & Crafts 1981; Herbicide Handbook 1989; Montgomery 1993; Tomlin 1994)
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
230.6 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
149.6 (calculated-density)
Dissociation Constant pKa:
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F:
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C):
700000 (Khan 1980; Spencer 1982)
670000 (Weber et al. 1980)
700000 (Verschueren 1983)
700000 (Worthing & Hance 1991; Tomlin 1994)
700000 (Montgomery 1993)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C or as indicated):
< 0.00533 (Agrochemicals Handbook 1983)
< 1.3 . 10–5 (Worthing & Hance 1991; Tomlin 1994)
< 1.3 . 10–5 (20°C, Montgomery 1993)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol at 25°C or as indicated):
< 6.38 . 10–9 (20–25°C, calculated-P/C, Montgomery 1993)
< 3.42 . 10–9 (calculated-P/C, this work)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
–3.05 (Garten & Trabalka 1983)
2.78 (Reinert 1989)
–4.60 (20°C, Worthing & Hance 1991; Tomlin 1994)
–4.60 (Montgomery 1993)
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
–2.84 (calculated-S as per Kenaga 1980, this work)
–5.92 (calculated-log KOW as per Mackay 1982, this work)
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
2.84 (Reinert 1989)
0.420 (calculated, Montgomery 1993)
0.425 (calculated-S as per Kenaga 1980, this work)
N N
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3550 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization:
Photolysis: t. = 192 h for 10 µg/mL to degrade in distilled water under 240–260 nm light (Funderburk et al.
1960; quoted, Cessna & Muir 1991);
t. < 5 wk for 4 µg/mL to degrade in distilled water under sunlight (Slade & Smith 1967; quoted, Cessna &
Muir 1991);
dry diquat photodecomposed by UV light with t. = 48 h (Funderburk & Bozarth 1967; quoted, Montgomery
1993);
t. ~ 48 h when associated with aerosols (Howard 1991);
t. = 3 wk for 3% of 5 µg/mL to degrade in distilled water under sunlight (Smith & Grove 1969; quoted,
Cessna & Muir 1991).
Oxidation:
k(aq.) = 5.9 . 109 M–1 s–1 for the reaction (Fenton with reference to acetophenone) with hydroxyl radical in
aqueous solutions at pH 3.1 and at 24 ± 1°C (Buxton et al. 1988; quoted, Faust & Hoigne 1990; Haag &
Yao 1992)
k(aq.) = (0.6 ± 0.2) M–1 s–1 for direct reaction with ozone in water at pH 3.1 and 22°C, with a half-life of
15 h at pH 7 (Yao & Haag 1991).
k(aq.) = (8.0 ± 1.8) . 108 M–1 s–1 for the reaction (Fenton with reference to acetophenone) with hydroxyl
radical in aqueous solutions at pH 3.1 and at 24 ± 1°C (Haag & Yao 1992).
Hydrolysis: t. = 74 d under simulated sunlight at pH 7 (Montgomery 1993; Tomlin 1994).
Biodegradation: t. ~ 50 d to biodegrade in lake water (Hiltibran 1972; quoted, Muir 1991);
t. > 158 d for 1.5 µg/mL of infested sediment-water microcosm to biodegrade in sediment and t. ~ 2 d in
water both at 25°C (derived from Simsiman & Chesters 1976; Muir 1991).
Biotransformation:
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Air:
Surface water: t. ~ 50 d to biodegrade in lake water (Hiltibran 1972; quoted, Muir 1991);
t. ~ 2 d of 14C-diquat in water of a weed-infested simulated lake impoundment containing Lake Mendota
sediment, the rapid disappearance is attributed to adsorption by sediments, suspended particulate matter
and aquatic plants (shake flask-scintillation spectrometry, Simsiman & Chesters 1976)
measured rate constant k = (0.6 ± 0.2) M–1 s–1 for direct reaction with ozone in water at pH 3.1 and 22°C,
with t. = 15 h at pH 7 (Yao & Haag 1991).
Ground water:
Sediment: Slow microbial degradation due to tight bonding of adsorbed Diquat to the clay minerals on the
sediment (shake flask-liquid scintillation spectrometry, Simsiman & Chesters 1976)
t. > 158 d for 1.5 µg/mL of infested sediment-water microcosm to biodegrade (derived from results of
Simsiman & Chesters 1976; Muir 1991).
Soil:
Biota:
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Herbicides 3551
17.1.1.33 Diuron
Common Name: Diuron
Synonym: AF 101, Cekiuron, Crisuron, Dailon, DCMU, Diater, dichlorofonidim, Di-on, Direx, DMU, Drexel, Duran,
Dynex, Herbatox, Karmex, Marmer, NA 2767, Telvar, Unidron, Urox D, Vonduron
Chemical Name: 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea; N.-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-N,N-dimethylurea
Uses: pre-emergence herbicide in soils to control germinating broadleaf grasses and weeds in crops such as apples,
cotton, grapes, pears, pineapple, and alfalfa; also used as sugar cane flowering depressant.
CAS Registry No: 330-54-1
Molecular Formula: C9H10Cl2N2O
Molecular Weight: 233.093
Melting Point (°C):
158 (Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
180 (decomposes, Montgomery 1993)
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
223.8 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
188.0 (modified Le Bas method at normal boiling point, Spurlock & Biggar 1994a)
Dissociation Constant pKa:
–1 to –2 (Montgomery 1993)
Enthalpy of Vaporization, .HV (kJ/mol):
66.0 (Rordorf 1989)
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
33.89 (DSC method, Plato & Glasgow 1969)
27.3 (Rordorf 1989)
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 0.0496 (mp at 158°C)
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C or as indicated):
42.0 (Gunther et al. 1968; Melnikov 1971; Spencer 1973. 1982; Khan 1980; Ashton & Crafts 1981)
42.0 (20°C, Weber 1972; Weber et al. 1980)
37.3 (shake flask-UV, Freed et al. 1976; Freed 1976)
42.0 (Martin & Worthing 1977; Hartley & Kidd 1987; Worthing & Walker 1987, Worthing & Hance
1991; Herbicide Handbook 1989; Tomlin 1994; Milne 1995)
42.4 (shake flask, Briggs 1981)
22.0 (shake flask-HPLC, Ellgehausen et al. 1981)
38.7 (generator column-HPLC/RI, Swann et al. 1983)
120 (RP-HPLC-RT correlation, Swann et al. 1983)
19.6, 40.1, 53.4 (4, 25, 40°C, shake flask-liquid scintillation spectrometer LSS, Madhun et al. 1986)
42.0 (20–25°C, selected, Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996)
40.0 (20°C, Montgomery 1993)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C or as indicated and reported temperature dependence equations):
1.6 . 10–5 (estimated, Nex & Swezey 1954)
3.8 . 10–6 (20°C, Johnson & Julin 1974)
4.1 . 10–4 (50°C, Khan 1980; Ashton & Crafts 1981)
< 1.3 . 10–4 (20–25°C, Weber et al. 1980)
2.5 . 10–4 (Thomas 1982)
HN
N
O
Cl
Cl
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3552 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
2.1 . 10–5 (Jury et al. 1983; quoted, Taylor & Glotfelty 1988; Taylor & Spencer 1990)
3.6 . 10–4 (Jury et al. 1983; quoted, Howard 1991)
2.7 . 10–4 (selected, Nkedi-Kizza et al. 1985)
4.1 . 10–4 (50°C, Hartley & Kidd 1987; Worthing & Hance 1991; Herbicide Handbook 1989)
2.0 . 10–4 (20°C, selected, Suntio et al. 1988)
5.30 . 10–4, 1.0 . 10–2, 0.130, 1.20, 79 (25, 50, 70, 100, 125°C, gas saturation-GC, Rordorf 1989)
log (PS/Pa) = 13.339 – 4953.8/(T/K); measured range 36.2–90.2°C (solid, gas saturation-GC, Rordorf 1989)
log (PL/Pa) = 9.800335 – 3445.24/(T/K); measured range not specified (liquid, gas saturation-GC, Rordorf 1989)
9.2 . 10–6 (20–25°C, selected, Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996)
1.1 . 10–6 (Tomlin 1994)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol at 25°C or as indicated):
1.4 . 10–4 (calculated-P/C, Jury et al. 1984, 1987a,b; Jury & Ghodrati 1989)
1.2 . 10–4 (20°C, calculated-P/C, Suntio et al. 1988)
1.3 . 10–4 (calculated-P/C, Taylor & Glotfelty 1988)
0.274 (calculated-P/C, Howard 1991)
2.1 . 10–5 (20°C, calculated-P/C, Muir 1991)
1.5 . 10–4 (20–25°C, calculated-P/C, Montgomery 1993)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
2.60 (calculated-f const., Rekker 1977)
2.81 (Rao & Davidson 1980)
2.68 (shake flask-UV, Briggs 1981)
2.89 (shake flask-HPLC, Ellgehausen et al. 1981)
2.60 (Elgar 1983)
2.77 (Hansch & Leo 1985)
2.69, 2.65, 2.63 (4, 25, 40°C, shake flask-liquid scintillation spectrometer LSS, Madhun et al. 1986)
2.86 (shake flask, Mitsutake et al. 1986)
1.97–2.81 (Montgomery 1993)
2.78 (recommended, Sangster 1993)
2.45 (RP-HPLC-RT correlation, Sicbaldi & Finizio 1993)
2.80 (Aquasol Database 1994; quoted, Pinsuwan et al. 1995)
2.81 (shake flask, Spurlock & Biggar 1994a)
2.85 ± 1.70 (Tomlin 1994)
2.58, 2.73 (shake flask-UV, RP-HPLC-k. correlation, Liu & Qian 1995)
2.68 (recommended, Hansch et al. 1995)
2.45 (RP-HPLC-RT correlation, Finizio et al. 1997)
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
1.40 (measured, Isensee 1976)
1.88 (calculated-S, Kenaga 1980)
1.34 (calculated-KOC, Kenaga 1980)
2.16 (Pimephales promelas, Call et al. 1987)
2.41, 2.48 (cuticle/water: tomato, pepper, Chaumat et al. 1991)
2.41, 2.51 (cuticle/water: box tree, laurel, Chaumat et al. 1991)
2.55, 2.28 (cuticle/water: pear, ivy, Chaumat et al. 1991)
1.18, 1.64 (cuticle/water: cleavers, vanilla, Chaumat et al. 1991)
2.45, 2.48 (cuticle/water: tomato, pepper, Evelyne et al. 1992)
Bioaccumulation Factor, log BF:
–1.70 (adipose tissue in both male & female Albino rats, Hodge et al. 1967)
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
2.60 (soil, Hamaker & Thompson 1972; Farmer 1976; Hance 1976)
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Herbicides 3553
2.75 (soil, calculated-S as per Kenaga & Goring 1977, Kenaga 1980)
2.59 (average of 3 soils, HPLC-RT correlation, McCall et al. 1980)
2.15–2.52 (Peck et al. 1980)
2.21 (soil, converted from reported KOM multiplied 1.724, Briggs 1981)
3.06, 2.41 (estimated-S, solubility and mp, Karickhoff 1981)
1.58, 2.42 (estimated-KOW, Karickhoff 1981)
2.58 (average of 84 soils, Rao & Davidson 1982)
2.18 (soil, Thomas 1982)
2.83 (Webster soil, Nkedi-Kizza 1983)
2.49 (soil slurry method, Swann et al. 1983)
2.48 (RP-HPLC-RT correlation, Swann et al. 1983)
3.03, 2.94 (4°C, 25°C, Semiahmoo soil, batch equilibrium method-LSS, Madhun et al. 1986)
2.82, 2.68 (4°C, 25°C, Adkins soil, batch equilibrium method-LSS, Madhun et al. 1986)
2.86, 2.44, 2.48; 2.81, 2.74, 2.44 (estimated-KOW; solubility, Madhun et al. 1986)
2.50 (calculated-MCI ., Gerstl & Helling 1987)
2.58 (soil, screening model calculations, Jury et al. 1987a,b; Jury & Ghodrati 1989)
2.35, 2.57 (2 subsurface soils from Oklahoma, Bouchard & Wood 1988)
2.94, 2.68 (mucky peat soil, loam sand soil, quoted, Howard 1991)
2.18, 2.48–2.49, 2.59, 2.66 (soil, quoted values, Bottoni & funari 1992)
2.68 (soil, 20–25°C, selected, Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996)
2.21–2.87 (Montgomery 1993)
2.68 (selected, Lohninger 1994)
2.60 (Tomlin 1994)
2.70 (calculated-KOW, Liu & Qian 1995)
2.40 (soil, calculated-MCI 1., Sabljic et al. 1995)
3.07, 2.37, 2.82, 2.51, 2.96 (calculated-KOW; HPLC-screening method with different LC-columns, Szabo
et al. 1999)
2.48, 2.42 (soil, estimated-class-specific model, estimated-general model using molecular descriptors, Gramatica
et al. 2000)
2.44, 2.43, 2.57 (soils: organic carbon OC . 0.1%, OC . 0.5%, 0.1 . OC < 0.5%, average, Delle Site 2001)
2.78‘ (sediment: organic carbon OC . 0.5%, average, Delle Site 2001)
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization: 2.5 . 10–3 h–1 (initial) and 5.3 . 10–4 h–1 (predicted) from soil with t. = 1307 h (Thomas 1982);
the calculated t. = 1918 d due to volatilization from soil when incorporated into 1 cm of soil (Jury et al.
1983; quoted, Howard 1991).
Photolysis: t. = 2.25 h for 80–84% of 40 µg/mL to degrade in distilled water under 300 nm light (Tanaka et al.
1981; quoted, Cessna & Muir 1991); in surface waters should be photolyzed within a few days (Howard
1991).
Oxidation: photooxidation t. = 0.12 d in air, based on estimation for the vapor-phase reaction with hydroxyl
radical in the atmosphere (Atkinson 1987; quoted, Howard 1991).
Hydrolysis: t. > 4 months for 4660 µg/mL to hydrolyze in phosphate buffer at pH 5–9 and 20°C (El-Dib & Aly
1976; quoted, Muir 1991).
Biodegradation: t. = 328 d for a 100 d leaching and screening test in 0–10 cm depth of soil (Rao & Davidson
1980; quoted, Jury et al. 1983, 1984, 1987a);
t. = 3–10 d for 40 µg/mL to biodegrade in pond sediment of anaerobic media at 30°C (Attaway et al. 1982a
quoted, Muir 1991);
t. < 17 d for 40 µg/mL to biodegrade in pond sediment at 30°C (Attaway et al. 1982b; quoted, Muir 1991);
67–99% will be degraded in 10 wk under aerobic conditions by mixed cultures isolated from pond water
and sediments forming 6–7 products (Ellis & Camper 1982; quoted, Howard 1991; Muir 1991);
t. < 70 d at 30°C (Ellis & Camper 1982; quoted, Muir 1991; Montgomery 1993);
t. ~ 5 d for 0.22 µg/mL to biodegrade in pond sediment of anaerobic media (Stepp et al. 1985; quoted, Muir
1991);
t.(aerobic) ~ 20 d for 0.0005–10 µg/mL to biodegrade in filtered sewage water at 20°C (Wang et al. 1985;
quoted, Muir 1991).
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3554 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
Biotransformation: ~ 7% of a selection of 90 strains of micromycetes mostly isolated from soil-soil fungi, depleted
over 50% of diuron (20 mg/L) in 5-d experiment (Vroumsia et al. 1996)
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Air: t. = 0.12 d, based on estimation for the vapor-phase reaction with hydroxyl radical in the atmosphere
(Atkinson 1987; quoted, Howard 1991).
Surface water: should be photolyzed within a few days (Howard 1991).
Ground water: reported half-lives or persistence, t. = 20–70, 90–180, 200, and 328 d (Bottoni & Funari 1992)
Sediment: t. = 3–10 d for 40 µg/mL to biodegrade in pond sediment of anaerobic media at 30°C (Attaway
et al. 1982a; quoted, Muir 1991);
t. < 17 d for 40 µg/mL to biodegrade in pond sediment at 30°C (Attaway et al. 1982b);
t. ~ 5 d for 0.22 µg/mL to biodegrade in pond sediment of anaerobic media (Stepp et al. 1985)
Soil: estimated persistence of 10 months in soil (Kearney et al. 1969; quoted, Jury et al. 1987);
persistence of 8 months in soil (Edwards 1973; quoted, Morrill et al. 1982);
t. = 7.0 months at 15°C and t. = 5.5 months at 30°C in soils (Freed & Haque 1973);
persistence of 10 months (Wauchope 1978);
rate constant k = 0.0031 d–1 with t. = 328 d under field conditions (Rao & Davidson 1980);
calculated t. = 1918 d due to volatilization from soil when incorporated into 1 cm of soil (Jury et al. 1983;
quoted, Howard 1991);
t. ~ 200–4000 d in loamy sand and peat at 25–35°C as follows (Madhum & Freed 1987):
t. = 705, 414, and 225 d at 25, 30, and 35°C, respectively, at herbicide concn at 5 µg/kg, while t. = 1392,
630, and 406 d at 25, 30, and 35°C, respectively, at herbicide concn at 100 µg/kg in an Adkins loamy
sand; however, the half-lives were considerable higher in peat. t. = 3991, 2164, and 1165 d at 25, 30,
and 35°C, respectively, at herbicide concn at 5 µg/kg while t. = 3416, 1832, and 896 d at 25, 30, and
35°C, respectively, at herbicide concn at 100 µg/kg in a Semiahoo mucky peat (Madhun & Freed 1987)
t. = 328 d from screening model calculations (Jury et al. 1987a,b; Jury & Ghodrati 1989);
reported t. = 20–70 d, 90–180 d, 200 d and 328 d (Bottoni & Funari 1992);
t. = 75–102 d in 0–40 cm soil cores taken, from cultivated field, t. = 55–65 d from meadow and t. = 29–35
d from gravel track (Hassink et al. 1994);
selected field t. = 90 d (Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996).
Biota: biochemical t. = 328 d from screening model calculations (Jury et al. 1987a,b; Jury & Ghodrati 1989).
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Herbicides 3555
17.1.1.34 EPTC
Common Name: EPTC
Synonym: Eptam, Eradicane, FDA 1541, R 1608, Torbin
Chemical Name: carbamic acid, dipropylthio-, S-ethyl ester; S-ethyldipropyl(thiocarbamate); S-ethyldipropylcarbamothioate
Uses: selective systemic herbicide for pre-emergence control of perennial and annual grasses, broadleaf weeds.
CAS Registry No: 759-94-4
Molecular Formula: C9H19NOS
Molecular Weight: 189.318
Melting Point (°C): liquid
Boiling Point (°C):
235.0 (Khan 1980; Herbicide Handbook 1989)
127.0 (at 20 mmHg, Hartley & Kidd 1987; Budavari 1989; Worthing & Hance 1991; Montgomery 1993;
Tomlin 1994; Milne 1995)
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
0.9546 (30°C, Spencer 1982; Hartley & Kidd 1987; Montgomery 1993; Tomlin 1994; Milne 1995)
0.960 (25°C, Herbicide Handbook 1989; Montgomery 1993)
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
236.5 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Dissociation Constant pKa:
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 1.0
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C or as indicated):
375 (shake flask-GC, Freed et al. 1967)
365 (Martin & Worthing 1977)
370 (20°C, Khan 1980; Ashton & Crafts 1981; Herbicide Handbook 1989)
370–375 (Weber et al. 1980)
375 (20°C, Spencer 1982)
370 (Beste & Humburg 1983; Jury et al. 1983, 1984)
375 (Hartley & Kidd 1987; Montgomery 1993; Tomlin 1994)
375 (24°C, Worthing & Walker 1987, Worthing & Hance 1991)
365 (20°C, Budavari 1989; Milne 1995)
344 (20–25°C, selected, Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996; Lohninger 1994)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C or as indicated):
4.666 (extrapolated, Patchett et al. 1964)
20.66 (Bailey & White 1965)
1.84 (20°C, effusion method, Hamaker & Kerlinger 1971)
2.16, 2.63, 3.69, 8.266 (23, 24, 28, 40°C, Hamaker 1972)
4.532 (Khan 1980; Ashton & Crafts 1981; Herbicide Handbook 1989)
2.62 (20°C, volatilization rate, Burkhard & Guth 1981)
2.80 (Patchett et al. 1983)
0.612 (20°C, GC-RT correlation, Kim 1985)
4.70 (Hartley & Kidd 1987)
2.00 (20°C, selected, Suntio et al. 1988)
4.532 (35°C, Budavari 1989)
4.50 (Worthing & Hance 1991)
O
S N
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3556 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
4.532 (20–25°C, selected, Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996)
4.532 (20°C, Montgomery 1993)
0.00001 (Tomlin 1994)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol at 25°C or as indicated):
1.32 (20°C, volatilization rate, Burkhard & Guth 1981)
1.463 (calculated-P/C, Jury et al. 1983, 1984, 1987a,b; Jury & Ghodrati 1989)
1.02 (20°C, calculated-P/C, Suntio et al. 1988)
1.463 (calculated-P/C, Taylor & Glotfelty 1988)
1.013 (20–25°C, calculated-P/C, Montgomery 1993)
1.023 (calculated-P/C, this work)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
1.76 (selected, Dao et al. 1983)
3.21 (shake flask, Log P Database, Hansch & Leo 1987)
3.20 (Worthing & Hance 1991; Montgomery 1993; Tomlin 1994; Milne 1995)
3.21 (recommended, Sangster 1993)
3.21 (recommended, Hansch et al. 1995)
3.45 (RP-HPLC-RT correlation, Finizio et al. 1997)
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
1.34 (calculated-S, Kenaga 1980; quoted, Isensee 1991)
1.08 (calculated-KOC, Kenaga 1980)
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
2.38 (soil, Hamaker & Thompson 1972)
2.45 (soil, Hamaker & Thompson 1972)
2.23 (soil, calculated-S as per Kenaga & Goring 1980, Kenaga 1980)
2.58 (soil, screening model calculations, Jury et al. 1987a,b; Jury & Ghodrati 1989)
2.23–2.38, 2.45 (quoted values, Bottoni & Funari 1992)
2.30 (soil, 20–25°C, selected, Wauchope et al. 1992)
2.38 (Montgomery 1993)
2.30 (selected, Lohninger 1994)
2.45 (selected, Wienhold & Gish 1994)
2.38 (soil, calculated-MCI 1., Sabljic et al. 1995)
2.23, 1.98 (soil, estimated-class specific model, estimated-general model using molecular descriptors,
Gramatica et al. 2000)
2.03, 2.00 (soils: organic carbon OC . 0.1%, OC . 0.5%, average, Delle Site 2001)
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization: t. = 3.7 d (Jury et al. 1983).
Photolysis: rate constant k = 5.2 . 10–3 s–1 for a light intensity corresponding to a 12-h average NO2 photolysis
rate with a black lamp spectral distribution (Kwok et al. 1992);
photodegradation t. = 14.0 and 18.5 min in water solution under irradiation with UV light at 254 nm
(Abu-Qare & Duncan 2002).
Oxidation: second order rate constants kOH = (3.10–3.40) . 10–11 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 for gas-phase reaction with
OH radical, kNO3 = 0.92 . 10–14 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 with NO3 radical and kO3 < 1.3 . 10–19 cm3 molecule–1 s–1
with O3 at 298 K (Kwok et al. 1992);
calculated lifetime of 6 h for the vapor-phase reaction with OH radical in the troposphere (Atkinson et al.
1992; Kwok et al. 1992).
Hydrolysis:
Biodegradation: t. = 30 d for a 100 d leaching and screening test in 0–10 cm depth of soil (Nash 1980; quoted,
Jury et al. 1983, 1984, 1987a; quoted, Grover 1991).
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Herbicides 3557
Biotransformation:
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Air: calculated tropospheric lifetimes are: > 8 h due to photolysis, 5.8 d due to reaction with OH radical, 5.0 d
with NO3 radical and > 125 d with O3 (Kwok et al. 1992);
calculated lifetime of 6 h for the vapor-phase reaction with OH radical in the troposphere (Atkinson et al.
1992; Kwok et al. 1992).
Surface water: t. = 14.0 and 18 min for elimination in water under irradiation with UV light at 254 nm
(Abu-Qare & Duncan 2002).
Ground water: reported half-lives or persistence, t. = 7 and 30 d (Bottoni & Funari 1992)
Sediment:
Soil: estimated persistence of 4 months in soil (Kearney et al. 1969; quoted, Jury et al. 1987a);
t. = 30 d from screening model calculations (Jury et al. 1987a,b; Jury & Ghodrati 1989);
t. ~ 1 wk in moist loam soil at 21 to 27°C (Herbicide Handbook 1974, 1989);
reported t. = 7, 30 d (Bottoni & Funari 1992);
selected field t. = 6 d (Wauchope et al. 1992; quoted, Richards & Baker 1993; Hornsby et al. 1996).
Biota: biochemical t. = 30 d from screening model calculations (Jury et al. 1987a,b; Jury & Ghodrati 1989)
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3558 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
17.1.1.35 Ethalfluralin
Common Name: Ethalfluralin
Synonym: Benzenamine, Somilan, Sonalan, Sonalen
Chemical Name: N-ethyl-N-(2-methyl-2-propenyl)-2.6-dinitro-(trifluoromethyl)-benzenamine
CAS Registry No: 55283-68-6
Uses: herbicide
Molecular Formula: C13H14F3N3O4
Molecular Weight: 333.263
Melting Point (°C):
57 (Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
256 (decomposes, Hartley & Kidd 1987; Tomlin 1994; Milne 1995)
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
1.32 (Ashton & Crafts 1981; Herbicide Handbook 1989)
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
Dissociation Constant pKa:
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 0.485 (mp at 57°C)
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C):
0.21 (Ashton & Crafts 1981)
0.20 (pH 7, Spencer; Hartley & Kidd 1987; Worthing & Walker 1987)
0.30 (pH 7, Herbicide Handbook 1989)
0.30 (selected, Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996)
0.30 (pH 7, Tomlin 1994; Milne 1995)
0.40 (Majewski & Capel 1995)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C or as indicated):
1.10 . 10–4 (Worthing & Walker 1983, 1987; Hartley & Kidd 1987)
0.0109 (Spencer 1982; Herbicide Handbook 1989)
0.0117 (selected, Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996)
0.0117 (Tomlin 1994)
2.22 . 10–4 (20–25°C, Majewski & Capel 1995)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol at 25°C):
0.183 (calculated-P/C, Majewski & Capel 1995)
13 (calculated-P/C, Wolt 1997)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
5.11 (pH 7, Tomlin 1994; Milne 1995)
4.92 (quoted values; selected, Wolt 1997)
Octanol/Air Partition Coefficient, log KOA:
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF or log KB:
NO2
N
NO2
F
F
F
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Herbicides 3559
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
3.60 (selected, soil, Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996)
3.60–3.90 (soil, Tomlin 1994)
3.61–3.92 (soil, Wolt 1997)
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization:
Photolysis: t. = 6.3 h in aqueous phase and t. = 2 h in vapor phase (Tomlin 1994);
Aqueous photolysis t. = 6.3 h in pH 5 sterile buffer solution; soil photolysis t. = 14.2 d in air-dry sandy
loam soil when exposed to a xenon light source; air photolysis t. = 2 h when exposed to a light source
simulating summer sunlight at 34°C (Wolt 1997).
Oxidation:
Hydrolysis: no hydrolysis after 33 d at pH 3, 6 and 9 (51°C, Tomlin 1994); stable in sterile, buffered solutions
across a range of pH (Wolt 1997).
Biodegradation:.
Biotransformation: t. = 45 d for aerobic metabolism in sandy loam soils and t. = 14 d for more rapid metabolism
anaerobically in the same soil (quoted, Tomlin 1994; Wolt 1997).
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Air: air photolysis t. = 2 h when exposed to a light source simulating summer sunlight at 34°C (Wolt 1997).
Surface water: water photolysis t. = 6.3 h in pH 5 sterile buffer solution; t. = 2 d for dissipation from the water
column in a pond water-sediment system under outdoor conditions (Wolt 1997).
Ground water:
Sediment: t. = 38 h in anaerobic pond water sediment system (Wolt 1997).
Soil: reported field t. = 30–60 d, 60 d, 25–46 d; recommended t. = 60 d (Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al.
1996);
t. = 45 d for aerobic metabolism in sandy loam soils and t. = 14 d for more rapid metabolism anaerobically
in the same soil (Tomlin 1994);
terrestrial filed dissipation t. = 4–146 d, t. = 45 d in moist aerobic soil, t. = 14 d in anaerobic soil shifted
to anaerobic conditions (Wolt 1997).
Biota:
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3560 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
17.1.1.36 Fenoprop
Common Name: Fenoprop
Synonym: Silvex, 2,4,5-TP, Kuron, Kurosal, Fruitone T
Chemical Name: 2-(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy) propionic acid
CAS Registry No: 93-72-1
Uses: herbicide/growth regulator
Molecular Formula: C9H7Cl3O3
Molecular Weight: 269.509
Melting Point (°C):
181.6 (Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
Dissociation Constant pKa:
2.84 (Worthing 1983, 1987; Augustijn-Beckers et al. 1994)
Enthalpy of Vaporization, .HV (kJ/mol):
75.75 (Rordorf 1989)
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
44.6 (Rordorf 1989)
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 0.0291 (mp at 181.6°C)
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C):
140 (Kenaga & Goring 1980, Kenaga 1980a,b, Spencer 1982)
140 (Worthing & Walker 1983, 1987; Budavari 1989)
200 (Verschueren 1983)
176 (Hartley & Kidd 1987)
12.0 (calculated-MCI ., Patil 1994)
140 (selected, Augustijn-Beckers et al. 1994; Hornsby et al. 1996)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C or as indicated and reported temperature dependence equations):
2.30 . 10–3, 4.40 . 10–2, 0.55, 4.90, 34.0 (25, 50, 70, 100, 125°C, gas saturation-GC, Rordorf 1989)
log (PS/Pa) = 13.953 – 4948/(T/K); measured range 85.4–181°C (gas saturation-GC, Rordorf 1989)
log (PL/Pa) = 11.727 – 3956.9/(T/K); measured range 181–211°C (gas saturation-GC, Rordorf 1989)
< 1.33 . 10–6 (estimated, Augustijn-Beckers et al. 1994; Hornsby et al. 1996)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol):
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
2.44 (Kenaga 1980a)
3.86 (estimated, Garten & Trabalka 1983)
3.13 (counter-current chromatography, Ilchmann et al. 1993)
2.75 (calculated-MCI ., Patil 1994)
3.80 (selected, Hansch et al. 1995)
Octanol/Air Partition Coefficient, log KOA:
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF or log KB:
1.76 (calculated, Kenaga 1980a)
1.58, 2.23 (calculated-solubility, KOW, Kenaga 1980b)
Cl
Cl Cl
O
OH
O
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Herbicides 3561
1.76 (fish, flowing water, Garten & Grabalka 1983)
2.35 (Isensee 1991)
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
3.41 (soil, Kenaga & Goring 1980)
2.46 (calculated-KOW, Kenaga 1980b)
1.91 (soil: calculated-MCI ., Meylan et al. 1992)
2.48 (soil, selected, Augustijn-Beckers et al. 1994; Hornsby et al. 1996)
3.28 (soil, calculated-MCI ., Sabljic et al. 1995)
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Biodegradation: t. > 205 d for ring cleavage in soil suspensions (Verschueren 1983)
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Soil: persistence 47–205 d in soil (Alexander et al. 1961)
degradation t. = 21 d and 14 d in Quachita Highlands’ forest and grassland soil respectively, t. = 15 d in
gross timbers forest soil, average t. = 17 d in 3 soils (Altom & Stritzke 1973);
t. = 5–11 d in a microagroecosystem study (Nash 1983);
t. > 205 d for ring cleavage in soil suspensions (Verschueren 1983);
field t. = 21 d (Augustijn-Beckers et al. 1994; Hornsby et al. 1996)
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3562 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
17.1.1.37 Fenuron
Common Name: Fenuron
Synonym: Dozer, Dybar, Falisilvan, Fenidim, Fenulon, Urab
Chemical Name: 1,1-dimethyl-3-phenylurea; N,N-dimethyl-N.-phenylurea
Uses: herbicide to control woody plants and deep-rooted perennial weeds, often used in combination with chlorpropham
to extend its weed control spectrum and range of crops.
CAS Registry No: 101-42-8
Molecular Formula: C9H12N2O
Molecular Weight: 164.203
Melting Point (°C):
132 (Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
1.13 (25°C, Hartley & Kidd 1987)
1.08 (Worthing & Hance 1991; Tomlin 1994)
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
182.0 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
159.0 (modified Le Bas method, Spurlock & Biggar 1994a)
Dissociation Constant pKa:
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
24.267 (DSC method, Plato & Glasgow 1969)
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 0.0892 (mp at 132°C)
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C or as indicated):
2600 (Freed 1966)
2400 (Gunther et al. 1968)
3850 (Martin & Worthing 1977; Kenaga 1980; Kenaga & Goring 1980; Verschueren 1983)
3850 (Khan 1980; Weber et al. 1980; Ashton & Crafts 1981; Willis & McDowell 1982)
3700 (shake flask-HPLC, Ellgehausen et al. 1981)
3850 (Hartley & Kidd 1987; Worthing & Walker 1987, Worthing & Hance 1991; Tomlin 1994)
3000 (20°C, selected, Suntio et al. 1988)
3900 (Spurlock 1992; Spurlock & Biggar 1994b)
3850 (20–25°C, selected, Augustijn-Beckers et al. 1994; Hornsby et al. 1996)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C or as indicated):
0.0213 (60°C, Khan 1980; Verschueren 1983)
0.0210 (60°C, Hartley & Kidd 1987)
0.0050 (20°C, selected, Suntio et al. 1988)
0.0210 (60°C, Worthing & Hance 1991; Tomlin 1994)
0.0267 (20–25°C, selected, Augustijn-Beckers et al. 1994; Hornsby et al. 1996)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol at 25°C at 25°C or as indicated):
0.00027 (20°C, calculated-P/C, Suntio et al. 1988)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
0.98 (shake flask-UV, Hansch & Anderson 1967)
1.00 (Leo et al. 1971)
1.00 (shake flask-UV, Lord et al. 1980)
HN
N
O
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Herbicides 3563
0.96 (shake flask-UV, Briggs 1981; Karickhoff 1981)
0.88 (shake flask-HPLC, Ellgehausen et al. 1981)
0.62 (HPLC-k. correlation, McDuffie 1981)
0.70 (Elgar 1983)
1.18 (RP-HPLC-k. correlation, Braumann et al. 1983)
1.00 (shake flask-HPLC, Spurlock & Biggar 1994a)
0.98 (recommended, Sangster 1993)
1.18 (RP-HPLC-RT correlation, Sicbaldi & Finizio 1993)
0.98 (recommended, Hansch et al. 1995)
1.18 (RP-HPLC-RT correlation, Finizio et al. 1997)
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
0.778 (calculated-S, Kenaga 1980)
0.0 (calculated-KOC, Kenaga 1980)
1.34 (earthworms, Lord et al. 1980)
0.699, 0.602 (cuticle/water: tomato, pepper, Evelyne et al. 1992)
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
1.43 (soil, Hamaker & Thompson 1972)
1.67 (soil, calculated-S as per Kenaga & Goring 1980, Kenaga 1980)
0.88 (reported as log KOM, Briggs 1981)
0.61 (estimated-KOW, Karickhoff 1981)
1.80, 1.86 (estimated-S, Karickhoff 1981)
0.72, 0.84 (estimated-S and mp, Karickhoff 1981)
1.74 (calculated-MCI ., Gerstl & Helling 1987)
1.62 (20–25°C, selected, Augustijn-Beckers et al. 1994; Hornsby et al. 1996)
1.40 (soil, calculated-MCI 1., Sabljic et al. 1995)
1.40; 1.40, 1.70 (soil, quoted obs.; estimated-class-specific model, estimated-general model using molecular
descriptors, Gramatica et al. 2000)
1.42, 1.41 (soils: organic carbon OC . 0.1%, OC . 0.5%, average, Delle Site 2001)
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Biodegradation: aerobic t. . 10 d for 0.01 µg/mL to biodegrade in river water (Eichelberger & Lichtenberg
1971; quoted, Muir 1991).
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Air:
Surface water: aerobic t. .10 d for 0.01 µg/mL to biodegrade in river water (Eichelberger & Lichtenberg 1971;
quoted, Muir 1991);
persistence of up to 4 weeks in river water (Eichelberger & Lichtenberg 1971).
Ground water:
Sediment:
Soil: t. = 4.5 months at 15°C and 2.2 months at 30°C in soils (Freed & Haque 1973);
persistence of 8 months in soil (Edwards 1973; quoted, Morrill et al. 1982);
selected field t. = 60 d (Augustijn-Beckers et al. 1994; Hornsby et al. 1996).
Biota:
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3564 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
17.1.1.38 Fluchloralin
Common Name: Fluchloralin
Synonym: BAS-392H, Basalin
Chemical Name: N-(2-chloroethyl)-2,6-dinitro-N-propyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzenamine; N-(2-chloroethyl).,.,.-trifluoro-
2,6-dinitro-N-propyl-p-toluidine
Uses: herbicide for pre-plant or pre-emergence control of annual grass and broadleaf weeds in cotton, groundnuts, jute,
potatoes, rice soybeans, and sunflowers, etc.
CAS Registry No: 33245-39-5
Molecular Formula: C12H13ClF3N3O4
Molecular Weight: 355.697
Melting Point (°C):
42 (Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
326.1 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Dissociation Constant pKa:
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 0.681 (mp at 42°C)
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C or as indicated):
1.00 (20°C, Weber 1972; Ashton & Crafts 1981)
1.00 (Edwards 1977)
< 1.0 (Martin & Worthing 1977; Herbicide Handbook 1978, 1989)
0.70 (20°C, Spencer 1982)
< 1.0 (Worthing & Walker 1987, 1991; Tomlin 1994)
10 (Budavari 1989; Milne 1995)
0.90 (20–25°C, selected, Augustijn-Beckers et al. 1994; Hornsby et al. 1996)
0.50 (selected, Lohninger 1994)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C or as indicated):
0.0033 (20°C, Weber 1972; Worthing & Walker 1987)
0.373 (20°C, Ashton & Crafts 1981)
0.0008, 0.0033, 0.0133, 0.533 (20, 30, 40, 50°C, gas saturation, Spencer 1982)
0.0035 (Herbicide Handbook 1983; quoted, Nash 1988)
0.0037, 0.0033 (20°C, 30°C, Herbicide Handbook 1989)
0.004 (20°C, Worthing & Hance 1991; Tomlin 1994)
0.004 (20–25°C, selected, Augustijn-Beckers et al. 1994; Hornsby et al. 1996)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol at 25°C or as indicated):
1.174 (20°C, calculated-P/C, Muir 1991)
1.343 calculated-P/C, this work)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
4.63 (selected, Magee 1991)
N
NO2 O2N
F F
F
Cl
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Herbicides 3565
4.70 (CLOGPSTAR or CLOGP data, Sabljic et al. 1995)
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
> 2.79, 2.40 (calculated-S, calculated-KOC, Kenaga 1980)
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
3.56 (soil, Harvey 1974)
3.60 (soil, Kenaga 1980)
> 3.64 (soil, calculated-S as per Kenaga & Goring 1980, Kenaga 1980)
4.25 (calculated-MCI ., Bahnick & Doucette 1988)
3.56; 3.58 (reported as log KOM, estimated as log KOM, Magee 1991)
3.48 (20–25°C, estimated, Augustijn-Beckers et al. 1994; Hornsby et al. 1996)
3.80 (estimated-chemical structure, Lohninger 1994)
3.55 (soil, calculated-MCI 1., Sabljic et al. 1995)
3.55; 4.02 (soil, quoted obs.; estimated-general model using molecular descriptors, Gramatica et al. 2000)
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization: estimated t. ~ 1 d from 1 m depth of water (20°C, Muir 1991).
Photolysis: t. = 13 d for 84% of 5 µg/mL to degrade in distilled water under sunlight (Nilles & Zabik 1974;
quoted, Cessna & Muir 1991);
t. = 8 h for 50% of 2000 µg/mL to degrade in methanol under sunlight (Plimmer & Klingebiel 1974; quoted,
Cessna & Muir 1991).
Oxidation:
Hydrolysis:
Biodegradation: t. = 8 d for 0.5 µg/mL to biodegrade in soil at 20–42°C (Savage 1978; quoted, Muir 1991);
t. = 3.6 wk for 2.0 µg/mL to biodegrade in soil at 25°C (Brewer et al. 1982; quoted, Muir 1991).
Biotransformation:
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Soil: t. = 8 d for 0.5 µg/mL to biodegrade in soil at 20–42°C (Savage 1978; quoted, Muir 1991);
t. = 1.5 d on Bosket silt loam, t. = 4 d on Sharkey clay for the first 3 to 5 days when sprayed onto soil
surface, rate of loss much slower for the remainder of the 7- or 12-d sampling period with t. = 13 d on
Bosket silt loam, t. = 8 d on Sharkey clay (Savage & Jordon 1980)
measured dissipation rate k = 0.099–0.13 d–1 (derived from Savage & Jordan 1980, Nash 1988);
field studies, t. = 12.2 wk - 1978 first study; t. = 13.0 wk -1978 second study; t. = 17.6 wk -1979, in a
Crowley silt loam at Stuttgart, Arkansas (Brewer et al. 1982)
Laboratory studies: t. = 28.7 wk at 4°C, 10.5 wk at 25°C for soils of field capacity moisture (27% w/w for
Crowley silt loam) and t. = 20.8 wk at 4°C, t. = 8.4 wk at 25°C for flooded soil of Crowley silt loam;
t. = 29.3 wk at 4°C, t. = 10.5 wk at 25°C for soil of field capacity moisture (34% w/w for Sharkey silty
clay) and t. = 20.8 wk at 4°C and t. = 4.3 wk at 25°C for flooded soil, Sharkey silty clay (Brewer et al.
1982);
t. = 3.6 wk for 2.0 µg/mL to biodegrade in soil at 25°C (derived form Brewer et al. 1982, Muir 1991);
estimated dissipation rate k = 0.29, and 0.120 d–1 (Nash 1988);
estimated field t. ~ 60 d (Augustijn-Beckers et al. 1994; Hornsby et al. 1996).
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3566 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
17.1.1.39 Fluometuron
Common Name: Fluometuron
Synonym: CIBA 2059, Cotoran, Cottonex, Higalcoton, Lanex, Meturon, Pakhtaran
Chemical Name: 1,1-dimethyl-3-(.,.,.-trifluoro-m-tolyl)urea; N,N-dimethyl-N.-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]urea
Uses: herbicide to control many annual broadleaf weeds in sugar cane and cotton.
CAS Registry No: 2164-17-2
Molecular Formula: C10H11F3N2O
Molecular Weight: 232.201
Melting Point (°C):
163–164.5 (Hartley & Kidd 1987; Herbicide Handbook 1989; Worthing & Hance 1991; Montgomery 1993;
Tomlin 1994; Milne 1995)
164 (Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
1.390 (Hartley & Kidd 1987; Worthing & Hance 1991; Montgomery 1993; Tomlin 1994; Milne 1995)
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
229.7 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
167.1 (calculated-density)
Dissociation Constant pKa:
–1.00 (Sangster 1993)
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
29.706 (DSC method, Plato 1972)
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 0.0433 (mp at 164°C)
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C or as indicated):
90 (Melnikov 1971; Spencer 1973, 1982; quoted, Wauchope 1978; Khan 1980; Weber et al. 1980)
90 (20°C, Martin & Worthing 1977; Herbicide Handbook 1978,89)
106 (shake flask-UV, Briggs 1981)
90 (Herbicide Handbook 1983)
105 (20°C, Hartley & Kidd 1987; Worthing & Walker 1987, 1991)
110 (20–25°C, selected, Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996)
80 (Montgomery 1993)
110 (Tomlin 1994)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C or as indicated):
6.70 . 10–5 (20–25°C, Weber et al. 1980)
6.70 . 10–5 (Herbicide Handbook 1983)
6.70 . 10–5 (20°C, Hartley & Kidd 1987; Herbicide Handbook 1989; Montgomery 1993)
6.60 . 10–5 (20°C, Worthing & Hance 1991)
1.25 . 10–4 (20–25°C, selected, Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996)
1.25 . 10–4 (Tomlin 1994)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol at 25°C or as indicated):
< 0.283 (20–25°C, calculated-P/C, Montgomery 1993)
1.73 . 10–4 (calculated-P/C, this work)
HN
N
O
F F
F
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Herbicides 3567
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
1.34 (Briggs 1969)
2.42 (shake flask-UV, Briggs 1981)
1.88 (shake flask-UV, pH 5, Barak et al. 1983)
2.40 (selected, Gerstl & Helling 1987)
2.23 (Worthing & Hance 1991; Tomlin 1994; Milne 1995)
2.23, 2.38 (Montgomery 1993)
2.03 (RP-HPLC-RT correlation, Sicbaldi & Finizio 1993)
2.20 (recommended, Sangster 1993)
2.42 (recommended, Hansch et al. 1995)
2.03 (RP-HPLC-RT correlation, Finizio et al. 1997)
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
1.67 (calculated-S, Kenaga 1980)
0.954 (calculated-KOC, Kenaga 1980)
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
2.24 (soil, Abernethy & Davidson 1971; Davidson & McDougal 1973; Savage & Wauchope 1974;
Carringer et al. 1975; Wood & Davidson 1975)
2.30 (soil, Kenaga 1980)
2.57 (soil, calculated-S as per Kenaga & Goring 1980, Kenaga 1980)
1.82 (soil, converted from reported KOM multiplied by 1.724, Briggs 1981)
2.30 (calculated-MCI ., Gerstl & Helling 1987)
2.00 (soil, 20–25°C, selected, Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996)
1.46–2.08 (Montgomery 1993)
2.00 (estimated-chemical structure, Lohninger 1994)
1.49–2.07 (Tomlin 1994)
2.00 (soil, calculated-MCI 1., Sabljic et al. 1995)
2.33; 2.66., 2.03, 2.64, 2.36, 1.94 (quoted lit., calculated-KOW; HPLC-screening method with different
LC-columns, Szabo et al. 1999)
2.14, 2.51 (soil, estimated-class-specific model, estimated-general model using molecular descriptors,
Gramatica et al. 2000)
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization:
Photolysis: t. = (11 ± 2 h) in 10 ppm aqueous solutions under summer sunlight of 9.1 h/d exposure and
t. = (33 ± 16) h under spring sunlight of 3.7 h/d exposure (Burkhard et al. 1975).
Oxidation:
Hydrolysis: t. = 1.6 yr at 20°C and pH 1, t. = 2.4 yr at pH 5, and t. = 2.8 yr at pH 9 (Montgomery 1993).
Biodegradation:
Biotransformation:
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Air:
Surface water: t. = 730–1010 d at pH 5–9 and 20°C in aqueous solutions (Herbicide Handbook 1989).
Ground water:
Sediment:
Soil: measured dissipation rate k = 0.023–0.043 d–1 (Horowitz & Herzlinger 1974: quoted, Nash 1988);
estimated dissipation rate k = 0.0012, and 0.011 d–1 (Nash 1988);
persistence of 4 months in soil (Wauchope 1978);
selected field t. = 85 d (Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996);
soil t. = 30 d (Pait et al. 1992);
median t. ~ 30 d in soil (Herbicide Handbook 1989; Tomlin 1994).
Biota:
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3568 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
17.1.1.40 Fluorodifen
Common Name: Fluorodifen
Synonym: Preforan, Soyex
Chemical Name: 4-nitrophenyl .,.,.-trifluoro-2-nitro-p-tolyl ether
Uses: herbicide.
CAS Registry No: 15457-05-3
Molecular Formula: C13H7F3N2O5
Molecular Weight: 328.200
Melting Point (°C):
94 (Spencer 1982; Milne 1995; Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
282.6 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Dissociation Constant pKa:
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 0.210 (mp at 94°C)
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C or as indicated):
2.0 (20°C, Spencer 1973, 1982)
< 2.0 (Weber et al. 1980)
2.0 (shake flask-HPLC, Ellgehausen et al. 1981)
2.0 (20°C, Worthing & Walker 1987, Worthing & Hance 1991)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C or as indicated):
9.33 . 10–6 (20°C, Spencer 1982)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol):
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
3.30 (shake flask-HPLC, Ellgehausen et al. 1980; Geyer et al. 1991)
4.40 (20 ± 2°C, shake flask-UV, Briggs 1981)
3.65 (shake flask-HPLC, Ellgehausen et al. 1981)
3.60 (HPLC-RT correlation, Nandihalli et al. 1993)
3.65 (recommended, Sangster 1993)
3.65 (recommended, Hansch et al. 1995)
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
2.019 (algae, log BF-bioaccumulation factor, Ellgehausen et al. 1980)
2.386 (catfish, log BF-bioaccumulation factor, Ellgehausen et al. 1980)
1.178 (daphnids, log BF-bioaccumulation factor, Ellgehausen et al. 1980)
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
3.13 (calculated-MCI ., Gerstl & Helling 1987)
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives. t.:
Half-Lives in the Environment:
O
O2N
O2N
F
F
F
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Herbicides 3569
17.1.1.41 Fluridone
Common Name: Fluridone
Synonym: Brake, EL-171, Fluridon, Pride, Sonar
Chemical Name: 1-methyl-3-phenyl-5-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl] 4(1H)-pyridinone; 1-methyl-3-phenyl-5-( ., ., .-trifluorom-
tolyl)-4-pyridone
Uses: herbicide to control annual grass and broadleaf weeds and certain perennial species in cotton; also used to control
aquatic weeds and plants in lakes, ponds, ditches, etc.
CAS Registry No: 59756-60-4
Molecular Formula: C19H14F3NO
Molecular Weight: 329.315
Melting Point (°C):
155 (Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
333.5 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Dissociation Constant:
12.3 (pKb, Wauchope et al. 1992)
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 0.0530 (mp at 155°C)
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C or as indicated):
12.0 (20°C, Weber 1972; Worthing & Walker 1987)
12.0 (Kenaga 1980)
12.0 (Herbicide Handbook 1983, 1989; Budavari 1989; Milne 1995)
12.0 (Hartley & Kidd 1987; Worthing & Walker 1987, Worthing & Hance 1991)
10.0 (20–25°C, selected, Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996)
10.0 (selected, Lohninger 1994)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C or as indicated):
1.31 . 10–5 (20°C, Weber 1972; Worthing & Walker 1987)
1.00 . 10–5 (Herbicide Handbook 1983)
0.013 (Hartley & Kidd 1987; Worthing & Hance 1991)
1.33 . 10–5 (Herbicide Handbook 1989)
1.33 . 10–5 (20–25°C, selected, Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996)
1.30 . 10–5 (Tomlin 1994)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol at 25°C or as indicated):
3.59 . 10–4 (20°C, calculated-P/C, Muir 1991)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
1.87 (Reinert 1989)
1.87 (Worthing & Hance 1991; Tomlin 1994; Milne 1995)
2.98 (shake flask, Takahashi et al. 1993; quoted, Sangster 1993)
3.16 (LOGPSTAR or CLOGP data, Sabljic et al. 1995)
F
F
F
N
O
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3570 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
2.18 (calculated-S, Kenaga 1980; quoted, Isensee 1991)
0.778 (measured, West et al. 1983; quoted, Isensee 1991)
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC at 25°C or as indicated:
1.60 (soil, Kenaga 1980)
2.97–3.39 (pond sediment, Muir et al. 1980)
3.36, 2.95 (lake and river sediment, Muir et al. 1980)
2.94 (Reinert 1989)
2.90, 3.81, 3.03 (Norfolk sand pH 6.0, Norfold with montmorillonite pH 5.9, Norfolk sand with added organic
matter pH 5.3, Reinert 1989)
3.43, 2.57, 2.43 (California soil at pH 6, 7, 7.3, Reinert 1989)
3.00 (20–25°C, selected, Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996)
3.00 (selected, Lohninger 1994)
2.85 (soil, calculated-MCI 1., Sabljic et al. 1995)
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization: estimated t. = 10,000 d from 1 m depth of water at 20°C (Muir 1991).
Photolysis: t. . 23 h to degrade in distilled water under > 290 nm light (West et al. 1979; quoted, Cessna &
Muir 1991);
t. . 6 h for 5 µg/mL to degrade in nonsterile pond water under sunlight (Muir & Grift 1982; quoted, Cessna &
Muir 1991);
t. = 27 d for 85% of 10 µg/mL to degrade in distilled water and for 85% of 10 µg/mL to degrade in lake
water at pH 8.4 both under sunlight (Sanders & Mosier 1983; quoted, Cessna & Muir 1991; Howard et
al. 1991)
resistance to decomposition by UV light with t. = 23 h in deionized water (Herbicide Handbook 1989).
Oxidation: photooxidation t. = 0.359–3.20 h, based on estimated rate constant for reaction with hydroxyl radicals
(Atkinson 1987; quoted, Howard et al. 1991) and ozone (Atkinson & Carter 1984; quoted, Howard et al.
1991).
Hydrolysis: t. > 113 d for 1 µg/mL to hydrolyze in pond water at 4°C (Ghassemi et al. 1981; quoted, Muir
1991); t. = 23 h in water (Tomlin 1994).
Biodegradation: aqueous aerobic t. = 44–192 d, based on soil die-away test data and field study soil persistence
(Banks et al. 1979; quoted, Howard et al. 1991);
t. = 12 months for 5 µg/mL to biodegrade in static sediment and water, and t. . 9 months in aerobic and
anaerobic sediment and water all at 25°C (Muir & Grift 1982; quoted, Muir 1991);
aqueous anaerobic t. = 176 d to 2.1 yr, based on estimated unacclimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation
half-life (Howard et al. 1991);
microbial degradation t. > 343 d at pH 7.3 with 2.6% organic matter in a silt loam soil (Tomlin 1994).
Biotransformation:
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
k1 = 0.9–1.3 h–1 (Chironomus tentans larvae in pond sediment-water system, 96-h exposure, calculated by
using first-order kinetic and concn factors, Muir et al. 1983)
k1 = 0.70–5.6 h–1 (Chironomus tentans larvae in river sediment-water system, 96-h exposure, calculated by
using first-order kinetic and concn factors, Muir et al. 1983)
k1 = 1.7–3.40 h–1 (Chironomus tentans larvae in sediment (sand)-water system, 96-h exposure, calculated
by using first-order kinetic and concn factors, Muir et al. 1983)
k1 = 1.7–2.1 h–1 (Chironomus tentans larvae in sediment (sand)-water system, 96-h exposure, calculated by
using initial uptake data of 0–12 h, Muir et al. 1983)
k2 = 0.052 h–1 (Chironomus tentans larvae in pond sediment-water system, calculated by concentration decay
curve, Muir et al. 1983)
k2 = 0.118 h–1 (Chironomus tentans larvae in river water system, calculated by concentration decay curve,
Muir et al. 1983)
k2 = 0.055 h–1 (Chironomus tentans larvae in river sediment-water system, calculated by concentration decay
curve, Muir et al. 1983)
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Herbicides 3571
k2 = 0.041 h–1 (Chironomus tentans larvae in sediment (sand)-water system, calculated by concentration
decay curve, Muir et al. 1983)
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Air: t. = 0.359–3.20 h, based on estimated rate constant for reaction with hydroxyl radicals (Atkinson 1987;
quoted, Howard et al. 1991) and ozone (Atkinson & Carter 1984; quoted, Howard et al. 1991).
Surface water: t. ~ 21 d in water (Hartley & Kidd 1987);
t. = 288–864 h, based on estimated photolysis half-life in water (Howard et al. 1991);
anaerobic t. = 9 months and aerobic t. ~ 20 d (Tomlin 1994).
Ground water: t. = 2112–9216 h, based on estimated unacclimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life
(Howard et al. 1991).
Sediment: t. = 12 months for 5 µg/mL to biodegrade in static sediment and water, and t. . 9 months in aerobic
and anaerobic sediment and water all at 25°C (Muir & Grift 1982; quoted, Muir 1991).
Soil: measured dissipation rate k = 0.0041 d–1 (Banks et al. 1979; quoted, Nash 1988) with estimated t. = 44–192
d (Banks et al. 1979; quoted, Howard et al. 1991);
estimated dissipation rate k = 0.0067 and 0.025 d–1 (Nash 1988);
selected field t. = 21 d (Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996);
t. ~ 90 d in the hydrosoil (Tomlin 1994).
Biota: elimination t. = 13.2 h in pond sediment-water, t. = 5.9 h in river water, t. = 12.5 h in river sedimentwater,
t. = 16.9 in sand-water systems (Chironomus tentans larvae, Muir et al. 1983)
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3572 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
17.1.1.42 Glyphosate
Common Name: Glyphosate
Synonym: Mon-0573, 0468, 2139; Polado, Roundup
Chemical Name: N-(phosphoromethyl)glycine
Uses: nonselective, post-emergent, broad spectrum herbicide to control annual and perennial grasses, sedges, broadleaf,
and emerged aquatic weeds; also used to control insects on fruit trees.
CAS Registry No: 1071-83-6
Molecular Formula: C3H8NO5P
Molecular Weight: 169.074
Melting Point (°C):
230 (dec., Montgomery 1993; Milne 1995; Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
1.74 (Herbicide Handbook 1989; Montgomery 1993)
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
Dissociation Constant pKa:
5.70 (Worthing & Hance 1991)
2.60, 5.90, 10.40 (pK1, pK2, pK3, Yao & Haag 1991; Haag & Yao 1992)
2.32, 5.86, 10.86 (pK1, pK2, pK3, Montgomery 1993; Hornsby et al. 1996)
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 0.0097 (mp at 230°C)
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C):
10000 (Spencer 1973, 1982; Herbicide Handbook 1978; Ashton & Crafts 1981)
12000 (Martin & Worthing 1977; Worthing & Walker 1987, Worthing & Hance 1991; Tomlin 1994)
15700 (Herbicide Handbook 1989)
12000 (Budavari 1989; Montgomery 1993; Milne 1995)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C or as indicated):
2.59 . 10–5 (45°C, Herbicide Handbook 1989)
4.00 . 10–5 (Worthing & Hance 1991)
0.001 (Montgomery 1993; quoted, Majewski & Capel 1995)
negligible (Tomlin 1994)
0.0 (selected, Halfon et al. 1996)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa m3/mol at 25°C):
1.41 . 10–5 (calculated-P/C, Montgomery 1993)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
–1.70 (shake flask, pH 5.3, Martin & Edgington 1981)
–4.10 (shake flask, pH 2.5, Stevens et al. 1988)
–3.25 (Reinert 1989)
–4.59 (Worthing & Hance 1991)
–1.60 (Montgomery 1993)
–4.10, –1.70 (pH 2.5, pH 5.3, quoted, Sangster 1993)
–1.70 (pH 5.3, selected, Hansch et al. 1995)
0.94 (RP-HPLC-RT correlation, Finizio et al. 1997)
P
HN
OH
O
HO
O
HO
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Herbicides 3573
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
0.477 (calculated-S, Kenaga 1980; quoted, Isensee 1991)
2.26 (calculated-KOC, Kenaga 1980)
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
3.42 (soil, Sprankle et al. 1975; Hance 1976; Nomura & Hilton 1977)
1.40 (soil, calculated-S as per Kenaga & Goring 1980, Kenaga 1980)
1.22 (selected, USDA 1989; quoted, Neary et al. 1993)
–0.43 (Reinert 1989)
3.69, 3.53, 3.42 (3 agricultural soils: Houston clay loam at pH 7.5, Muskingum silt loam at pH 5.8, Sassafras
sandy loam at pH 5.6, Reinert 1989)
4.38 (organic carbon, Wauchope et al. 1991)
3.43–3.69 (Montgomery 1993)
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization:
Photolysis: t. = 48 h for 0% of 168 µg/mL to degrade in distilled water under > 290 nm light (Rueppel et al.
1977; quoted, Cessna & Muir 1991);
t. = 9 wk for > 90% of 2 µg/mL to degrade in distilled water under sunlight (Lund-HOie & Friestad 1986;
quoted, Cessna & Muir 1991);
t. = 4.0 d and 3–4 wk for aqueous solutions of 1.0 and 2000 ppm under indoor UV light (Lund-HOie &
Friestad 1986; quoted, Montgomery 1993).
Oxidation:
k(aq.) = 7.3 . 108 M–1 s–1 for the reaction (photo-Fenton with reference to glycolic acid) with hydroxyl
radical in aqueous solutions at pH 3.8 and at 24 ± 1°C (Buxton et al. 1988; quoted, Faust & Hoigne
1990; Haag & Yao 1992)
k(aq.) = (0.027–8.2) . 103 M–1 s–1 for direct reaction with ozone in water at pH 1.8–7.0 and 22 ± 2°C, with
a half-life of 4.0 s at pH 7 (Yao & Haag 1991).
k(aq.) = (1.8 ± 0.5) . 108 M–1 s–1 for the reaction (photo-Fenton with reference to glycolic acid) with hydroxyl
radical in aqueous solutions at pH 3.8 and at 24 ± 1°C (Haag & Yao 1992).
Hydrolysis: t. = 7 d for 10 µg/mL to hydrolyze in sterile water + soil (Rueppel et al. 1977; quoted, Muir 1991);
t. = 32 d for 25 and 250 µg/mL to hydrolyze in sterile distilled water at pH 3, 6 and 9 in the dark at 5 and
35°C (Ghassemi et al. 1981; quoted, Muir 1991)
Biodegradation: t. < 28 d for 10 µg/mL to biodegrade in soil-water suspension (Rueppel et al. 1977; quoted,
Muir 1991);
t. > 9 wk for 2 µg/mL to biodegrade in polluted lake water (Rueppel et al. 1977; quoted, Muir 1991);
rate constant k = 0.1 d–1 from soil incubation die-away studies (Rao & Davidson 1980; quoted, Scow 1982);
t. = 70 d in pond water at pH 7.2, t. = 63 d in swamp water at pH 6.3 and t. = 49 d in Sphagnum bog
water at pH 4.2 (Ghassemi et al. 1981; quoted, Muir 1991).
Biotransformation:
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Air:
Surface water: t. > 9 wk for 2 µg/mL to biodegrade in polluted lake water (Rueppel et al. 1977; quoted, Muir
1991);
t. = 70 d in pond water at pH 7.2, t. = 63 d in swamp water at pH 6.3 and t. = 49 d in Sphagnum bog
water at pH 4.2 (Ghossemi et al. 1981; quoted, Muir 1991);
measured rate constant k = (0.027 - 8.2) . 103 M–1 s–1 for direct reaction with ozone in water at pH 1.8–7.0
and 22 ± 2°C, with t. = 4.0 s at pH 7 (Yao & Haag 1991).
Ground water:
Sediment:
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3574 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
Soil: t. < 28 d for 10 µg/mL to biodegrade in soil-water suspension (Rueppel et al. 1977; quoted, Muir 1991);
estimated first-order t. = 7 d from biodegradation rate constant k = 0.1 d–1 from soil incubation die-away
studies (Rao & davidson 1980; quoted, Scow 1982);
moderately persistent in soil with t. = 20–100 d (Willis & McDowell 1982);
average t. < 60 d (Hartley & Kidd 1987; Herbicide Handbook 1989; quoted, Montgomery 1993);
selected t. = 47 d (Wauchope et al. 1991; quoted, Dowd et al. 1993; Halfon et al. 1996).
Biota: average t. = 60 d in the forest (USDA 1989; quoted, Neary et al. 1993).
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Herbicides 3575
17.1.1.43 Isopropalin
Common Name: Isopropalin
Synonym: EL 179, Isopropaline, Isopropalin solution, Paarlan
Chemical Name: 4-isopropyl-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropylaniline; 4-(1-methylethyl)-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropylbenzenamine;
2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropylcumidine
Uses: herbicide used pre-planting and incorporated with soil preparation to control broadleaf weeds and grasses in
transplanted tobacco, and in direct-seeded tomatoes and capsicums.
CAS Registry No: 33820-53-0
Molecular Formula: C15H23N3O4
Molecular Weight: 309.362
Melting Point (°C): liquid
Boiling Point (°C):
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
361.3 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Dissociation Constant pKa:
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 1.0
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C or as indicated):
0.11 (Martin & Worthing 1977; Herbicide Handbook 1978)
1.10 (Ashton & Crafts 1981)
0.10 (Spencer 1982; Hartley & Kidd 1987; Budavari 1989; Milne 1955)
0.10 (Worthing & Walker 1987, Worthing & Hance 1991)
0.08 (Herbicide Handbook 1989)
0.10 (20–25°C, selected, Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996)
0.02 (predicted-AQUAFAC, Lee et al. 1996)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C or as indicated):
0.0019 (30°C, Ashton & Crafts 1981)
0.0019 (30°C, Hartley & Kidd 1987)
0.0040 (25.6°C, Herbicide Handbook 1989)
0.0012 (20–25°C, selected, Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol at 25°C):
5.34 (calculated-P/C, this work)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
3.50 (calculated-S, Kenaga 1980; quoted, Isensee 1991)
3.88 (calculated-KOC, Kenaga 1980)
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
4.88 (soil, Harvey 1974)
4.17 (soil, calculated-S as per Kenaga & Goring 1980, Kenaga 1980)
4.17–4.88 (soil, quoted values, Bottoni & Funari 1992)
N
NO2 O2N
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3576 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
4.00 (20–25°C, selected, Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996)
4.00 (selected, Lohninger 1994)
3.50 (soil, estimated-general model using molecular descriptors, Gramatica et al. 2000)
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization:
Photolysis: atmosphere photolysis t. = 288–864 h, based on observed photolysis on soil TLC plates under
summer sunlight (Helling 1976; quoted, Howard et al. 1991) and adjusted for relative winter sunlight intensity
(Lyman et al. 1982; quoted, Howard et al. 1991); aqueous photolysis t. = 288–864 h, based on observed
photolysis on soil TLC plates under summer sunlight (Helling 1976; quoted, Howard et al. 1991) and
adjusted for relative winter sunlight intensity (Lyman et al. 1982; quoted, Howard et al. 1991).
Oxidation: photooxidation t. = 0.743–74.3 h in air, based on estimated rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction
with hydroxyl radicals in air (Atkinson 1987; quoted, Howard et al. 1991).
Hydrolysis:
Abiotic Transformation: Degradation by abiotic reductive transformations:
k = 1.71 M–1 s–1 in H2S with (mecapto)juglone (hydroquinone moiety, an abiotic reductant found in natural
systems) solution at pH 6.65 (Wang & Arnold 2003)
Aqueous solutions with surface-bound Fe(II) species and their furst-order rate constants as:
k = 0.94 . 10–3 h–1 at pH 6.5, k = 0.36 . 10–2 h–1 at pH 7.0, k = 0.057 h–1 at pH 7.4, and k = 1.76 h–1 at
pH 7.8 for aqueous ferrous ion system;
k = 0.297 h–1 at pH 6.5, k = 0.586 h–1 at pH 6.7, k = 1.28 h–1 at pH 7.0, and k = 6.90 h–1 at pH 7.3 for
Fe(II)/goethite system;
k = 9.91 . 10–3 h–1 at pH 6.5, k = 8.45 . 10–3 h–1 at pH 7.0, k = 7.45 . 10–3 h–1 at pH 7.4 and k = 6.96 . 10–2
h–1 at pH 7.8 for Fe(II)/clay system, all with total dissolved Fe(II) = 1 mM (Wang & Arnold 2003)
Biodegradation:
t.(aq. aerobic) = 408–2520 h, based on aerobic soil die-away test data for one soil at 15°C and 30°C
(Gingerich & Zimdahl 1976; quoted, Howard et al. 1991)
t.(aq. anaerobic) = 96–360 h, based on anaerobic soil die-away test that tested one soil (Gingerich & Zimdahl
1976; quoted, Howard et al. 1991)
Biotransformation:
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Air: t. = 0.743–74.3 h, based on estimated rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction with hydroxyl radicals in
air (Atkinson 1987; quoted, Howard et al. 1991).
Surface water: t. = 288–864 h, based on observed photolysis on soil TLC plates under summer sunlight (Helling
1976; quoted, Howard et al. 1991) and adjusted for relative winter sunlight intensity (Lyman et al. 1982;
quoted, Howard et al. 1991).
Ground water: t. = 96–5040 h, based on estimated unacclimated aqueous aerobic and anaerobic degradation
half-lives (Howard et al. 1991)
reported t. < 180 d (Bottoni & Funari 1992)
Sediment:
Soil: t. = 408–2520 h, based on aerobic soil die-away test data for one soil at 15°C and 30°C (Gingerich &
Zimdahl 1976; quoted, Howard et al. 1991);
selected field t. = 100 d (Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996);
t. < 180 d (Bottoni & Funari 1992).
Biota:
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Herbicides 3577
17.1.1.44 Isoproturon
Common Name: Isoproturon
Synonym: Alon, Arelon, CGA 18731, Gramion, Graminon, Hoe 16410, Hytane, IP 50, IP flo, Tolkan
Chemical Name: 3-(4-isopropylphenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea; 3-p-cumenyl-l-1-dimethylurea
Uses: herbicide used for pre- and post-emergence control of annual grasses and broadleaf weeds in spring and winter
wheat (except durum wheat), spring and winter barley, winter rye, and triticale.
CAS Registry No: 34123-59-6
Molecular Formula: C12H18N2O
Molecular Weight: 206.284
Melting Point (°C):
155–156 (Worthing & Hance1991)
158 (Tomlin 1994)
Boiling Point (°C):
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
1.16 (Hartley & Kidd 1987; Tomlin 1994)
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
259.1 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Dissociation Constant pKa:
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F:
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C or as indicated):
60 (Martin & Worthing 1977)
70 (20°C, Spencer 1982)
72 (20°C, Hartley & Kidd 1987)
55 (Worthing & Walker 1987, Worthing & Hance 1991)
55.9 (Chaumat et al. 1991)
65 (22°C, Tomlin 1994; quoted, Otto et al. 1997)
65 (20°C, selected, Traub-Eberhard et al. 1994)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C or as indicated):
3.3 . 10–6 (20°C, Spencer 1982; Hartley & Kidd 1987)
3.3 . 10–6 (20°C, Worthing & Hance 1991)
3.3 . 10–6, 3.15 . 10–2, 0.172 (20, 77, 150°C, Tomlin 1994)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol at 25°C):
1.05 . 10–5 (calculated-P/C, Otto et al. 1997)
1.24 . 10–5 (calculated-P/C, this work)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW at 25°C or as indicated:
2.87 (shake flask, Log P Database, Hansch & Leo 1987)
2.25 (Worthing & Hance 1991)
2.30 (shake flask, pH 7, Baker et al. 1992)
2.537 (calculated, Evelyne et al. 1992)
2.30 (Behrendt & Bruggemann 1993)
2.87 (recommended, Sangster 1993)
2.87 (recommended, Hansch et al. 1995)
HN
N
O
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3578 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
2.50 (pH 7, 22°C, Tomlin 1994)
2.40 (quoted Pomona-database, Muller & Kordel 1996)
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
1.79 (calculated-S, Kenaga 1980)
1.76, 1.82 (cuticle/water: tomato, pepper; Chaumat et al. 1991)
1.71, 1.90 (cuticle/water: box tree, pear; Chaumat et al. 1991)
1.52, 1.20 (cuticle/water: ivy, vanilla; Chaumat et al. 1991)
1.76, 1.82 (cuticle/water: tomato, pepper; Evelyne et al. 1992)
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
2.66 (soil, calculated-S, Kenaga 1980)
1.86 (soil, HPLC-screening method, mean value of different stationary and mobile phases, Kordel et al. 1993)
2.11 (soil, quoted from Kordel et al. 1993, Traub-Eberhard et al. 1994)
1.86; 2.40 (HPLC-screening method; calculated-PCKOC fragment method, Muller & Kordel 1996)
2.57, 1.71, 1.78, 1.73, 2.34 (first generation Eurosoils ES-1, ES-2, ES-3, ES-4, ES-5, shake flask/batch equilibrium-
HPLC/UV, Gawlik et al. 1998, 1999)
1.86, 2.31; 2.81, 2.24, 2.83, 2.35, 1.93 (quoted lit., calculated-KOW; HPLC-screening method with different LCcolumns,
Szabo et al. 1999)
2.155, 1.918, 1.790, 1.719, 2.367 (second generation Eurosoils ES-1, ES-2, ES-3, ES-4, ES-5, shake flask/batch
equilibrium-HPLC/UV and HPLC-k. correlation, Gawlik et al. 1999)
2.155, 1.918, 1.790, 1.719, 2.367 (second generation Eurosoils ES-1, ES-2, ES-3, ES-4, ES-5, shake flask/batch
equilibrium-HPLC/UV and HPLC-k. correlation, Gawlik et al. 2000)
1.78, 2.10 (Kishon river sediments, sorption isotherm, Chefetz et al. 2004)
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization:
Photolysis: atmosphere photolysis t. = 288–864 h, based on observed photolysis on soil TLC plates under
summer sunlight (Helling 1976; quoted, Howard et al. 1991) and adjusted for relative winter sunlight intensity
(Lyman et al. 1982; quoted, Howard et al. 1991);
aqueous photolysis t. = 288–864 h, based on observed photolysis on soil TLC plates under summer sunlight
(Helling 1976; quoted, Howard et al. 1991) and adjusted for relative winter sunlight intensity (Lyman
et al. 1982; quoted, Howard et al. 1991);
t. = 1.5 h for 215 µg/mL to degrade in distilled water under 254 nm light (Kulshrestha & Mukerjee 1986;
quoted, Cessna & Muir 1991).
Oxidation: photooxidation t. = 0.743–74.3 h in air, based on estimated rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction
with hydroxyl radicals in air (Atkinson 1987; quoted, Howard et al. 1991).
Hydrolysis:
Biodegradation: aqueous aerobic t. = 408–2520 h, based on aerobic soil die-away test data for one soil at 15°C
and 30°C (Gingerich & Zimdahl 1976; quoted, Howard et al. 1991); aqueous anaerobic t. = 96–360 h,
based on anaerobic soil die-away test which tested one soil (Gingerich & Zimdahl 1976; quoted, Howard
et al. 1991)
Biotransformation: ~ 11% of a selection of 90 strains of micromycetes mostly isolated from soil-soil fungi,
depleted over 50% of isoproturon (100 mg/L) in 5-d experiment (Vroumsia et al. 1996)
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Air: t. = 0.743–74.3 h, based on estimated rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction with hydroxyl radicals in
air (Atkinson 1987; quoted, Howard et al. 1991).
Surface water: t. = 288–864 h, based on observed photolysis on soil TLC plates under summer sunlight (Helling
1976; quoted, Howard et al. 1991) and adjusted for relative winter sunlight intensity (Lyman et al. 1982;
quoted, Howard et al. 1991).
Groundwater: t. = 96–5040 h, based on estimated unacclimated aqueous aerobic and anaerobic degradation halflives
(Howard et al. 1991)
reported half-lives or persistence, t. = 12–29 and 60–120 d (Bottoni & Funari 1992)
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Herbicides 3579
Sediment:
Soil: t. = 408–2520 h, based on aerobic soil die-away test data for one soil at 15°C and 30°C (Gingerich &
Zimdahl 1976; quoted, Howard et al. 1991);
reported t. = 12–29 d and 60–120 d (Bottoni & Funari 1992);
t. = 15–21 d in sandy loam, t. = 11 d in silt loam at 20°C (Traub-Eberhard et al. 1994)
Degradation and mineralization t. = 16 d, 24 d and 34 d for pelosol, brown calcareous soil and brown acid
soil, respectively, over 120 days under controlled laboratory conditions (Pieuchot et al. 1996)
estimated t. ~ 14.6 d under conventional tillage, t. = 7.99 d under ridge tillage and t. = 12.17 d with no
tillage (Otto et al. 1997).
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3580 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
17.1.1.45 Linuron
Common Name: Linuron
Synonym: Afalon, Cephalon, Garnitan, Herbicide 326, Hoe 2810, Linex 4L, Linorox, Linurex, Lorox, Methoxydiuron,
Premalin, Scarclex, Sinuron
Chemical Name: 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methoxy-1-methylurea; N.-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-N-methoxy-N-methylurea
Uses: selective pre-emergence and post-emergence herbicide used on a wide variety of food crops to control many
annual broadleaf and grass weeds.
CAS Registry No: 330-55-2
Molecular Formula: C9H10Cl2N2O2
Molecular Weight: 249.093
Melting Point (°C):
93 (Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
232.9 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Dissociation Constant pKa:
Enthalpy of Vaporization, .HV (kJ/mol):
90.23 (Rordorf 1989)
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
28.66 (DSC method, Plato & Glasgow 1969)
25.9 (Rordorf 1989)
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 0.215 (mp at 93°C)
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C or as indicated):
75 (Woodford & Evans 1963; Bailey & White 1965; Hartley & Graham-Bryce 1980; Kenaga 1980;
Kenaga & Goring 1980; Beste & Humburg 1983)
75 (Melnikov 1971; Spencer 1973, 1982; Wauchope 1978; Khan 1980; Weber et al. 1980; Ashton &
Crafts 1981; Briggs 1981)
75 (Martin & Worthing 1977; Worthing & Walker 1983, 1987; Herbicide Handbook 1978,1989)
81 (Hartley & Kidd 1987; Milne 1995)
81 (24°C, Worthing & Hance 1991)
75 (20–25°C, selected, Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996)
75–81 (Montgomery 1993)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C or as indicated and reported temperature dependence equations):
0.00147 (20°C, Quellette & King 1977)
0.0012 (20°C, Hartley & Graham-Bryce 1980)
0.002 (24°C, Khan 1980)
0.002 (20–25°C, Weber et al. 1980)
0.002 (24°C, Hartley & Kidd 1987; Worthing & Hance 1991; Montgomery 1993)
0.0014 (20°C, selected, Suntio et al. 1988)
3.50 . 10–4, 1.10 . 10–2, 0.22, 2.90, 28.0 (25, 50, 70, 100, 125°C, gas saturation-GC, Rordorf 1989)
log (PS/Pa) = 16.074 – 5824.2/(T/K); measured range 40.5–92 7°C (solid, gas saturation-GC, Rordorf 1989)
log (PL/Pa) = 12.989 – 4713.7/(T/K); measured range 92.7–160°C (liquid, gas saturation-GC, Rordorf 1989)
0.0011 (20°C, selected, Taylor & Spencer 1990)
0.0023 (20–25°C, selected, Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996)
HN
N
O
O
Cl
Cl
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Herbicides 3581
0.0027 (selected, Halfon et al. 1996)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol at 25°C or as indicated):
0.0054 (20°C, calculated-P/C, Suntio et al. 1988)
0.004 (Taylor & Glotfelty 1988)
0.0062 (20–25°C, calculated-P/C, Montgomery 1993)
0.00465 (calculated-P/C, this work)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
2.19 (Briggs 1969)
3.20 (shake flask-UV, Erkell & Walum 1979)
2.76 (shake flask-UV, Briggs 1981)
3.11 (shake flask, Mitsutake et al. 1986)
2.48 (selected, Gerstl & Helling 1987)
3.00 (Worthing & Hance 1991; Milne 1995)
2.19, 3.00 (Montgomery 1993)
2.75 (RP-HPLC-RT correlation, Sicbaldi & Finizio 1993)
3.20 (recommended, Sangster 1993)
3.20 (recommended, Hansch et al. 1995)
3.18 (Pomona-database, Muller & Kordel 1996)
2.75 (RP-HPLC-RT correlation, Finizio et al. 1997)
2.72 (RP-HPLC-RT correlation, Yu et al. 1997)
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
1.73 (calculated-S, Kenaga 1980; quoted, Isensee 1991)
1.68 (calculated-KOC, Kenaga 1980)
1.73 (calculated, Pait et al. 1992)
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
2.91 (soil, Hamaker & Thompson 1972)
2.61 (soil, calculated-S as per Kenaga & Goring 1980, Kenaga 1980)
2.93 (average soils/sediments, Rao & Davidson 1980)
2.43 (soil, converted form reported KOM multiplied by 1.724, Briggs 1981)
2.93, 2.80, 1.80 (estimated-S, calculated-S and mp, calculated-KOW, Karickhoff 1981)
3.83 (Means & Wijayaratne 1982)
2.99, 2.58; 2.62, 2.80 (estimated-KOW, S, Madhun et al. 1986)
2.76, 2.64 (quoted, calculated-MCI ., Gerstl & Helling 1987)
2.94 (screening model calculations, Jury et al. 1987b)
2.61–2.91, 2.83, 2.93 (soil, quoted values, Bottoni & Funari 1992)
2.60 (soil, 20–25°C, selected, Wauchope et al. 1992;)
2.70–2.78 (Montgomery 1993)
2.59 (soil, HPLC-screening method, mean value from different stationary and mobile phases, Kordel
et al. 1993, 1995a)
2.59 (soil, HPLC-screening method, Kordel et al. 1993, 1995b)
2.70 (soil, calculated-MCI 1., Sabljic et al. 1995)
2.59; 2.54 (HPLC-screening method; calculated-PCKOC fragment method, Muller & Kordel 1996)
3.28, 2.39, 2.46, 2.29, 3.12 (first generation Eurosoils ES-1, ES2, ES-3, ES-4, ES-5, shake flask/batch equilibrium-
HPLC/UV, Gawlik et al. 1998, 1999)
2.884, 2.58, 2.45, 1.33, 3.18 (second generation Eurosoils ES-1, ES2, ES-3, ES-4, ES-5, shake flask/batch
equilibrium-HPLC/UV, Gawlik et al. 1999)
2.884, 2.578, 2.450, 2.336, 3.183 (second generation Eurosoils ES-1, ES-2, ES-3, ES-4, ES-5, shake flask/batch
equilibrium-HPLC/UV and HPLC-k. correlation, Gawlik et al. 2000)
2.70; 2.55, 2.61 (soil, quoted obs.; estimated-class-specific model, estimated-general model using molecular
descriptors, Gramatica et al. 2000)
2.65, 2.64 (soils: organic carbon OC . 0.1%, OC . 0.5%, average, Delle Site 2001)
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3582 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
2.78 (average values for sediment OC. 0.5%, Delle Site 2001)
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization:
Photolysis: t. = 2 months for 31% of 55 µg mL–1 to degrade in distilled water under sunlight (Rosen et al. 1969;
quoted, Cessna & Muir 1991);
t. = 2.25 h for 67–75% of 75 µg mL–1 to degrade in distilled water under 300 nm light (Tanaka et al. 1981;
quoted, Cessna & Muir 1991);
atmosphere photolysis t. = 1344–4032 h, based on measured rate constant for summer sunlight photolysis
in distilled water (Rosen et al. 1969; quoted, Howard et al. 1991) and adjusted to relative winter sunlight
intensity (Lyman et al. 1982; quoted, Howard et al. 1991); aqueous photolysis t. = 1344–4032 h, based
on measured rate constant for summer sunlight photolysis in distilled water (Rosen et al. 1969; quoted,
Howard et al. 1991) and adjusted to relative winter sunlight intensity (Lyman et al. 1982; quoted, Howard
et al. 1991).
Oxidation: photooxidation t. = 0.49–4.90 h in air, based on an estimated rate constant for the vapor-phase
reaction with hydroxyl radicals in air (Atkinson 1987; quoted, Howard et al. 1991).
Hydrolysis: t. > 4 months for 4980 µg mL–1 to hydrolyze in phosphate buffer at pH 5–9 and 20°C (El-dib &
Aly 1976; quoted, Muir 1991).
Biodegradation: t. = 78 d in soil (Moyer et al. 1972; quoted, Means et al. 1983),
t. = 87 d in soil (Hance 1974; quoted, Means et al. 1983),
t. = 58 and 180 d in soil (Urosol & Hance 1974; quoted, Means et al. 1983);
aqueous aerobic t. = 672–4272 h, based on soil die-away test data (Walker 1978; Walker & Zimdahl 1981;
quoted, Howard et al. 1991);
rate constant k = 0.0096 d–1 by soil incubation die-away studies (Rao & Davidson 1980; quoted, Scow 1982);
aerobic t. . 40 d for 1 µg mL–1 to biodegrade in lake sediment and t. . 60 d for 4 µg mL–1 to biodegrade
in lake sediment and water (Huber & Gemes 1981; quoted, Muir 1991);
aerobic t. . 20 d for 0.22 µg mL–1 to biodegrade in pond sediment plus aerobic salts medium of 34 g L–1
(Stepp et al. 1985; quoted, Muir 1991);
aqueous anaerobic t. = 2688–17088 h, based on estimated unacclimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation
half-life (Howard et al. 1991)
degradation rate constant k = (3.48 ± 0.156) . 10–2 d–1 with t. = 19.9 d in control soil and k = (23.2 ± 2.07)
. 10–2 d–1 with t. = 2.99 d in pretreated soil in the field; k = (3.73 ± 0.208) . 10–2 d–1 with t. = 18.6 d
in control soil and k = (18.8 ± 2.76) . 10–2 d–1 with t. = 3.68 d in pretreated soil once only in the laboratory
(Walker & Welch 1991)
Biotransformation:
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Air: t. = 0.49–4.90 h, based on an estimated rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction with hydroxyl radicals
in air (Atkinson 1987; quoted, Howard et al. 1991).
Surface water: t. = 672–4272 h, based on estimated unacclimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life
(Howard et al. 1991).
Ground water: t. = 1344–8544 h, based on estimated unacclimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life
(Howard et al. 1991)
reported half-lives or persistence, t. = 38–69 and 75 d (Bottoni & Funari 1992).
Sediment: degradation t. = 12 d in estuarine sediment (12o/.) system (Cunningham et al. 1981; quoted, Means
et al. 1983);
degradation t. = 6 d in estuarine sediment (18o/.) system (Means et al. 1983).
Soil: estimated persistence of 4 months (Kearney et al. 1969; Edwards 1973; quoted, Morrill et al. 1982; Jury
et al. 1987a);
t. = 672–4272 h, based on soil die-away test data (Walker 1978; Walker & Zimdahl 1981; quoted, Howard
et al. 1991);
persistence of 4 months (Wauchope 1978);
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Herbicides 3583
correlated t. = 57 d at pH 5.1–5.8, t. = 22 d at pH 6.3–7.0 and t. = 19 d at pH 7.7–8.2 (Boddington Barn
soil, Hance 1979) and t. = 67 d at pH 4.6–5.2, t. = 53 d at pH 5.3–6.1, and t. ~ 20 d at pH 6.3–8.0
(Triangle soil, Hance 1979);
estimated first-order t. = 72 d from biodegradation rate constant k = 0.0096 d–1 by soil incubation die-away
studies (Rao & Davidson 1980; quoted, Scow 1982);
decomposition t. = 11 d in fresh soil and t. = 12 d in air dried soil both in polyethylene bags, t. = 49 d in
undisturbed cores and t. = 40 d in perfusion (Hance & Haynes 1981);
moderately persistent in soil with t. = 20–100 d (Willis & McDowell 1982);
t. = 2 to 5 months under field conditions (Hartley & Kidd 1987; Herbicide Handbook 1989; quoted,
Montgomery 1993);
t. = 75 d from screening model calculations (Jury 1987b);
t. = 60, 35, 35, 30 d in plots treated, i.e., repeated application of pesticide, for the first, second, third and
fourth time, respectively, in the field; in the laboratory t. reduced from 19 d to 3–7 d in a single
pretreatment in moist oil at 20°C (Walker & Welch 1991)
reported t. = 38–69 d and 75 d (Bottoni & Funari 1992);
selected field t. = 60 d (Wauchope et al. 1992; quoted, Richards & Baker 1993; quoted, Halfon et al. 1996;
Hornsby et al. 1996);
soil t. = 60 d (Pait et al. 1992);
soil t. = 29–67 d (Di Guardo et al. 1994).
Biota: biochemical t. = 75 d from screening model calculations (Jury et al. 1987b).
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3584 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
17.1.1.46 MCPA
Common Name: MCPA
Synonym: Agritox, Agroxohe, Agroxone, Anicon Kombi, Bordermaster, Chiptox, Chwastox, Cornox, Ded-weed,
Dicopur-M, Dicotex, Dikotes, Emcepan, Empal, Hedapur M 52, Hederax M, Herbicide M, Hedonal, Hormotuho,
Kilsem, Krezone, Legumex DB, Leuna M, Leyspray, Linormone, MCP, metaxon, Methoxone, Netazol, Okultin M,
Phenoxylene Plus, Raphone, Razol dock killer, Rhomenc, Rhonox, Shamrox, Seppic MMD, Trasan, Ustinex, Vacate,
Verdone, Weedar, Weed-rhap, Zelan
Chemical Name: (4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic acid; 4-chloro-o-tolyloxyacetic acid
Uses: systemic post-emergence herbicide to control annual and perennial weeds in cereals, rice, flax, vines, peas,
potatoes, asparagus, grassland and turf.
CAS Registry No: 94-74-6
Molecular Formula: C9H9ClO3
Molecular Weight: 200.618
Melting Point (°C):
120 (Montgomery 1993; Milne 1995; Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
1.56 (25°C, Que Hee et al. 1981; Herbicide Handbook 1989; Montgomery 1993)
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
211.1 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Dissociation Constant pKa:
3.05 (potentiometric titration, Nelson & Faust 1969)
3.125 (Cessna & Grover 1978)
3.07 (Worthing & Hance 1991)
3.05–3.13 (Montgomery 1993)
3.12 (Hornsby et al. 1996)
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 0.117 (mp at 120°C)
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C or as indicated):
1605 (shake flask-UV, Leopold et al. 1960)
1605 (Bailey & White 1965)
< 1000 (Khan 1980)
630 (20°C, Melnikov 1971)
825 (Martin & Worthing 1977; Weber et al. 1980; Milne 1995)
1500 (selected, Seiber et al. 1986)
825 (room temp., Hartley & Kidd 1987; Worthing & Hance 1991)
817 (selected, Gerstl & Helling 1987)
835 (room temp., Worthing & Walker 1987)
730–825 (Montgomery 1993)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C or as indicated):
7.9 . 10–4 (measured-volatilization rate, Seiber et al. 1986)
2.0 . 10–4 (20°C, Hartley & Kidd 1987)
2.0 . 10–4 (21°C, Worthing & Walker1987, 1991)
2.3 . 10–5 (20°C, Tomlin 1994)
2.0 . 10–4 (20°C, Milne 1995)
2.0 . 10–4 (selected, Halfon et al. 1996)
Cl
O
OH
O
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Herbicides 3585
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol at 25°C):
1.0 . 10–4 (calculated-P/C, Seiber et al. 1986)
4.86 . 10–4 (calculated-P/C as per Worthing & Walker 1987, Majewski & Capel 1995)
< 0.010 (estimated, Mabury & Crosby 1996)
2.5 . 10–4 (calculated-P/C, this work)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
2.69 (selected, Dao et al. 1983)
2.30 (RP-HPLC-k. correlation, Braumann et al. 1983)
–1.41 (selected, Gerstl & Helling 1987)
–0.57 (shake flask-UV, pH 7, Stevens et al. 1988)
3.25 (countercurrent LC, Ilchmann et al. 1993)
1.37–1.43 (calculated, Montgomery 1993)
–0.57, 3.25 (quoted, Sangster 1993)
2.68 (MedChem Master file or ClogP program, Sabljic et al. 1995)
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
1.15 (calculated-S, Kenaga 1980)
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
2.04 (soil, calculated-S, Kenaga 1980; quoted, Bottoni & Funari 1992)
1.95 (calculated-MCI ., Gerstl & Helling 1987)
2.03–2.07 (calculated, Montgomery 1993)
1.73 (calculated-QSAR MCI 1., Sabljic et al. 1995)
2.49; 1.58., 3.27, 3.17, 1.85, 2.19 (calculated-KOW; HPLC-screening method with different LC-columns, Szabo
et al. 1999)
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization: k = 9.78 . 10–7 h–1 at pH 3.5 (Seiber et al. 1986).
Photolysis: t. = 71 h for < 10% of 50 µg mL–1 to degrade in NaOH solution at pH 9.8 under > 290 nm light
(Soderquist & Crosby 1975; quoted, Cessna & Muir 1991);
t. = 245 h for 17–98.5% of 9 µg mL–1 to degrade in distilled water under sunlight (Draper & Crosby 1984;
quoted, Cessna & Muir 1991);
t. = 4.6 d for 14,700 µg mL–1 to degrade in droplets of spray solution suspended in air under sunlight
(Freiberg & Crosby 1986; quoted, Cessna & Muir 1991).
Oxidation: degradation by ozone in dilute aqueous solutions (Benoit-Guyod et al. 1986) as follows:-
t. = 9.4 min - dark with O3 in air; t. = 8.4 min - light with O3 in air, t. = 500 min - light, air only, at initial
pH of 3.55; MCPA concn of 224 µM L–1, ozone input at 246 µM h–1;
t. = 10.4 min - dark with O3 in air; t. = 9.0 min - light with O3 in air, at initial pH of 8.0,
t. = 11.5 min - dark with O3 in air; t. = 11.3 min - light with O3 in air, at initial pH of 7.0,
t. = 8.4 min - dark with O3 in air; t. = 9.4 min - light with O3 in air, at initial pH of 7.0,
t. = 4.2 min - dark with O3 in air; t. = 4.2 min - light with O3 in air, t. = 150 min - light, air only, at initial
pH of 8.0; MCPA concn of 5 µM L–1, ozone input at 246 µM h–1;
t. = 176 min - dark with O3 in air; t. = 63 min - light with O3 in air, at initial pH of 8.0, MCPA concn of
224 µM L–1, ozone input at 4.6 µM h–1;
t. = 300 min - dark with O3 in air; t. = 162 min - light with O3 in air, at initial pH of 8.0; MCPA concn of
224 µM L–1, ozone input at 0.2 µM h–1 (Benoit-Guyod et al. 1986).
measured rate constant kOH(aq.) = 1.70 . 109 M–1 s–1 for reaction with hydroxyl radical, in irradiated field
water both in the laboratory and sunlit rice paddies (Mabury & Crosby 1996).
Hydrolysis:
Biodegradation: t. > 168 h for 1 µg mL–1 to degrade in activated sludge (Schmidt 1975; quoted, Muir 1991);
aerobic t. . 9 d for 1 µg mL–1 to degrade in natural water in absence of sunlight (Soderquist & Crosby
1975; quoted, Muir 1991);
t. > 12 d for 0.045–0.156 µg mL–1 to degrade in water after application to model crop and washoff (Virtanen
et al. 1979; quoted, Muir 1991);
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3586 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
t. = 15–25 d for 10 µg mL–1 to degrade in flooded soils (Duah-Yentumi & Kuwatsuka 1980; quoted, Muir
1991);
first order microbial degradation k = 0.01393 d–1 with t. = 50 d at room temp, k = 0.01687 d–1 with t. = 41
d at 35°C in sandy clay soil from Finland; k = 0.02999 d–1 with t. = 23 d at room temp, k = 0.03397 d–1
with t. = 20 d at 35°C in sandy loam soil from Bangladesh (Sattar & Paasivirta 1980)
t. > 25 d for 10 µg mL–1 to degrade in flooded soils (Ursin 1985; quoted, Muir 1991).
Biotransformation:
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Air:
Surface water: dissipation t. . 4 d in rice field; t. = 17 d in dilute aqueous solution under laboratory irradiation
(Soderquist & Crosby 1975);
degradation t. = 4.2 - 300 min by ozone and light (UV > 300 nm) in dilute aqueous solution, depending
on pH, concn of MCPA and ozone (shake flask-GC, Benoit-Guyod et al. 1986)
degraded rapidly with t. = 9 d in rice paddy water held under darkened conditions (Muir 1991)
field dissipation t. = 28.8 h in water (Mabury & Crosby 1996)
Ground water: reported t. < 7 and t. = 20–25 d (Bottoni & Funari 1992)
Sediment: t. = 80 to 400 d of MCPA at low concentrations in marine sediments (Muir 1991).
Soil: degradation t. = 50 d at room temp., t. = 41 d at 35°C in Finland sandy clay soil; degradation t. = 23 d
at room temp., t. = 20 d at 35°C in Bangladesh loam soil from first-order rate constant obtained by linear
regression (Sattar & Paasivirta 1980);
persistence of 3 months in soil (Edwards 1973; quoted, Morrill et al. 1982);
t. = 25 d in flooded soils (Muir 1991);
t. = 15 d (selected, Halfon et al. 1996).
Biota:
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Herbicides 3587
17.1.1.47 MCPB
Common Name: MCPB
Synonym: Bexane, Can-Trol, Legumex, Thistrol, Thitrol, Trifolex, Tropotox
Chemical Name: 4-(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)butanoic acid; 4-(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)-butyric acid
Uses: herbicide for post-emergence control of annual and perennial broadleaf weeds in cereals, clovers, sainfoin,
groundnuts, peas, etc. and also used to control broadleaf and woody weeds in forestry.
CAS Registry No: 94-81-5
Molecular Formula: C11H13ClO3
Molecular Weight: 228.672
Melting Point (°C):
100 (Hartley & Kidd 1987; Worthing & Hance 1991; Tomlin 1994; Milne 1995; Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
> 280 (Tomlin 1994)
Density (g/cm3 at 22°C):
1.254 (Tomlin 1994)
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
255.5 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Dissociation Constant pKa:
4.80 (potentiometric titration, Nelson & Faust 1969)
4.84 (Worthing & Hance 1991; Tomlin 1994)
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
34.31 (DSC method, Plato 1972)
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 0.184 (mp at 100°C)
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C or as indicated):
41 (shake flask-UV, Leopold et al. 1960)
44 (rm. temp., Melnikov 1971)
44 (Bailey & White 1965; Martin & Worthing 1977; Hartley & Kidd 1987)
44 (rm. temp., Worthing & Walker 1987, Worthing & Hance 1991; Tomlin 1994; Milne 1995)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C or as indicated):
5.77 . 10–5, 9.83 . 10–5 (20, 25°C, Tomlin 1994)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol at 25°C):
3.22 . 10–4 (calculated-P/C, this work)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
4.60 (selected, Dao et al. 1983)
3.53 (RP-HPLC-k. correlation, Braumann et al. 1983)
3.473 (countercurrent LC, Ilchmann et al. 1993)
2.79 (Tomlin 1994)
3.43 (selected, Hansch et al. 1995)
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
1.86 (calculated-S, Kenaga 1980)
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
2.73 (soil, calculated-S, Kenaga 1980)
Cl
O
OH
O
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3588 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Soil: duration of residual activity in soil is ca. 3–4 months (Hartley & Kidd 1987; Tomlin 1994).
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Herbicides 3589
17.1.1.48 Mecoprop
Common Name: Mecoprop
Synonym: Compitox, Duplosan, Hedonal, Iso-Cornox, Kilprop, MCPP, Mecopex, Mepro, Methoxone, Propal
Chemical Name: ( ± )-2-(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)propanoic acid; ( ± )-2-(4-chloro-o-tolyl-oxy)propionic acid
Uses: herbicide for post-emergence control of broadleaf weeds in wheat, barley, rye, herbage seed crops, grassland, and
under fruit trees and vines, etc.
CAS Registry No: 7085-19-0
Molecular Formula: C10H11ClO3
Molecular Weight: 214.645
Melting Point (°C):
94–95 (Hartley & Kidd 1987; Herbicide Handbook 1989; Worthing & Hance 1991)
Boiling Point (°C):
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
233.3 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Dissociation Constant pKa:
3.75 (Bailey & White 1965; quoted, Que Hee et al. 1981)
3.105 (Cessna & Grover 1978)
3.78 (Worthing & Hance 1991)
3.11 (Armbrust 2000)
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
28.87 (DSC method, Plato 1972)
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F:
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C or as indicated):
895 (Martin 1961; Bailey & White 1965)
891 (Bailey & White 1965)
620 (20°C, Melnikov 1971; Ashton & Crafts 1981; Herbicide Handbook 1989)
620 (Martin & Worthing 1977)
620 (20°C, Hartley & Kidd 1987; Worthing & Walker 1987, Worthing & Hance 1991)
734 (Tomlin 1994)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C or as indicated):
< 1.0 . 10–5 (20°C, Hartley & Kidd 1987)
3.10 . 10–4 (20°C, Worthing & Hance 1991)
0.0 (selected, Halfon et al. 1996)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol at 25°C):
7.43 . 10–5 (calculated-P/C, this work)
1.11 . 10–5 (quoted lit., Armbrust 2000)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
3.94 (selected, Dao et al. 1983)
2.83 (RP-HPLC-k. correlation, Braumann et al. 1983)
0.10 (Worthing & Hance 1991)
0.09; 3.126 (quoted; countercurrent LC, Ilchmann et al. 1993)
3.13 (recommended, Hansch et al. 1995)
Cl
O
OH
O
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3590 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
1.20 (calculated-S, Kenaga 1980)
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
2.11 (soil, calculated, Kenaga 1980, quoted, Bottoni & Funari 1992)
1.30 (selected, Lohninger 1994)
1.30 (quoted lit., Armburst 2000)
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization:
Photolysis: photodegradation t. < 10 -15 d on 3 Spanish natural dry soils; t. = 15–50 d on 10% peat-amened
dry soils; degradation t. ~ 2–5.5 d on moist soils at field capacity and saturated soils for degradation at 0,1
and 2 exposures days; and t. = 13–32 d on moist soils at field capacity and saturated soils for degradation
at 2,4 and 10 exposure days (Romero et al. 1998)
Oxidation: photooxidation t. = 3.8–37.8 h in air, based on an estimated rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction
with hydroxyl radicals in air (Atkinson 1987; quoted, Howard et al. 1991).
Hydrolysis: stable aqueous hydrolysis rate at pH 5, 7, pH 9; measured hydroxy radical rate constant for mecoprop
k = 9.0 . 1012 M–1 h–1 (Armbrust 2000)
Biodegradation: aqueous aerobic t. = 168–240 h, based on aerobic soil grab sample data (Kirkland & Fryer
1972; Smith & Hayden 1981; quoted, Howard et al. 1991); aqueous anaerobic t. = 672–4320 h, based on
anaerobic digest or sludge data (Battersby & Wilson 1989; quoted, Howard et al. 1991);
aerobic rate constant, k = 2.89 . 10–3 h–1 (Armbrust 2000).
Biotransformation:
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Air: t. = 3.8–37.8 h, based on an estimated rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction with hydroxyl radicals in
air (Atkinson 1987; quoted, Howard et al. 1991).
Surface water: t. = 168–240 h, based on estimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life (Howard et al. 1991).
Groundwater: t. = 336–4320 h, based on estimated aqueous aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation half-lives
(Howard et al. 1991)
reported t. = 8 d (Bottoni & Funari 1992).
Sediment:
Soil: t. = 168–240 h, based on aerobic soil grab sample data (Kirkland & Fryer 1972; Smith & Hayden 1981;
quoted, Howard et al. 1991);
reported t. = 8 d (Bottoni & Funari 1992);
t. = 21 d (selected, Halfon et al. 1996)
photodegradation t. < 10 -15 d on 3 Spanish natural dry soils; t. = 15–50 d on 10% peat-amened dry soils;
degradation t. ~ 2–5.5 d on moist soils at field capacity and saturated soils for degradation at 0,1 and 2
exposures days; and t. = 13–32 d on moist soils at field capacity and saturated soils for degradation at
2,4 and 10 exposure days (Romero et al. 1998).
Biota:
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Herbicides 3591
17.1.1.49 Metolachlor
Common Name: Metolachlor
Synonym: Bicep, CGA 24705, Codal, Cortoran multi, Dual, Metetilachlor, Milocep, Ontrack 8E, Pennant, Primagram,
Primextra
Chemical Name: 2-chloro-6.-ethyl-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acet-o-toluidide; 2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-
N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide
Uses: pre-emergence herbicide to control most annual grasses and weeds in beans, chickpeas, corn, cotton, milo, okra,
peanuts, peas, potatoes, sunflower, soybeans and some ornamentals.
CAS Registry No: 51218-45-2
Molecular Formula: C15H22ClNO2
Molecular Weight: 283.795
Melting Point (°C): liquid
Boiling Point (°C):
100 (at 0.001 mmHg, Herbicide Handbook 1989; Budavari 1989; Worthing & Hance 1991; Montgomery
1993; Milne 1995)
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
1.12 (Hartley & Kidd 1987; Worthing & Hance 1991; Montgomery 1993; Milne 1995)
1.085 (Herbicide Handbook 1989)
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
340.0 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
258.0 (calculated-density)
Dissociation Constant pKa:
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 1.0
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C or as indicated):
530 (Martin & Worthing 1977)
440 (selected, Ellgehausen et al. 1980)
520 (20°C, Ashton & Crafts 1981; Spencer 1982)
530 (shake flask-HPLC, Ellgehausen et al. 1981)
530 (20°C, Hartley & Kidd 1987; Herbicide Handbook 1989; Budavari 1989; Montgomery 1993)
530 (Hartley & Graham-Bryce 1980; Beste & Humburg 1983)
530 (20°C, Worthing & Walker 1987, Worthing & Hance 1991; Majewski & Capel 1995; Milne 1995)
488 (Tomlin 1994)
530 (20–25°C, selected, Hornsby et al. 1996)
531, 505 (supercooled liquid SL: literature derived value LDV, final adjust value FAV, Muir et al. 2004)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C or as indicated and reported temperature dependence equations):
0.00170 (20°C, Hartley & Graham-Bryce 1980)
0.00173 (20°C, Ashton & Crafts 1981)
0.00173 (20°C, volatilization rate, Burkhard & Guth 1981)
0.00170 (20°C, Hartley & Kidd 1987)
0.00170 (20°C, Worthing & Walker 1987, Worthing & Hance 1991)
0.00173 (20°C, Herbicide Handbook 1989; Budavari 1989; Montgomery 1993)
4.20 . 10–3, 6.60 . 10–2, 0.70, 5.40, 33.0 (25, 50, 70, 100, 125°C, gas saturation-GC, Rordorf 1989)
log (PL/Pa) = 13.115 – 4619.7/(T/K); measured range 32.5–140°C (gas saturation-GC, Rordorf 1989)
0.00420 (Tomlin 1994)
N
O
O
Cl
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3592 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
0.0023 (liquid PL, GC-RT correlation; Donovan 1996)
0.00418 (selected, Halfon et al. 1996)
0.00418 (20–25°C, selected, Hornsby et al. 1996)
0.00239, 0.0024 (supercooled liquid PL: literature derived value LDV, final adjust value FAV, Muir et al. 2004)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol at 25°C or as indicated. Additional data at other temperatures designated * are
complied at the end of this section):
0.00092 (Hartley & Graham-Bryce 1980)
0.00093 (20°C, volatilization rate, Burkhard & Guth 1981)
0.00091 (20°C, calculated-P/C as per Worthing & Walker 1987)
0.00093 (20°C, calculated-P/C, Montgomery 1993)
0.00082 (20°C, calculated-P/C, Majewski & Capel 1995)
0.00244 (calculated-P/C, Otto et al. 1997)
0.00782 (20°C, distilled water, wetted wall column-GC, Rice et al. 1997b)
0.00110 (calculated-P/C, this work)
0.00238* (20°C, gas stripping-GC/MS, measured range 283.05–299.45 K, Feigenbrugel et al. 2004)
H./(M atm–1) = (3.0 ± 0.4) . 10–11 exp[(10200 ± 1000)/(T/K)]; temp range 283–310 K (Arrhenius eq., gas stripping-
GC/MS, Feigenbrugel et al. 2004)
0.0014. 0.0014 (literature derived value LDV, final adjust value FAV, Muir et al. 2004)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
3.13 (shake flask-HPLC, Ellgehausen et al. 1980; Geyer et al. 1991)
3.28 (shake flask-HPLC, Ellgehausen et al. 1981)
3.45 (Worthing & Hance 1991)
2.93, 3.45 (Montgomery 1993)
3.13, 3.28 (quoted, Sangster et al. 1993)
2.90 (Tomlin 1994)
3.45 (Milne 1995)
3.31, 2.95 (selected, calculated-f const., Pinsuwan et al. 1995)
3.13 (recommended, Hansch et al. 1995)
2.60 (RP-HPLC-RT correlation using short ODP column, Donovan & Pescatore 2002)
3.10 (literature derived value LDV, Muir et al. 2004)
Octanol/Air Partition Coefficient, log KOA:
9.37 (final adjust value FAV, Muir et al. 2004)
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
1.813 (log BF-bioaccumulation of algae, Ellgehausen et al. 1980)
0.733 (log BF-bioaccumulation of daphnids, Ellgehausen et al. 1980; quoted, Geyer et al. 1991)
0.851 (log BF-bioaccumulation of catfish, Ellgehausen et al. 1980)
1.26 (calculated-S, Kenaga 1980)
1.15 (catfish Ictalurus melas, wet wt basis, Wang et al. 1996)
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
2.15 (soil, calculated-S, Kenaga 1980)
2.26 (soil, screening model calculations, Jury et al. 1987b)
2.00, 2.15, 2.28, 2.30 (soil, quoted values, Bottoni & Funari 1992)
2.46, 2.46 (soil, quoted exptl., calculated-MCI . and fragment contribution, Meylan et al. 1992)
2.30 (20–25°C, selected, Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996)
2.08–2.49 (Montgomery 1993; Tomlin 1994)
2.46 (soil, calculated-MCI 1., Sabljic et al. 1995)
2.43 (soil, estimated-general model using molecular descriptors, Gramatica et al. 2000)
2.28, 2.19, 2.69 (soils: organic carbon OC . 0.1%, OC . 0.5%, 0.1 . OC < 0 .5%, average, Delle Site 2001)
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization:
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Herbicides 3593
Photolysis: under optimum exposure conditions to natural sunlight, t. ~ 8 d (Herbicide Handbook 1989).
Oxidation ; kOH = 5.6 . 10–11 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 at 298 K in gas phase with atmospheric lifetime of 0.9 h but
reduced to 0.4 h at 283 K; log kOH(aq.) = 1.2 . 1010 M–1 s–1 in aqueous phase (Feigenbrugel et al. 2004)
Hydrolysis: t. > 200 d at 20°C and 1 . pH . 9 (Montgomery 1993);
t.(calc) > 200 d (2 . pH . 10) (Tomlin 1994).
Biodegradation: overall degradation rate constant k = 0.0154 h–1 with t. = 45.0 h in sewage sludge and rate
constant k = 0.0460 d–1 with t. = 15.1 d in garden soil (Muller & Buser 1995).
Biotransformation:
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
k2 = 9.11 d–1 (catfish, Ellgehausen et al. 1980)
k1 = 0.336 h–1, k2 = 0.024 h–1 (catfish Ictalurus melas, Wang et al. 1996)
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Air:
Surface water:
Ground water: reported t. = 20, 30, 42, and 47–107 d (Bottoni & Funari 1992)
degradation time 500–1000 d (Tomlin 1994).
Sediment:
Soil: t. = 15–38 d in clay loam soils and t. = 33–100 d in sandy loam soils (Zimdahl & Clark 1982; quoted,
Montgomery 1993);
t. = 42 d from field t. = 3–4 wk by using lysimeters (Bowman 1990);
t.(calc) = 80, 99 and 142 d for the disappearance from upper 15 cm on an Ontario clay loam soil while the
decline was followed for 332, 364 and 370 d, respectively, in 1987, 1988 and 1989 (Frank et al. 1991);
t. ~ 6 d in soil (Worthing & Hance 1991; quoted, Montgomery 1993);
reported t. = 20, 30, 42, 47–107 d (Bottoni & Funari 1992)
field t. = 90 d at 20–25°C (selected, Wauchope et al. 1992; quoted, Richards & Baker 1993; Halfon et al.
1996; Hornsby et al. 1996);
soil t. = 40 d (Pait et al. 1992);
soil t. = 28–46 d (Di Guardo et al. 1994);
t. ~ 30 d (Tomlin 1994);
degradation t. = 15.1 d in garden soil (Muller & Buser 1995);
t. ~ 28.3 d under conventional tillage, t. ~ 25.61 d under ridge tillage and t. ~ 8.63 d with no tillage (Otto
et al. 1997).
Biota: t. = 1.15 d in catfish (Ellgehausen et al. 1980);
biochemical t. = 42 d from screening model calculations (Jury et al. 1987b).
TABLE 17.1.1.49.1
Reported Henry’s law constants of metolachlor at various temperatures
Feigenbrugel et al. 2004
gas stripping-GC/MS
t/°C H/(Pa m3/mol) t/°C H/(Pa m3/mol)
283.05 5.39 . 10!4 293.25 2.262 . 10!3
283.15 6.34 . 10!4 297.55 3.099 . 10!3
283.25 8.126 . 10!4 298.05 4.053 . 10!3
283.65 8.465 . 10!4 298.15 4.757 . 10!3
285.55 8.01 . 10!4 298.15 4.312 . 10!3
287.55 1.088 . 10!3 299.45 4.170 . 10!3
289.45 1.193 . 10!3
291.55 1.419 . 10!3 ln H.= A – B/(T/K)
293.05 2.702 . 10!3 H./(M/atm)
293.05 2.471 . 10!3 A !24.2298
293.15 2.282 .10!3 B 10200
293.15 2.227 .10!3
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3594 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
FIGURE 17.1.1.49.1 Logarithm of Henry’s law constant versus reciprocal temperature for metolachlor.
Metolachlor: Henry's law constant vs. 1/T
-9.0
-8.0
-7.0
-6.0
-5.0
-4.0
0.0032 0.0033 0.0034 0.0035 0.0036
1/(T/K)
m. aP( / H
nl
3
) l om/
Feigenbrugel et al. 2004
Rice et al. 1997b
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Herbicides 3595
17.1.1.50 Metribuzin
Common Name: Metribuzin
Synonym: Metribuzine, Lexone, Preview, Sencor, Sencoral, Sencorer, Sencorex
Chemical Name: 4-amino-6-(t-butyl)-3-(methylthio)-1,2,4-triazin-5-(4H)-one
CAS Registry No: 21087-64-9
Uses: herbicide
Molecular Formula: C8H14N4OS
Molecular Weight: 214.288
Melting Point (°C):
126 (Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C): 132.2 Pa (Tomlin 1994)
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
1.31 (Hartley & Kidd 1987; Montgomery 1993; Tomlin 1994)
1.28 (Herbicide Handbook 1989)
Dissociation Constant pKb:
13.0 (Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996)
1.0 (pKa, Montgomery 1993)
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 0.102 (mp at 126°C)
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C or as indicated):
1220 (Kenaga & Goring 1980; Kenaga 1980b; Verschueren 1983)
1200 (20°C, Spencer 1982; Worthing & Walker 1983, 1987; Hartley & Kidd 1987)
1220 (Herbicide Handbook 1989)
1050 (20°C, Montgomery 1993; Tomlin 1994)
1220 (20–25°C, selected, Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996)
1065 (20–25°C, reported as 4.97E + 01 mol/m3, Majewski & Capel 1995)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C or as indicated):
< 1.3 . 10–3 (20°C, Worthing 1983, 1987; Hartley & Kidd 1987; Tomlin 1994)
< 1.3 . 10–3; 2.67 . 10–2 (20°C; 60°C, Herbicide Handbook 1989)
5.8 . 10–5 (20°C, Montgomery 1993)
< 1.3 . 10–3 (20–25°C, Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996)
5.89 . 10–4 (20–25°C, Majewski & Capel 1995)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol at 25°C):
< 1.3 . 10–3 (Spencer 1982; Worthing 1987; Hartley & Kidd 1987)
1.21 . 10–5 (calculated-P/C, Montgomery 1993)
1.18 . 10–5 (calculated-P/C, Majewski & Capel 1995)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
1.60, 1.70 (quoted, Montgomery 1993)
1.58 (pH 5.6, Tomlin 1994)
1.70 (LOGPSTAR or CLOGP data, Sabljic et al. 1995)
N
N
N
NH2
O S
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3596 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
Octanol/Air Partition Coefficient, log KOA:
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF or log KB:
2.46, 1.48, < 1.30 (algae, activated sludge, fish in 3-d testing, Korte et al. 1978)
1.77, 1.75 (Chlorella, calculated-solubility, Geyer et al. 1981)
1.77, 1.48, 1.04 (algae, activated sludge, Golden orfe, Geyer et al. 1982)
1.04, 0.602 (calculated-solubility, calculated-KOW, Kenaga 1980a)
1.48, 1.78, 1.0 (activated sludge, algae, Golden ide, Freitag et al. 1985)
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
1.98 (soil, Kenaga & Goring 1980)
1.98; 1.94 (quoted, calculated-KOW, Kenaga 1980b)
0.954–2.72 (soil, literature range, Wauchope et al. 1992)
1.80 (soil, estimated, Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996)
1.94–1.98, 2.18 (soil, Bottoni & Funari 1992)
1.80–2.72 (soil, Montgomery 1993)
1.78 (soil, Senseman et al. 1997)
1.71 (soil, calculated-MCI 1., Sabljic et al. 1995)
1.71; 1.68, 1.33 (soil, quoted obs.; estimated-class-specific model, estimated-general model using molecular
descriptors, Gramatica et al. 2000)
2.05, 2.06, 2.04 (soils: organic carbon OC . 0.1%, OC . 0.5%, 0.1 . OC < 0.5%, average, Delle Site 2001)
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization:
Photolysis: photodecomposition in water is very rapid with t. < 1 d; on soil surface under natural sunlight
conditions, t. = 14–25 d (Tomlin 1994).
Oxidation:
Hydrolysis: t. ~ 1 wk in pond water (Hartley & Kidd 1987; Montgomery 1993).
Biodegradation: under goes microbial degradation in moist soil (Worthing 1987)
Biotransformation:
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Air:
Surface water: hydrolysis t. ~ 1 wk in pond water (Hartley & Kidd 1987; Montgomery 1993; Tomlin 1994);
stable to dilute acids and alkalis, t. = 6.7 h at pH 1.2 and 37°C; t. = 569 h at pH 4, t. = 47 d at pH 7 and
t. = 191 h at pH 9 for 70°C (Tomlin 1994).
Ground water: reported half-life or persistence t. = 4–25, 17–301 and 56 d (Bottoni & Funari 1992).
Sediment:
Soil: undergoes microbial degradation in moist soil (Worthing 1983, 1987);
half-life varies with soil types, t. ~ 90–115 d for Red River, Almasippi, and Stockton soils the 3 times this
period for Newdale soil for normal application rates (Verschueren 1983);
t. ~ 1–2 months in soil (Hartley & Kidd 1987; Tomlin 1994);
t. ~ 30–60 d in various soil types varies greatly with climatic conditions, during the growing season
(Herbicide Handbook 1989);
t. = 9–12 d irrespective of the number of previous treatments in the field; t. = 25–40 d irrespective of the
pretreatment history of the soil at 20°C in the laboratory (Walker & Welch 1992)
reported t. = 23–120 d and the recommended field t. = 40 d (Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996;
quoted, Senseman et al. 1997);
half-lives of in two surface soil microcosms under nitrate, t. = 157 d and non-nitrate, t. = 187 and 349 d
in reducing culture conditions at 16.4°C (Pavel et al. 1999).
Biota: in mammals, following oral administration, 90% elimination within 96 h (Hartley & Kidd 1987).
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Herbicides 3597
17.1.1.51 Molinate
Common Name: Molinate
Synonym: Felan, Higalnate, Hydram, Jalan, Molmate, Ordram, Stauffer R 4572, Sakkimok, Yalan, Yulan
Chemical Name: 1H-azepine-1-carbothioic acid, hexahydro, S-ethyl ester; ethyl 1-hexa-methyleneiminecarbothioate
Uses: selective herbicide to control the germination of annual grasses and broadleaf weeds in rice crops.
CAS Registry No: 2212-67-1
Molecular Formula: C9H17NOS
Molecular Weight: 187.302
Melting Point (°C): < 25 (Montgomery 1993)
Boiling Point (°C):
202 (at 10 mmHg, Hartley & Kidd 1987; Herbicide Handbook 1989; Worthing & Hance 1991; Milne
1995)
117 (at 10 mmHg, Montgomery 1993)
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
1.064 (Hartley & Kidd 1987)
1.0643 (Herbicide Handbook 1989; Montgomery 1993)
1.063 (Worthing & Hance 1991; Milne 1995)
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
220.6 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
176.1 (calculated-density)
Dissociation Constant pKa:
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 1.0
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C or as indicated):
880 (20°C, Weber 1972; Hartley & Kidd 1987; Worthing & Walker 1987; Worthing & Hance 1991)
800 (Martin & Worthing 1977)
800–912 (Weber et al. 1980)
912 (21°C, Spencer 1982)
800 (20°C, Herbicide Handbook 1983, 1989)
870 (Kanazawa 1989)
970 (20–25°C, selected, Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996; Armbrust 2000)
880 (20°C, Montgomery 1993; Tomlin 1994; Milne 1995)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C or as indicated):
0.748 (20°C, Weber 1972; Worthing & Walker 1987)
0.746 (20°C, Khan 1980)
0.185 (20°C, GC-RT correlation, Kim 1985)
0.413 (Seiber et al. 1986, 1989)
0.746 (Hartley & Kidd 1987; Montgomery 1993; Tomlin 1994)
0.746 (Herbicide Handbook 1989; Worthing & Hance 1991)
0.746 (20–25°C, selected, Wauchope et al. 1992)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol at 25°C or as indicated):
0.097 (calculated-P/C, Seiber et al. 1986, 1989)
0.314 (20°C, calculated-P/C, Suntio et al. 1988)
0.159 (20°C, calculated-P/C as per Worthing & Walker 1987;)
0.159 (20°C, calculated-P/C, Muir 1991)
N
S O
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3598 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
0.095 (20°C, calculated-P/C, Sagebiel et al. 1992)
0.460 (20°C, gas-stripping method, Sagebiel et al. 1992)
0.390 (20°C, headspace-GC method, Sagebiel et al. 1992)
0.162 (calculated-P/C, Montgomery 1993)
0.145 (calculated-P/C, this work)
0.132 (quoted lit., Armbrust 2000)
0.397 (20°C, selected from literature experimentally measured data, Staudinger & Roberts 2001)
log KAW = 6.527 – 3024/(T/K) (van’t Hoff eq. derived from literature data, Staudinger & Roberts 2001)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
3.21 (shake flask-GC, Kanazawa 1981)
2.88 (Worthing & Hance 1991; Tomlin 1994)
2.88 (Montgomery 1993)
3.13 (RP-HPLC-RT correlation, Saito et al. 1993)
3.26 (RP-HPLC-RT correlation, Sicbaldi & Finizio 1993)
3.21 (recommended, Sangster 1993)
2.88 (Milne 1995)
3.21 (recommended, Hansch et al. 1995)
3.25 (RP-HPLC-RT correlation, Finizio et al. 1997)
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
1.15 (calculated-S, Kenaga 1980; quoted, Pait et al. 1992)
1.41 (Peudorasbora parva, Kanazawa 1981)
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
2.04 (soil, calculated-S, Kenaga 1980)
1.92 (average of 2 soils, Kanazawa 1989)
1.92, 2.04 (soil, quoted values, Bottoni & Funari 1992)
1.92, 2.46 (soil, quoted exptl., calculated-MCI . and fragments contribution, Meylan et al. 1992)
2.28 (soil, 20–25°C, selected, Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996)
1.93–1.97 (Montgomery 1993)
2.28 (selected, Lohninger 1994)
1.92 (soil, calculated-MCI 1., Sabljic et al. 1995)
2.07 (soil, quoted lit., Armbrust 2000)
1.92; 2.31, 1.86 (soil, quoted exptl.; estimated-class specific model, estimated-general model using molecular
descriptors, Gramatica et al. 2000)
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization: k = 0.0150 h–1 (average of 2 runs, Seiber et al. 1986); 1.1 kg ha–1 (1st 4 day) from flooded rice
fields (Seiber et al. 1986; Seiber & McChesney 1987);
estimated t. = 43 d from 1 m depth of water at 20°C (Muir 1991).
Photolysis: t. = 7–10 d for 8–10 µg mL–1 to degrade in distilled water under > 290 nm light (Soderquist et al.
1977; quoted, Cessna & Muir 1991);
t. = 96 h for < 5% of 0.2 µg mL–1 to degrade in distilled water under sunlight (Deuel et al. 1978; quoted,
Cessna & Muir 1991);
t. = 245 h for 2–54% of 10 µg mL–1 to degrade in distilled water under sunlight (Draper & Crosby 1984;
quoted, Cessna & Muir 1991).
Oxidation: calculated life-time of 6 h for the vapor-phase reaction with OH radicals in the troposphere (Atkinson
et al. 1992; Kwok et al. 1992);
measured rate constant for reaction with hydroxyl radical, k(aq.) = 0.85 . 109 M–1·s–1 in irradiated field
water both in the laboratory and sunlit rice paddies (Mabury & Crosby 1996);
measured hydroxy radical reaction rate constant for molinate k = 7.7 . 1012 M–1 h–1 (Armbrust 2000).
Hydrolysis: t. > 10 d in aqueous buffer at pH 5–9 in the dark (Soderquist et al. 1977; quoted, Muir 1991); stable
aqueous hydrolysis rate at pH 5, 7, 9 (Armbrust 2000).
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Herbicides 3599
Biodegradation: t. ~16 d for 0.2 µg mL–1 to biodegrade in flooded soils (Deuel et al. 1978; quoted, Muir 1991);
t. = 10 wk for 4.2 µg mL–1 to biodegrade in flooded soil and t. < 2 wk in water both at 21–26°C (Thomas &
Holt 1980; quoted, Muir 1991);
aerobic rate constant, k = 2.22 . 10–3 h–1 (Armbrust 2000).
Biotransformation:
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Air: calculated lifetime of 6 h for the vapor-phase reaction with OH radicals in the troposphere (Atkinson et al.
1992; Kwok et al. 1992).
Surface water: t. = 84 h from dissipation from flooded rice fields (Seiber & McChesney 1987; quoted, Seiber
et al. 1989).
Ground water: reported half-lives or persistence, t. = 3–14, 8–25 and 40–160 d (Bottoni & Funari 1992)
Sediment:
Soil: persistence of 2 months in soil (Wauchope 1978);
t. ~ 3 wk in moist loam soils at 21–27°C (Herbicide Handbook 1989);
selected field t. = 21 d (Wauchope et al. 1992; quoted, Halfon et al. 1996; Hornsby et al. 1996);
soil t. = 21 d (Pait et al. 1992);
reported t. = 3–14 d, 8–25 d and 40–160 d (Bottoni & Funari 1992).
Biota:
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3600 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
17.1.1.52 Monolinuron
Common Name: Monolinuron
Synonym: Afesin, Aresin, Arresin, Hoe 02747
Chemical Name: 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-methoxy-1-methylurea; N.-(4-chlorophenyl)-N-methoxy-N-methylurea
Uses: herbicide for pre- or post-emergence control of annual broadleaf weeds and annual grasses in asparagus, berry
fruit, cereals, maize, field beans, vines, leeks, onions, potatoes, herbs, lucerne, flowers, ornamental shrubs and
trees, etc.
CAS Registry No: 1746-81-2
Molecular Formula: C9H11ClN2O2
Molecular Weight: 214.648
Melting Point (°C):
77 (Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
224.0 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Dissociation Constant pKa:
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 0.309 (mp at 77°C)
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C or as indicated):
735 (20°C, Melnikov 1971)
735 (Spencer 1973, 1982)
580 (Martin & Worthing 1977; Khan 1980)
735 (Worthing & Walker 1983, 1987, Hartley & Kidd 1987; Worthing & Hance 1991; Tomlin 1994)
735 (20–25°C, selected, Augustijn-Beckers et al. 1994; Hornsby et al. 1996)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C or as indicated):
0.02 (22°C, Khan 1980; Hartley & Kidd 1987)
0.0015 (20°C, Spencer 1982)
6.40 (65°C, Worthing & Hance 1991)
0.02 (20–25°C, selected, Augustijn-Beckers et al. 1994; Hornsby et al. 1996)
0.0013, 0.10 (20°C, 50°C, Tomlin 1994)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol at 25°C):
0.0058 (calculated-P/C, this work)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
1.60 (Briggs 1969)
2.30 (shake flask-UV, Briggs 1981)
1.60 (selected, Dao et al. 1983)
1.99 (RP-HPLC-k. correlation, Braumann et al. 1983)
2.22 (shake flask, Mitsutake et al.1986)
2.20 (Worthing & Hance 1991; Tomlin 1994)
2.16 (RP-HPLC-RT correlation, Sicbaldi & Finizio 1993)
2.30 (recommended, Sangster 1993)
2.30 (recommended, Hansch et al. 1995)
2.31 (Pomona-database, Muller & Kordel 1996)
HN
N
O
O
Cl
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Herbicides 3601
2.16 (RP-HPLC-RT correlation, Finizio et al. 1997)
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
1.23; 1.00 (calculated-S, calculated-KOC, Kenaga 1980)
1.85 (activated sludge, Freitag et al. 1982, 1984, 1985)
1.52, < 1.0 (algae, golden orfe, Freitag et al. 1982)
1.60, 1.30 (algae, golden ide, Freitag et al. 1985)
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
2.30 (soil, Hamaker & Thompson 1972)
2.11 (soil, calculated-S as per Kenaga & Goring 1980, Kenaga 1980)
1.60 (reported as log KOM, Briggs 1981)
2.36, 2.08, 1.21 (estimated-S, calculated-S and mp, calculated-KOW, Karickhoff 1981)
2.40–2.70 (soil, Worthing & Hance 1991)
2.26–2.30, 2.40–2.70 (soil, quoted values, Bottoni & Funari 1992)
1.78 (soil, HPLC-screening method, mean value of different stationary and mobile phases, Kordel et al.
1993, 1995b)
2.30 (20–25°C, estimated, Augustijn-Beckers et al. 1994; Hornsby et al. 1996)
2.10 (soil, calculated-MCI 1., Sabljic et al. 1995)
1.78; 2.33 (HPLC-screening method; calculated-PCKOC fragment method, Muller & Kordel 1996)
2.44, 1.50, 1.71, 1.754, 2.45 (first generation Eurosoils ES-1, ES2, ES-3, ES-4, ES-5, shake flask/batch equilibrium-
HPLC/UV, Gawlik et al. 1998, 1999)
2.05, 1.72, 1.695, 1.825, 2.407 (second generation Eurosoils ES-1, ES2, ES-3, ES-4, ES-5, shake flask/batch
equilibrium-HPLC/UV, Gawlik et al. 1999)
2.050, 1.721, 1.695, 1.825, 2.407 (second generation Eurosoils ES-1, ES-2, ES-3, ES-4, ES-5, shake flask-batch
equilibrium-HPLC/UV and HPLC-k. correlation, Gawlik et al. 2000)
2.10; 2.04, 2.31 (soil, quoted obs.; estimated-class-specific model, estimated-general model using molecular
descriptors, Gramatica et al. 2000)
1.88, 1.88 (soils: organic carbon OC . 0.1%, OC . 0.5%, average, Delle Site 2001)
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Photolysis: t. = 23 h for 66% of 286 µg/mL to degrade in distilled water under > 300 nm light (Kotzias et al.
1974; quoted, Cessna & Muir 1991).
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Air:
Surface water:
Ground water: reported half-lives or persistence, t. = 45–60 d (Bottoni & Funari 1992)
Sediment:
Soil: reported t. = 45–60 d (Worthing & Hance 1991);
estimated field t. = 60 d (Augustijn-Beckers et al. 1994; Hornsby et al. 1996).
Biota:
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3602 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
17.1.1.53 Monuron
Common Name: Monuron
Synonym: Chlorfenidim, CMU, Karmex, Lirobetarex, Monurex, Monurox, Rosuran, Telvar, Urox
Chemical Name: N.-(4-chlorophenyl)-N-N-dimethylurea; 1,1-dimethyl-3-(p-chlorophenyl)urea
Uses: herbicide; also as sugar cane flowering suppressant.
CAS Registry No: 150-68-5
Molecular Formula: C9H11ClN2O
Molecular Weight: 198.648
Melting Point (°C):
170.5 (Kuhne et al. 1995; Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
185–200 (decomposes, Montgomery 1993)
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
1.27 (Spencer 1982; Hartley & Kidd 1987; Montgomery 1993)
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
202.9 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
173.0 (modified Le Bas method, Spurlock & Biggar 1994a)
Dissociation Constant pKa:
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 0.0374 (mp at 170.5°C)
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C or as indicated):
203 (Freed 1966)
230 (Gunther et al. 1968; Sanborn et al. 1977; Khan 1980; Ashton & Crafts 1981)
262 (shake flask-UV, Hurle & Freed 1972)
230 (20°C, Weber 1972; Worthing & Walker 1987)
230 (Martin & Worthing 1977; Hartley & Kidd 1987)
200 (shake flask-HPLC, Ellgehausen et al. 1981)
200 (20°C, selected, Suntio et al. 1988)
275 (Spurlock 1992; Spurlock & Biggar 1994b)
230 (at pH 6.26, Montgomery 1993)
230 (20–25°C, selected, Augustijn-Beckers et al. 1994; Hornsby et al. 1996)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C or as indicated and reported temperature dependence equations. Additional data at other
temperatures designated * are compiled at the end of this section):
7.60 . 10–5, 1.2 . 10–5 (25, 27°C, Nex & Swezey 1954)
6.67 . 10–5 (Bailey & White 1965)
6.72 . 10–5 (20°C, Weber 1972; Worthing & Walker 1987)
6.67 . 10–5 (Ashton & Crafts 1973, 1981; Khan 1980)
5.33 . 10–5* (30.35°C, Knudsen effusion, measured range 303.5–379.1 K, Wiedemann 1972)
log (P/mmHg) = 13.3052 – 5988.39/(T/K); temp range 303.5–379.1 K (Antoine eq., effusion, Wiedemann 1972)
6.70 . 10–5 (OECD 1981)
2.30 . 10–5 (calculated, Jury et al. 1983)
6.00 . 10–5 (Hartley & Kidd 1987)
6.67 . 10–5 (Budavari 1989)
2.30 . 10–5 (selected, Taylor & Spencer 1990)
6.00 . 10–5 (20°C, Montgomery 1993)
6.67 . 10–5 (20–25°C, selected, Augustijn-Beckers et al. 1994; Hornsby et al. 1996)
HN
N
O
Cl
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Herbicides 3603
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol at 25°C or as indicated):
5.80 . 10–5 (20°C, volatilization rate, Burkhard & Guth 1981)
1.88 . 10–5 (calculated-P/C, Jury et al. 1984, 1987a; Jury & Ghodrati 1989)
3.00 . 10–3 (20°C, calculated-P/C, Suntio et al. 1988)
1.91 . 10–5 (calculated-P/C, Taylor & Glotfelty 1988)
5.60 . 10–5 (20°C, calculated-P/C, Muir 1991)
3.00 . 10–3 (20°C, calculated-P/C, Montgomery 1993)
6.60 . 10–5 (calculated-P/C, this work)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
1.46 (Briggs 1969)
1.66 (calculated-fragment const., Rekker 1977)
1.80 (shake flask-UV, Erkell & Walum 1979)
2.08 (selected, Ellgehausen et al. 1980; Geyer et al. 1991)
2.12 (Rao & Davidson 1980)
1.98 (shake flask-UV, Briggs 1981)
2.08 (shake flask, Ellgehausen et al. 1980)
1.66 (shake flask, Ellgehausen et al. 1981)
1.86 (selected, Dao et al. 1983; Gerstl & Helling 1987)
1.91 (RP-HPLC-k. correlation Braumann et al. 1983)
1.80 (selected, Suntio et al. 1988)
2.12 (shake flask-HPLC, Spurlock 1992; Spurlock & Biggar 1994b)
1.46, 2.12 (Montgomery 1993)
1.86 (RP-HPLC-RT correlation, Sicbaldi & Finizio 1993)
1.94 (recommended, Sangster 1993)
1.89; 1.88 (shake flask-UV; RP-HPLC-k. correlation, Liu & Qian 1995)
1.94 (recommended, Hansch et al. 1995)
1.99 (Pomona-database, Muller & Kordel 1996)
1.86 (RP-HPLC-RT correlation, Finizio et al. 1997)
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
1.786 (log BF bioaccumulation factor for algae, Ellgehausen et al. 1980)
0.32 (log BF bioaccumulation factor for daphnids, Ellgehausen et al. 1980)
0.245 (log BF bioaccumulation factor for daphnids, Ellgehausen et al. 1980)
1.46 (calculated-S, Kenaga 1980)
0.699 (calculated-KOC, Kenaga 1980)
0.0 (Triaenodes tardus, Belluck & Felsot 1981)
1.58, 1.67 (cuticle/water: tomato, pepper; Evelyne et al. 1992)
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
2.00 (soil, Hamaker & Thompson 1972)
2.34 (soil, calculated-S as per Kenaga & Goring 1980, Kenaga 1980)
2.26 (av. of 18 soils, Rao & Davidson 1980)
1.70 (soil, converted from reported KOM, multiplied by 1,724, Briggs 1981)
2.58, 1.51 (estimated-S, calculated-S and mp, Karickhoff 1981)
1.07, 1.73 2.58 (estimated-KOW, Karickhoff 1981)
2.03, 1.85; 2.17, 1.52 (estimated-KOWs; solubilities, Madhun et al. 1986)
1.99; 2.12 (quoted; calculated-MCI ., Gerstl & Helling 1987)
2.26 (screening model calculations, Jury et al. 1987a,b; Jury & Ghoodrati 1989)
1.99, 2.33 (Montgomery 1993)
2.18 (20–25°C, estimated, Augustijn-Beckers et al. 1994; Hornsby et al. 1996)
1.99 (soil, HPLC-screening method, mean value from different stationary and mobile phases, Kordel et
al. 1993, 1995a,b)
2.29 (calculated-KOW, Liu & Qian 1995)
1.95 (soil, calculated-MCI 1., Sabljic et al. 1995)
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3604 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
1.99; 1.92 (HPLC-screening method; calculated-PCKOC fragment method, Muller & Kordel 1996)
2.58, 1.77, 1.85, 1.77, 2.41 (first generation Eurosoils ES-1, ES2, ES-3, ES-4, ES-5, shake flask/batch equilibrium-
HPLC/UV, Gawlik et al. 1998, 1999)
2.14, 2.018, 1.79, 1.764, 2.243 (second generation Eurosoils ES-1, ES2, ES-3, ES-4, ES-5, shake flask/batch
equilibrium-HPLC/UV, Gawlik et al. 1999)
2.141, 2.018, 1.793, 1.764, 2.243 (second generation Eurosoils ES-1, ES-2, ES-3, ES-4, ES-5, shake flask/batch
equilibrium-HPLC/UV and HPLC-k. correlation, Gawlik et al. 2000)
1.95; 1.96, 2.13 (soil, quoted obs.; estimated-class-specific model, estimated-general model using molecular
descriptors, Gramatica et al. 2000)
1.80, 1.80 (soils: organic carbon OC . 0.1%, OC . 0.5%, average, Delle Site 2001)
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization:
Photolysis: t. = 14 d for 6% of 200 µg mL–1 to degrade in distilled water under sunlight (Crosby & Tang 1969;
quoted, Cessna & Muir 1991);
t. = 2.25 h for 44% of 200 µg mL–1 to degrade in distilled water under 300 nm light (Tanaka et al. 1977;
quoted, Cessna & Muir 1991);
t. = 2.25 s for 75% of 100 µg mL–1 to degrade in 0.2% Triton X-100 aqueous solution under 300 nm light
(Tanaka et al. 1981; quoted, Cessna & Muir 1991);
t. = 2.25 h for > 70% of 200 µg mL–1 to degrade in aqueous solutions of nonionic surfactants at concns. in
excess of critical micelle concn. under 300 nm light (Tanaka et al. 1979; quoted, Cessna & Muir 1991);
t. = 45 h for 69% of 165 µg mL–1 to degrade in distilled water under > 280 nm light (Tanaka et al. 1982;
quoted, Cessna & Muir 1991).
Oxidation:
Hydrolysis: t. > 4 months for 3974 µg mL–1 to hydrolyze in phosphate buffer at pH 5–9 and 20°C (El-Dib &
Aly 1976; quoted, Muir 1991).
Biodegradation: aerobic t. . 7 d for 0.01 µg mL–1 to biodegrade in river water (Eichelberger & Lichtenberg
1971; quoted, Muir 1991);
t. = 166 d for a 100 d leaching and screening test in 0–10 cm depth of soil (Jury et al. 1983, 1984, 1987a,b;
Jury & Ghodrati 1989);
aerobic t. . 10–15 d for 0.0005–10 µg mL–1 to biodegrade in filtered sewage water at 20°C (Wang et al.
1985; quoted, Muir 1991).
Biotransformation:
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
k2 = 21.05 d–1 (catfish, Ellgehausen et al. 1980)
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Air:
Surface water: persistence of up to 8 wk in river water (Eichelberger & Lichtenberg 1971).
Ground water:
Sediment:
Soil: t. = 5.0 months at 15°C and 4.1 months at 30°C in soils (Freed & Haque 1973);
reported t. = 166 d from screening model calculations (Jury et al. 1987a,b; Jury & Ghodrati 1989; quoted,
Montgomery 1993);
estimated field t. = 170 d (Augustijn-Beckers et al. 1994; Hornsby et al. 1996).
Biota: t. = 0.45 d in catfish (Ellgehausen et al. 1980);
biochemical t. = 166 d from screening model calculations (Jury et al. 1987a,b; Jury & Ghodrati 1989).
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Herbicides 3605
TABLE 17.1.1.53.1
Reported vapor pressures of monuron at various temperatures
Wiedemann 1972
Knudsen effusion
T/K P/Pa T/K P/Pa
303.5 5.33 . 10!5 358.7 0.0536
316.0 2.44 . 10!4 360.2 0.0561
329.8 2.16 . 10!3 379.1 0.399
330.6 1.53 . 10!3
330.6 2.22 . 10!3 log P = A – B/(T/K)
338.8 7.05 . 10!3 P/mmHg
341.4 9.45 . 10!3 A 13.3952
345.7 0.0105 B 5988.39
349.5 0.0204
357.0 0.0529 .Hsubl/(kJ mol–1) = 114.6
FIGURE 17.1.1.53.1 Logarithm of vapor pressure versus reciprocal temperature for monuron.
Monuron: vapor pressure vs. 1/T
-6.0
-5.0
-4.0
-3.0
-2.0
-1.0
0.0
1.0
2.0
0.0022 0.0024 0.0026 0.0028 0.003 0.0032 0.0034 0.0036
1/(T/K)
P( gol
S
) aP/
Wiedemann 1972
m.p. = 170.5 °C
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3606 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
17.1.1.54 Napropamide
Common Name: Napropamide
Synonym: Devrinol
Chemical Name: 2-(.-naphthloxy)-N,N-diethylpropionamide
CAS Registry No: 15299-99-7
Uses: herbicide
Molecular Formula: C17H21NO2
Molecular Weight: 271.355
Melting Point (°C):
75 (Worthing & Walker 1987; Lide 2003)
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
Dissociation Constant pKa:
2.93 (Woodburn et al. 1993)
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 0.323 (mp at 75°C)
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C or as indicated):
69 (shake flask-LSC or GC, Gerstl & Mingelgrin 1984)
73 (20°C, Spencer 1982; Hartley & Kidd 1987; Worthing & Walker 1987; Herbicide Handbook 1989;
Montgomery 1993; Tomlin 1994)
74 (20–25°C, selected, Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C or as indicated):
2.67 . 10–4 (Spencer 1982)
5.3 . 10–4 (Herbicide Handbook 1989)
5.3 . 10–4 (Hartley & Kidd 1987; Worthing & Walker 1987; Montgomery 1993; Tomlin 1994)
2.27 . 10–5 (20–25°C, selected, Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996)
1.67 . 10–3 (20–25°C, Majewski & Capel 1995)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol at 25°C or as indicated):
0.00294 (calculated-P/C, Montgomery 1993)
0.00197 (20–25°C, Majewski & Capel 1995)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
3.08 (shake flask-GC or LSC, Gerstl & Mingelgrin 1984)
3.36 (Montgomery 1993)
3.30 (Tomlin 1994)
3.36 (recommended, Hansch et al. 1995)
Octanol/Air Partition Coefficient, log KOA:
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF or log KB:
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
2.04–3.09 (various soils, Mingelgrin & Gestl 1983)
2.82, 3.56 (soil: quoted, calculated-MCI ., Gerstl & Helling 1987)
O
N
O
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Herbicides 3607
2.62 (soil, average of log KOC values, Gerstl 1990)
3.52–4.29; 3.72 at pH 2, 3.35 at pH 6 (Dead sea sediment, Gestl & Kilger 1990)
2.62–3.54; 3.54 at pH 2, 3.40 at pH 6 (Kinnert F sediment, Gestl & Kilger 1990)
2.71–3.62; 3.62 at pH 2, 3.27 at pH 6 (Kinnert G sediment, Gestl & Kilger 1990)
2.40–3.31; 3.31 at pH 2, 3.20 at pH 5 (Oxford soil, Gestl & Kilger 1990)
2.39–3.15; 3.15 at pH 2, 2.88 at pH 6 (Malkiya soil, Gestl & Kilger 1990)
2.28–3.29; 3.29 at pH 2, 3.09 at pH 5 (Neve Ya’ar soil, Gestl & Kilger 1990)
2.85 (soil, Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996)
2.29–3.99 (soil/sediment, literature range, Montgomery 1993)
2.83 (soil, Montgomery 1993)
2.62 (soil, calculated-MCI ., Sabljic et al. 1995)
2.58, 2.58, 2.61 (soils: organic carbon OC . 0.1%, OC . 0.5%, 0.1 . OC < 0.5%, average, Delle Site 2001)
2.80 (sediment: organic carbon OC . 0.5%, average, Delle Site 2001)
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization: very little loss occurred by volatilization from soil surface (Herbicide Handbook 1989).
Photolysis: under condition of high sunlight intensity in the summer, t. ~ 4 d on the soil surface (Herbicide
Handbook 1989);
decomposed by sunlight, t. = 25.7 min. (Tomlin 1994).
Oxidation:
Hydrolysis: stable to hydrolysis between pH 4 and 10 at 40°C (Hartley & Kidd 1987; Worthing 1987; Tomlin
1994).
Biodegradation: slowly broken down by microorganisms in soil, in pure culture, a soil fungus metabolizes rapidly
with t. = 2 wk (Herbicide Handbook 1989).
Biotransformation: rapidly metabolized in plants to water-soluble metabolites (Tomlin 1994).
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Air:
Surface water:
Ground water: decomposed by sunlight, t. = 25.7 min. (Montgomery 1993; Tomlin 1994).
Sediment:
Soil: t. ~ 55 d in the plots treated for the first time whereas t. = 6–12 d in pre-treated plots that had previously
been sprayed with napropamide in the field; t. = 25–40 d irrespective of the pre-treatment history of the
soil in the laboratory at 20°C (Walker & Welch 1992)
t. ~ 8–12 wk (Hartley & Kidd 1987; Tomlin 1994);
field t. = 70 d (Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996);
moist loam or sandy-loam soils at 79–90°C, t. = 8–12 wk (Montgomery 1993).
Biota: rapidly metabolized in plants to water-soluble metabolites (Tomlin 1994).
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3608 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
17.1.1.55 Neburon
Common Name: Neburon
Synonym: Kloben, Neburea, Neburex
Chemical Name: 1-butyl-3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methylurea; N-butyl-N.(3,4-dichloro-phenyl)-N-methylurea
Uses: pre-emergence herbicide to control grasses and broadleaf weeds in peas, beans, lucerne, garlic, beets, cereals,
strawberries, ornamentals and forestry.
CAS Registry No: 555-37-3
Molecular Formula: C12H16Cl2N2O
Molecular Weight: 275.174
Melting Point (°C):
102–103 (Khan 1980; Spencer 1982; Worthing & Hance 1991; Tomlin 1994)
101.5–103 (Montgomery 1993)
Boiling Point (°C):
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
236.0 (modified Le Bas method at normal boiling point, Spurlock & Biggar 1994a)
Dissociation Constant pKa:
Enthalpy of Vaporization, .HV (kJ/mol):
96.91 (Rordorf 1989)
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
29.71 (DSC method, Plato & Glasgow 1969)
26.9 (Rordorf 1989)
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F:
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C or as indicated):
4.8 (24°C, Bailey & White 1965; Melnikov 1971)
4.8 (Martin & Worthing 1977)
4.8 (28°C, Khan 1980)
5.0 (Hartley & Kidd 1987; Tomlin 1994)
4.8 (24°C, Worthing & Walker 1987, Worthing & Hance 1991; Montgomery 1993)
5.2 (Spurlock 1992; Spurlock & Biggar 1994b)
5.0 (20–25°C, selected, Augustijn-Beckers et al. 1994; selected, Hornsby et al. 1996)
4.67, 9.99 (quoted, calculated-group contribution fragmentation method, Kuhne et al. 1995)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C or as indicated and reported temperature dependence equations):
6.30 . 10–6, 4.10 . 10–4, 0.015, 0.33, 4.90 (25, 50, 70, 100, 125°C, gas saturation-GC, Rordorf 1989)
log (PS/Pa) = 18.272 – 6999.1/(T/K); measured range 50–103°C (solid, gas saturation-GC, Rordorf 1989)
log (PL/Pa) = 13.285 – 5062.2/(T/K); measured range 105–140°C (liquid, gas saturation-GC, Rordorf 1989)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol at 25°C):
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
4.59 (selected, Dao et al. 1983; Gerstl & Helling 1987)
4.31 (RP-HPLC-k. correlation, Braumann et al. 1983)
4.22 (Spurlock 1992; Spurlock & Biggar 1994b)
3.80 (selected, Sangster 1993)
3.80 (calculated, Montgomery 1993)
HN
N
O
Cl
Cl
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Herbicides 3609
4.10 (shake flask-UV, Liu & Qian 1995)
3.99 (RP-HPLC-k. correlation, Liu & Qian 1995)
3.80 (recommended, Hansch et al. 1995)
3.40, 4.02, 4.13 (RP-HPLC-RT correlation, CLOGP, calculated-S, Finizio et al. 1997)
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
2.41 (calculated-S, Kenaga 1980; quoted, Isensee 1991)
1.85, 2.18 (calculated-S, KOC, Kenaga 1980)
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
3.36 (soil, Hamaker & Thompson 1972)
3.26, 2.72 (soil, calculated-S, Kenaga 1980)
3.49 (average of soils/sediments, Rao & Davidson 1980)
3.36, 3.23 (quoted, calculated-MCI ., Gerstl & Helling 1987)
2.95 (soil, calculated-. and fragment contribution, Meylan et al. 1992)
3.49 (Montgomery 1993)
3.40 (20–25°C, selected, Augustijn-Beckers et al. 1994; Hornsby et al. 1996)
3.40 (selected, Lohninger 1994)
3.60 (calculated-KOW, Liu & Qian 1995)
3.140 (soil, calculated-MCI 1., Sabljic et al. 1995)
3.40; 2.86, 2.69 (soil, quoted exptl.; estimated-class-specific model, estimated-general model using molecular
descriptors, Gramatica et al. 2000)
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Hydrolysis: t. > 4 months for 5500 µg/mL to hydrolyze in phosphate buffer at pH 5–9 and 20°C (El-dib & Aly
1976; quoted, Muir 1991).
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Soil: residual activity in soil is limited to approximately 3–4 months (Hartley & Kidd 1987; quoted, Montgomery
1993);
selected field t. = 120 d (Augustijn-Beckers et al. 1994; Hornsby et al. 1996).
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3610 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
17.1.1.56 Nitralin
Common Name: Nitralin
Synonym: Planavin
Chemical Name: 4-(methylsulfonyl)-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropylbenzamine
CAS Registry No: 4726-14-1
Uses: herbicide
Molecular Formula: C13H19N3O6S
Molecular Weight: 345.371
Melting Point (°C):
150 (Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C): 1.39 (Hartley & Kidd 1987)
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
Dissociation Constant pKa:
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 0.0594 (mp at 150°C)
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C):
0.60 (Melnikov 1971; Kenaga & Goring 1980; Kenaga 1980b; Isensee 1991)
0.60 (Ashton & Crafts 1981; Hartley & Kidd 1987; Worthing & Walker 1987)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C):
0.240 (Ashton & Crafts 1981)
2.0 . 10–5 (Hartley & Kidd 1987)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol):
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
6.73 (calculated-MCI ., Patil 1994)
2.81 (LOGPSTAR or CLOGP data, Sabljic et al. 1995)
Octanol/Air Partition Coefficient, log KOA:
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF or log KB:
2.90, 1.76 (calculated-solubility, KOW, Kenaga 1980b)
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
2.98 (Kenaga & Goring 1980)
3.76 (calculated, Kenaga 1980a)
2.92 (soil, calculated-MCI ., Sabljic et al. 1995)
2.92; 3.28 (soil, quoted obs.; estimated-general model using molecular descriptors, Gramatica et al. 2000)
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Biotransformation: Degradation by abiotic reductive transformations:
k = 3.44 M–1 s–1 in H2S with (mecapto)juglone (hydroquinone moiety, an abiotic reductant found in natural
systems) solution at pH 6.65 (Wang & Arnold 2003)
Aqueous solutions with surface-bound Fe(II) species and their furst-order rate constants as:
N
NO2 O2N
S O O
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Herbicides 3611
k = 0.44 . 10–3 h–1 at pH 6.5, k = 0.68 . 10–2 h–1 at pH 7.0, k = 0.133 h–1 at pH 7.4, and k = 1.96 h–1 at pH
7.8 for aqueous ferrous ion system;
k = 0.580 h–1 at pH 6.5, k = 1.15 h–1 at pH 6.7, k = 6.06 h–1 at pH 7.0, and k = 20.9 h–1 at pH 7.3 for
Fe(II)/goethite system;
k = 2.54 . 10–3 h–1 at pH 6.5, k = 1.83 . 10–3 h–1 at pH 7.0, k = 4.13 . 10–3 h–1 at pH 7.4 and k = 7.70 . 10–3 h–1
at pH 7.8 for Fe(II)/clay system, all with total dissolved Fe(II) = 1 mM(Wang & Arnold 2003)
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Air:
Surface water:
Ground water:
Sediment:
Soil: t. ~ 30–54 d in dry soil (Hartley & Kidd 1987)
Biota: in mammals, following oral administration, degradation and elimination occur within a few days (Hartley &
Kidd 1987).
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3612 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
17.1.1.57 Nitrofen
Common Name: Nitrofen
Synonym: nitrophen Tok, Tokkron
Chemical Name: 2,4-dichloro-1-(4-nitrophenoxy)benzene
CAS Registry No: 1836-75-5
Uses: herbicide
Molecular Formula: C12H7Cl2NO3
Molecular Weight: 284.095
Melting Point (°C):
70 (Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
180–190/0.25 mmHg (Hartley & Kidd 1987)
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
Dissociation Constant pKa:
Enthalpy of Vaporization, .HV (kJ/mol):
93.66 (Rordorf 1989)
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
22,7 (Rordorf 1989)
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 0.362 (mp at 70°C)
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C or as indicated):
1.0 (Kenaga 1980b)
~1.0 (Spencer 1982)
0.7–1.2 (22°C, Worthing 1987)
~1 (room temp., Hartley & Kidd 1987)
1.0 (20–25°C, selected, Augustijn-Beckers et al. 1994; Hornsby et a;. 1996)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C or as indicated and reported temperature dependence equations.):
1.07 . 10–3 (40°C, Spencer 1982)
1.06 . 10–3 (40°C, Worthing 1987; Hartley & Kidd 1987)
1.30 . 10–4, 4.50 . 10–3, 0.091, 1.20, 12.0 (25, 50, 70, 100, 125°C, gas saturation-GC, Rordorf 1989)
log (PS/Pa) = 15.867 – 5886.5/(T/K); measured range 50–70.2°C (solid, gas saturation-GC, Rordorf 1989)
log (PL/Pa) = 13.022 – 4892.8/(T/K); measured range 72.7–140°C (liquid, gas saturation-GC, Rordorf 1989)
1.33 . 10–5 (20–25°C, selected, Augustijn-Beckers et al. 1994; Hornsby et al. 1996)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol):
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
3.09 (Rao & Davidson 1980)
Octanol/Air Partition Coefficient, log KOA:
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF or log KB:
2.79 (fish, Kenaga 1980b)
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
3.64 (soil, calculated, Kenaga 1980b)
3.01, 3.64, 4.18, 4.05 (quoted literature values, Augustijn-Beckers et al. 1994)
4.0 (soil, Augustijn-Beckers et al. 1994; Hornsby et al. 1996)
O O2N Cl
Cl
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Herbicides 3613
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Soil: reported field t. = 3 to 25 d and the recommended field t. = 30 d (Augustijn-Beckers et al. 1994; Hornsby
et al. 1996).
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3614 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
17.1.1.58 Norflurazon
Common Name: Norflurazon
Synonym: Zorial, Solicam, Evital, Telok
Chemical Name: 4-chloro-5-(methylamino)-2[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-(2H)-pyridazinone
CAS Registry No: 27314-13-2
Uses: herbicide
Molecular Formula: C12H9ClF3N3O
Molecular Weight: 303.666
Melting Point (°C):
184 (Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
Dissociation Constant pKa:
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 0.0275 (mp at 184°C)
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C or as indicated):
28 (Kenaga & Goring 1980; Kenaga 1980b; Gerstl & Helling 1987; Isensee 1991)
28 (Ashton & Crafts 1981; Worthing & Walker 1987; Herbicide Handbook 1989; Tomlin 1994)
40 (Spencer 1982)
28 (23°C, Hartley & Kidd 1987)
28 (20–25°C, selected, Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996; quoted, Senseman et al. 1997)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C or as indicated):
2.7 . 10–6 (20°C, Ashton & Crafts 1981; Spencer 1982)
2.8 . 10–6 (20°C, Worthing & Walker 1987; Tomlin 1994)
2.7 . 10–6, 3.3 . 10–5, 3.3 . 10–4, 1.6 . 10–3, 1.3 . 10–2 (20, 40, 60, 80, 100°C, Herbicide Handbook 1989)
9.24 . 10–5 (20–25°C, Majewski & Capel 1995)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol at 25°C or as indicated):
3.04 . 10–5 (20–25°C, Majewski & Capel 1995)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
2.30 (22°C, shake flask-UV, Braumann & Grimme 1981)
2.52 (shake flask, Takahashi et al. 1993)
2.45 (pH 6.5, Tomlin 1994)
2.30 (recommended, Hansch et al. 1995)
2.30 (LOGPSTAR or CLOGP data, Sabljic et al. 1995)
2.60 (RP-HPLC-RT correlation using short ODP column, Donovan & Pescatore 2002)
Octanol/Air Partition Coefficient, log KOA:
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF or log KB:
1.97 (fish, calculated-solubility, Kenaga 1980b; Isensee 1991)
N
N
Cl
HN
O
F
F
F
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Herbicides 3615
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
3.28 (soil, Kenaga & Goring 1980)
2.85 (calculated-solubility, Kenaga 1980b)
3.28, 3.07 (soil: quoted, calculated-MCI ., Gerstl & Helling 1987)
2.85 (soil, Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996)
3.02, 2.64, 3.02, 2.46 2.59 (sandy loam, Mississippi loam, Mississippi sediment, Keaton sandy loam, Biggs clay,
Tomlin 1994)
3.75 (calculated-MCI ., Meylan et al. 1992)
3.28 (soil, calculated-MCI ., Sabljic et al. 1995)
2.78 (soil, Senseman et al. 1997)
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization: dissipated in soil by photodegradation and volatilization, t. = 45–180 d (Tomlin 1994)
Photolysis: rapidly degraded by sunlight (Worthing 1987; Tomlin 1994)
dissipated in soil by photodegradation and volatilization, t. = 45–180 d (Tomlin 1994)
Oxidation:
Hydrolysis:
Biodegradation:
Biotransformation:
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Air:
Surface water: t. = 3.4 and 1.9 d reported in the absence and presence of 20 ppm H2O2 (quoted, Massad et al. 2004)
Ground water:
Sediment:
Soil: the average t. = 45–130 d residues in soil from the Delta and Southeast depending on clay and organic
content (Herbicide Handbook 1989)
field t. ~ 30 d (estimated, Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996)
dissipated in soil by photodegradation and volatilization, t. = 45–180 d (Tomlin 1994)
soil t. = 90 d (Senseman et al. 1997)
Biota:
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3616 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
17.1.1.59 Oryzalin
Common Name: Oryzalin
Synonym: Dirimal, EL 119, Rycelan, Rycelon, Ryzelan, Surflan
Chemical Name: 4-(dipropylamino)-3,5-dinitrobenzene-sulfonamide; 3,5-dinitro-N4, N4-dipropylsulfanilamide
Uses: herbicide for pre-emergence control of many annual grasses and broadleaf weeds in cotton, fruit trees, vines, nut
trees, soybeans, groundnuts, oilseed rape, sunflowers, lucerne, peas, sweet potatoes, mint, ornamentals and also
used in noncrop areas.
CAS Registry No: 19044-88-3
Molecular Formula: C12H18N4O6S
Molecular Weight: 346.359
Melting Point (°C):
141 (Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C): 265 (dec. Tomlin 1994)
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
351.1 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Dissociation Constant pKa:
9.40 (Worthing & Hance 1991; Tomlin 1994)
8.60 (Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996)
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 0.0728 (mp at 141°C)
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C or as indicated):
2.4 (Martin & Worthing 1977; Spencer 1982; Ashton & Crafts 1981)
2.6 (Weber et al. 1980)
2.5 (Hartley & Kidd 1987; Budavari 1989; Milne 1995)
2.4 (Worthing & Walker 1987, Worthing & Hance 1991)
2.6 (Herbicide Handbook 1989; Tomlin 1994)
2.5 (20–25°C, selected, Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996)
3.5 (calculated-group contribution fragmentation method, Kuhne et al. 1995)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C or as indicated):
< 1.33 . 10–5 (30°C, Ashton & Crafts 1981)
< 1.30 . 10–5 (30°C, Hartley & Kidd 1987)
< 1.33 . 10–6 (Herbicide Handbook 1989; Tomlin 1994)
< 1.33 . 10–5 (30°C, Budavari 1989)
< 1.30 . 10–6 (Worthing & Hance 1991)
< 1.30 . 10–6 (20–25°C, selected, Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol at 25°C):
0.000188 (calculated-P/C, this work)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
4.13 (selected, Dao et al. 1983)
3.73 (Worthing & Hance 1991)
N
NO2 O2N
S O O
NH2
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Herbicides 3617
3.72 (pH 7, Tomlin 1994)
3.73 (Milne 1995)
3.73 (selected, Hansch et al. 1995)
2.79 (MedChem master file or ClogP program, Sabljic et al. 1995)
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
2.58 (calculated-S, Kenaga 1980)
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
3.43 (soil, calculated-S, Kenaga 1980)
2.78 (soil, 20–25°C, selected, Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996)
2.78 (estimated-chemical structure, Lohninger 1994)
2.85–3.04 (Tomlin 1994)
3.40 (quoted or calculated-QSAR MCI 1., Sabljic et al. 1995)
3.40; 3.18 (soil, quoted obs.; estimated-general model using molecular descriptors, Gramatica et al. 2000)
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Biodegradation: in soil, microbial degradation occurs rapidly, t. = 2.1 months for aerobic and t. = 10 d for
anaerobic metabolism (Tomlin 1994).
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Soil: selected field t. = 20 d (Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996);
t. = 2.1 months for aerobic degradation and t. = 10 d for anaerobic degradation (Tomlin 1994).
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3618 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
17.1.1.60 Pebulate
Common Name: Pebulate
Synonym: PEBC, R-2061, Stauffer 2061, Tillam, Timmam-6-E
Chemical Name: S-propyl butylethyl(thiocarbamate); S-propyl butylethylcarbamothioate
Uses: selective pre-emergence herbicide to control annual grasses and broadleaf weeds in tomatoes, sugar beet, and
tobacco.
CAS Registry No: 1114-71-2
Molecular Formula: C10H21NOS
Molecular Weight: 203.345
Melting Point (°C): liquid
Boiling Point (°C):
142 (at 20 mmHg, Hartley & Kidd 1987; Budavari 1989; Montgomery 1993; Milne 1995)
142 (at 21 mmHg, Herbicide Handbook 1989)
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
0.956 (Hartley & Kidd 1987; Worthing & Hance 1991; Tomlin 1994; Milne 1995)
0.9555 (Herbicide Handbook 1989; Montgomery 1993)
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
258.7 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Dissociation Constant pKa:
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 1.0
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C or as indicated):
92 (21°C, Woodford & Evans 1963)
92 (21°C, Spencer 1973, 1982)
60 (Herbicide Handbook 1978, 1989; quoted, Kenaga 1980; Kenaga & Goring 1980)
60 (Ashton & Crafts 1973, 1981)
60 (20°C, Khan 1980; Hartley & Kidd 1987; Tomlin 1994; Montgomery 1993; Milne 1995)
60 (20°C, Worthing & Walker 1987, Worthing & Hance 1991)
100 (20–25°C, selected, Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C or as indicated):
4.67 (Ashton & Crafts 1973, 1981; Herbicide Handbook 1989)
3.60 (20°C, Hartley& Graham-Bryce 1980)
9.06 (30°C, Khan 1980)
0.216 (20°C, GC-RT correlation, Kim 1985)
9.00 (30°C, Hartley & Kidd 1987; Tomlin 1994)
3.50 (20°C, selected, Suntio et al. 1988)
4.70 (Worthing & Hance 1991; Tomlin 1994)
1.186 (20–25°C, selected, Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996)
9.064 (20°C, Montgomery 1993)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol at 25°C or as indicated):
11.67 (20°C, calculated-P/C, Suntio et al. 1988)
11.65 (20°C, calculated-P/C, Montgomery 1993)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
3.78 (selected, Magee 1991)
3.84 (Worthing & Hance 1991; Montgomery 1993; Milne 1995)
S N
O
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Herbicides 3619
3.83 (Tomlin 1994)
3.84 (selected, Hansch et al. 1995)
4.19, 3.74, 3.27 (RP-HPLC, CLOGP, calculated-S, Finizio et al. 1997)
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
1.79 (calculated-S, Kenaga 1980)
1.54 (calculated-KOC, Kenaga 1980)
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
2.80 (soil, Hamaker & Thompson 1972)
2.66 (soil, calculated-S as per Kenaga & Goring 1980, Kenaga 1980)
2.80 (reported as log KOM, Magee 1991)
2.65 (estimated as log KOM, Magee 1991)
2.63 (soil, 20–25°C, selected, Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996)
2.80 (Montgomery 1993)
2.63 (selected, Lohninger 1994)
2.80 (quoted or calculated-QSAR MCI 1., Sabljic et al. 1995)
2.48, 2.10 (soil, estimated-class-specific model, estimated-general model using molecular descriptors,
Gramatica et al. 2000)
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Biodegradation: in soil, microbial degradation t. = 2–3 wk (Tomlin 1994).
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Air:
Surface water: t. = 11 d, at pH 4 and pH 10, t. = 12 d at pH 7 (40°C, Tomlin 1994).
Ground water:
Sediment:
Soil: t. ~ 2 wk in moist loam soil at 21–27°C (Herbicide Handbook 1989; Montgomery 1993);
selected field t. = 14 d (Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996);
t. = 2–3 wk (Tomlin 1994);.
Biota:
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3620 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
17.1.1.61 Pendimethalin
Common Name: Pendimethalin
Synonym: penoxalin
Chemical Name: N-(1-ethylpropyl-3,4-dimethyl-2,6-dinitrobenzenamine
CAS Registry No: 40487-42-1
Uses: herbicide
Molecular Formula: C13H19N3O4
Molecular Weight: 281.308
Melting Point (°C):
56 (Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
330 (Ashton & Crafts 1981; Herbicide Handbook 1989)
decomposes on heating (Hartley & Kidd 1987; Tomlin 1994)
Density (g/cm3 at 25°C):
1.19 (Ashton & Crafts 1981; Montgomery 19993; Tomlin 1994)
1.12 (Hartley & Kidd 1987)
1.17 (Herbicide Handbook 1989)
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
Dissociation Constant pKa:
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 0.496 (mp at 56°C)
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C or as indicated):
0.50 (23°C, Ashton & Crafts 1981)
0.30 (20°C, Hartley & Kidd 1987; Worthing & Walker 1987; Montgomery 1993; Tomlin 1994)
0.275 (Herbicide Handbook 1989)
0.275 (20–25°C, selected, Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996)
0.61 (20–25°C, Majewski & Capel 1995)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C or as indicated):
0.004 (Ashton & Crafts 1981; Herbicide Handbook 1989)
0.004 (Hartley & Kidd 1987; Worthing & Walker 1987; Tomlin 1994)
1.25 . 10–3 (20–25°C, selected, Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996)
0.004 (Montgomery 1993)
8.16 . 10–3 (20–25°C, Majewski & Capel 1995)
0.00123; 0.00776 (liquid PL, GC-RT correlation; quoted lit., Donovan 1996)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol at 25°C or as indicated):
0.0867 (Montgomery 1993)
3.75 (20–25, calculated-P/C, Majewski & Capel 1995)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
5.18 (Montgomery 1993)
5.18 (Tomlin 1994)
5.24 (RP-HPLC-RT correlation using short ODP column, Donovan & Pescatore 2002)
HN
NO2 O2N
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Herbicides 3621
Octanol/Air Partition Coefficient, log KOA:
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF or log KB:
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
2.95 (soil, Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996)
4.20 (soil, Bottoni & Funari 1992)
4.14, 4.47 (loam, pH 7, pH 6.5, quoted, Montgomery 1993)
3.81 (sand, pH 7.6, Montgomery 1993)
4.07, 4.14 (sandy loam pH 6.4, silty loam, pH 7.0, Montgomery 1993)
1.48–2.93 (soil, Montgomery 1993)
3.70 (soil, Senseman et al. 1997)
3.14 (soil, estimated-general model using molecular descriptors, Gramatica et al. 2000)
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization:
Photolysis: slowly decomposed by light (Hartley & Kidd 1987; Tomlin 1994).
Oxidation:
Hydrolysis: t. < 21 d (Montgomery 1993).
Biodegradation: observed t. = 33 d, 45 d, 52 d and 67 d in flooded and nonflooded conditions in nonsterile and
sterile soils, respectively, in the study of degradation of pendimethalin under the influence of soil moisture
and microbial activity in a sandy loam soil, in both nonsterile nonflooded and flooded soil, degradation
followed first-order kinetics. (Kulshrestha & Singh 1992; quoted, Montgomery 1993).
Biotransformation: Degradation by abiotic reductive transformations:
k = 1.25 M–1 s–1 in H2S with (mecapto)juglone (hydroquinone moiety, an abiotic reductant found in natural
systems) solution at pH 6.65 (Wang & Arnold 2003)
Aqueous solutions with surface-bound Fe(II) species and their first-order rate constants as:
k = 0.50 . 10–3 h–1 at pH 6.5, k = 0.27 . 10–2 h–1 at pH 7.0, k = 0.093 h–1 at pH 7.4, and k = 0.81 h–1 at pH
7.8 for aqueous ferrous ion system;
k = 0.216 h–1 at pH 6.5, k = 0.274 h–1 at pH 6.7, k = 0.918 h–1 at pH 7.0, and k = 2.10 h–1 at pH 7.3 for
Fe(II)/goethite system;
k = 3.81 . 10–3 h–1 at pH 6.5, k = 2.66 . 10–3 h–1 at pH 7.0, k = 1.13 . 10–2 h–1 at pH 7.4 and k = 1.74 . 10–2
h–1 at pH 7.8 for Fe(II)/clay system, all with total dissolved Fe(II) = 1 mM (Wang & Arnold 2003)
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Air:
Surface water: t. < 21 d in water (Tomlin 1994).
Ground water: reported t. = 30–90 d (Bottoni & Funari 1992)
Sediment:
Soil: t. = 98 and 409 d at 30 and 10°C in a sandy loam soil with 75% moisture (Walker & Bond 1977)
t. = 4 d on Bosket silt loam, t. = 6 d on Sharkey clay for the first 3 to 5 days when sprayed onto soil
surface, rate of loss much slower for the remainder of the 7- or 12-d sampling period with t. = 18 d on
Bosket silt loam, t. = 27 d on Sharkey clay (Savage & Jordon 1980)
t. = 58–63 d in IARI sandy loam soil under Indian tropical climate (Kulshrestha & Yaduraju 1987)
t. = 30–90 d or persistence (Bottoni & Funari 1992)
t. = 66.9 d in sterile, t. = 52.2 d in nonsterile non-flooded sandy loam soil; t. = 44.9 d in sterile and 33.4
d in nonsterile flooded sandy loam soil in the study of degradation under the influence of soil moisture
and microbial activity (Kulshrestha & Singh 1992; quoted, Montgomery 1993)
reported field t. = 8–480 d, recommended t. = 90 d (Wauchope et al 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996);
soil t. = 90 d (Senseman et al. 1997).
Biota: t. = 3–4 months (quoted, Hartley & Kidd 1987; Tomlin 1994)
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3622 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
17.1.1.62 Picloram
Common Name: Picloram
Synonym: Amdon, ATCP, Borolin, Grazon, K-Pin, Tordon
Chemical Name: 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid; 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid
Uses: systemic herbicide to control most broadleaf weeds on grassland and noncropland.
CAS Registry No: 1918-02-1
Molecular Formula: C6H3Cl3N2O2
Molecular Weight: 241.459
Melting Point (°C):
218.5 (Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
204.2 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point, Suntio et al. 1988)
Dissociation Constant pKa:
3.43, 3.42, 3.39, 3.36 (10, 20, 30. 40°C, Cheung & Biggar 1974)
1.90 (Weber et al. 1980; Willis & McDowell 1982)
3.60 (Windholz 1983; quoted, Howard 1991; Yao & Haag 1991; Haag & Yao 1992; Montgomery 1993)
2.3 (22°C, Worthing & Hance 1991; Montgomery 1993; Tomlin 1994)
1.94 (Hornsby et al. 1996)
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 0.0126 (mp at 218.5°C)
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C or as indicated and reported temperature dependence equations. Additional
data at other temperatures designated * are compiled at the end of this section):
430 (Bailey & White 1965; Freed 1966; Khan 1980; Weber et al. 1980; Ashton & Crafts 1981; Spencer
1982)
546* (20°C, shake flask-IR, measured range 10–40°C, pH 2.8, distilled water, Cheung & Biggar 1974)
73.65* (20°C, shake flask-IR, measured range 10–40°C at pH 0.2, Cheung & Biggar 1974)
62.7* (20°C, shake flask-IR, measured range 10v40°C at pH 1.1, Cheung & Biggar 1974)
137* (20°C, shake flask-IR, measured range 10–40°C at pH 2.0, Cheung & Biggar 1974)
19560* (20°C, shake flask-IR, measured range 10–40°C at pH 4.2, Cheung & Biggar 1974)
74593* (20°C, shake flask-IR, measured range 10–40°C at pH 4.7, Cheung & Biggar 1974)
430 (Martin & Worthing 1977, Worthing & Hance 1991; quoted, Kenaga 1980; Kenaga & Goring 1980;
Isensee 1991; Howard 1991)
430 (Hartley & Graham-Bryce 1980; Taylor & Glotfelty 1988)
430 (Hartley & Kidd 1987; Herbicide Handbook 1989; Tomlin 1994; Milne 1995)
400–430 (Montgomery 1993)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C or as indicated):
7.30 . 10–7 (20°C, Hartley & Graham-Bryce 1980)
8.20 . 10–5 (35°C, Khan 1980; Ashton & Crafts 1981; Hartley & Kidd 1987; Herbicide Handbook 1989)
8.26 . 10–5 (20–25°C, Weber et al. 1980; Willis & McDowell 1982)
9.70 . 10–9 (Dobbs & Cull 1982; quoted, Howard 1991)
7.30 . 10–6 (20°C, quoted from Hartlet & Graham-Bryce 1980, Dobbs et al. 1984)
6.00 . 10–5 (20°C, selected, Suntio et al. 1988)
1.40 . 10–4 (45°C, Herbicide Handbook 1989)
N
OH
O
Cl
NH2
Cl
Cl
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Herbicides 3623
4.50 . 10–8 (quoted, Nash 1989)
7.40 . 10–7 (20°C, selected, Taylor & Spencer 1990)
8.20 . 10–5 (35°C, Worthing & Hance 1991; Montgomery 1993; Tomlin 1994)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa m3/mol at 25°C or as indicated):
3.40 . 10–5 (20°C, calculated-P/C, Suntio et al. 1988; quoted, Mabury & Crosby 1996)
4.20 . 10–7 (calculated-P/C, Taylor & Glotfelty 1988)
2.50 . 10–5 (calculated-P/C, Nash 1989)
4.10 . 10–6 (calculated-P/C, Howard 1991)
3.40 . 10–5 (20–35°C, calculated-P/C, Montgomery 1993)
3.17 . 10–5 (calculated-P/C, this work)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
0.30 (Kenaga 1975)
0.63 (selected, Dao et al. 1983)
0.30 (Hansch & Leo 1985; Hansch et al. 1995;)
–3.47 (selected, Gerstl & Helling 1987)
1.166 (calculated as per Broto et al. 1984, Karcher & Devillers 1990)
0.26, 0.30 (quoted, Sangster 1993)
1.87 (LOGPSTAR or CLOGP data, Sabljic et al. 1995)
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
–1.70 (fish in static water, quoted from Dow Chemical data, Kenaga & Goring 1980)
1.30 (calculated-S, Kenaga 1980; quoted, Isensee 1991)
–0.222 (calculated-KOC, Kenaga 1980)
0.0 (estimated-KOW, Lyman et al. 1982; quoted, Howard 1991)
1.49 (fish in flowing water, Garten & Trabalka 1983; quoted, Howard 1991)
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
1.23 (soil, Hamaker & Thompson 1972)
1.10 (average in soil, Hamaker & Thompson 1972)
1.10 (average in soil, Reinhold et al. 1979)
1.23 (Kenaga & Goring 1980; quoted, Bahnick & Doucette 1988)
2.20 (soil, calculated-S as per Kenaga & Goring 1980, Kenaga 1980)
1.41 (av. of 26 soils, Rao & Davidson 1980)
1.40 (soil, Rao & Davidson 1982)
1.31, 1.05, 1.34, 1.0, 1.26. 1.10, 1.05 (Catlin soil, Commerce soil, Fargo soil, Holdredge soil, Norfolk soil,
Kawkawlin soil, Walla-Walla soil, McCall & Agin 1985; quoted, Brusseau & Rao 1989)
2.11 (calculated-MCI ., Gerstl & Helling 1987)
1.68 (screening model calculations, Jury et al. 1987b)
1.47 (calculated-MCI ., Bahnick & Doucette 1988)
1.88 (Nash 1989)
1.23 (reported as log KOM, Magee 1991)
1.20 (organic carbon, Wauchope et al. 1991)
1.11, 1.41, 1.68 (soil, quoted values, Bottoni & Funari 1992)
1.41 (Montgomery 1993)
1.30 (soil, calculated-QSAR MCI 1., Sabljic et al. 1995)
1.55, 1.39, 2.38 (soils: organic carbon OC . 0.1%, OC . 0.5%, 0.1 . OC < 0.5%, and pH 2.0–10.5, average,
Delle Site 2001)
3.07, 2.96, 3.30 (soils: organic carbon OC . 0.1%, OC . 0.5%, 0.1 . OC < 0.5%, and pH . 2.0 undissociated,
average, Delle Site 2001)
1.80, 1.76 (soils: organic carbon OC . 0.1%, OC . 0.5%, pH 4.2–5.9, average, Delle Site 2001)
1.12, 2.02, 1.93 (soils: organic carbon OC . 0.1%, OC . 0.5%, 0.1 . OC < 0.5%, pH . 6.0, dissociated, average,
Delle Site 2001)
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3624 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization:
Photolysis: t. = 200 h for 40% of 4,840 µg/mL to degrade in dilute NaOH solution under sunlight (Hall et 1968;
quoted, Cessna & Muir 1991);
t. = 2.3 d to 9.58 d direct photolysis by sunlight under various conditions, at depths of 2.54 cm-3.65 m at
various times of the year; one result at 3.65 m during Sept.-Oct. gave t. = 41.3 d; distilled water and
canal water gave essentially the same results in one set of experiments (Hedlund & Youngson 1972;
quoted, Cessna & Muir 1991; Howard 1991);
t. = 72 h for 99% of 548 µg mL–1 to degrade in Na salt solution under 300–380 nm light (Mosier & Guenzi
1973; quoted, Cessna & Muir 1991);
t. = 0.5 h for 38% of 265 µg mL–1 to degrade in distilled water under 254 nm light (Glass 1975; quoted,
Cessna & Muir 1991);
t. = 2.2 d for < 2.4 µg mL–1 L to degrade in distilled water under sunlight (Skurlatov et al. 1983; quoted,
Cessna & Muir 1991);
t. = 16 h in surface water estimated from direct midday sunlight photolysis in mid-summer at 40°N (Zepp
1991).
Oxidation:
photooxidation: t. = 12.21 d in air, based on estimated rate constant for the reaction with photochemically
produced hydroxyl radical in the atmosphere (GEMS 1986; quoted, Howard 1991)
k = 5.9 . 109 M–1 s–1 for the reaction (Fenton with reference to acetophenone) with hydroxyl radical in
aqueous solutions at pH 2.1–3.7 and at 24 ± 1°C (Buxton et al. 1988; quoted, Haag & Yao 1992)
k(aq.) = (50–150) M–1 s–1 for direct reaction with ozone in water at pH 1.5–4.9 and 21 ± 1°C, with t. = 4.0
min at pH 7 (Yao & Haag 1991).
k(aq.) = (3.4 ± 0.3) . 109 M–1 s–1 for the reaction (Fenton with reference to acetophenone) with hydroxyl
radicals in aqueous solutions at pH 2.1–3.7 and at 24 ± 1°C (Haag & Yao 1992)
k(aq.) = 1.3 . 109 M–1 s–1 for reaction with hydroxyl radical, in irradiated field water both in the laboratory
and sunlit rice paddies (Mabury & Crosby 1996).
Hydrolysis:
Biodegradation: t. = 128–144 h in mixture of 5 g soil and 1–4 mL water, t. = 90–1000 h in mixture of 1 mL
water with 0.25–10 g soil, (Hance 1969; quoted, Howard 1991);
t. > 15 months for 0.07, 0.72 and 10 µg mL–1 to biodegrade in groundwater (Weidner 1974; quoted, Muir
1991);
k = 0.0073 d–1 by soil incubation die-away test studies (Rao & Davidson 1980; quoted, Scow 1982);
biochemical t. = 100 d from screening model calculations (Jury et al. 1987b);
t. = 30–300 d, degraded slowly by soil microorganisms (Tomlin 1994).
Biotransformation:
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Air: t. = 12.21 d, based on estimated rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction with photochemically produced
hydroxyl radicals in the atmosphere (GEMS 1986; quoted, Howard 1991).
Surface water: t. = 2.6 d decomposed by UV irradiation (Tomlin 1994);
measured rate constant k = (50 - 150) M–1 s–1 for direct reaction with ozone in water at pH 1.5–4.9 and
21°C, with t. = 4.0 min at pH 7 (Yao & Haag 1991).
Ground water: t. > 15 months for 0.07, 0.72 and 10 µg/mL to biodegrade in ground water (Weidner 1974;
quoted, Muir 1991);
measured rate constant k . 0.005 M–1 s–1 for direct reaction with ozone in water at pH 2 and 21°C, with
t. . 80 d at pH 7 (Yao & Haag 1991)
reported t. = 30–330, 138, 180 and 206 d (Bottoni & Funari 1992).
Sediment:
Soil: estimated persistence of 18 months (Kearney et al. 1969; Edwards 1973; quoted, Morrill et al. 1982; Jury
et al. 1987b);
persistent in soils with t. > 5 yr (Alexander 1973; quoted, Howard 1991);
estimated first-order t. = 95 d in soil from biodegradation rate constant k = 0.0073 d–1 by soil incubation
die-away test studies (Rao & Davidson 1980; quoted, Scow 1982);
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Herbicides 3625
persistent in soil with t. > 100 d (Willis & McDowell 1982);
t. = 100 d from screening model calculations (Jury et al. 1987b);
selected t. = 90 d (Wauchope et al. 1991; quoted, Dowd et al. 1993);
reported t. = 30–330 d, 18 d, 180 d and 206 d (Bottoni & Funari 1992);
t. = 3–330 d (Tomlin 1994).
Biota: biochemical t. = 100 d from screening model calculations (Jury et al. 1987b);
average t. = 60 d in the forest (USDA 1989; quoted, Neary et al. 1993).
TABLE 17.1.1.62.1
Reported aqueous solubilities of picloram at various temperatures
Cheung & Biggar 1974
shake flask-IR spec.
t/°C S/g·m–3 S/g·m–3 S/g·m–3 S/g·m–3 S/g·m–3 S/g·m–3
pH 0.20 pH 1.10 pH 2.0 pH 2.8 pH 4.2 pH 4.7
10 43.95 39.12 89.11 475 22240 84446
20 73.65 62.78 136.92 545.74 19560 74953
30 119.5 108.9 205.3 683.4 21395 82248
40 214.9 199 316.3 704.5 21371 78240
.Hsol/(kJ mol–1) 38.49 38.91 31.38 12.97 0 0
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3626 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
17.1.1.63 Profluralin
Common Name: Profluralin
Synonym: CGA 10832, Pregard, Tolban
Chemical Name: N-(cyclopropylmethyl)-2,6-dinitro-N-propyl-4-trifluoromethylaniline; N-(cyclopropylmethyl)-
2,6-dinitro-N-propyl-4-(trifluoromethyl) benzenamine
Uses: herbicide for pre-planting by soil incorporation to control annual and perennial broadleaf and grass weeds in
cotton, soybeans, brassicas, capsicums, tomatoes and other crops.
CAS Registry No: 26399-36-0
Molecular Formula: C14H16F3N3O4
Molecular Weight: 347.290
Melting Point (°C):
34 (Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
1.45 (25°C, Ashton & Crafts 1981)
1.38 (Hartley & Kidd 1987; Worthing & Hance 1991)
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
304.7 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Dissociation Constant pKa:
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 0.816 (mp at 34°C)
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C or as indicated):
0.10 (20°C, Weber 1972)
0.10 (Spencer 1973, 1982; Wauchope 1978; Kenaga 1980)
0.10 (27°C, Ashton & Crafts 1973, 1981)
0.10 (shake flask-HPLC, Ellgehausen et al. 1981)
0.10 (20°C, Hartley & Kidd 1987; Milne 1995)
0.10 (20°C, Worthing & Walker 1987, Worthing & Hance 1991)
0.10 (20–25°C, selected, Augustijn-Beckers et al. 1994; Hornsby et al. 1996)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C or as indicated):
0.0092 (20°C, Weber 1972; Worthing & Walker 1987)
0.0092 (20°C, Ashton & Crafts 1973, 1981)
0.0084 (20°C, Hartley & Kidd 1987)
0.0084 (20°C, Worthing & Hance 1991)
0.0084 (20–25°C, selected, Augustijn-Beckers et al. 1994; Hornsby et al. 1996)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol at 25°C or as indicated):
39.07 (20°C, calculated-P/C, Suntio et al. 1988)
31.91 (20°C, calculated-P/C, Muir 1991)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
5.16 (selected, Dao et al. 1983)
6.34 (shake flask-HPLC/UV, Ellgehausen et al. 1981)
6.34 (recommended, Sangster 1993)
NO2
F F
F
O2N
N
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Herbicides 3627
4.46 (calculated-fragment const., Pinsuwan et al. 1995)
6.34 (recommended, Hansch et al. 1995)
5.08 (LOGPSTAR or CLOGP data, Sabljic et al. 1995)
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
3.35 (calculated-S, Kenaga 1980; quoted, Isensee 1991)
2.83 (calculated-KOC, Kenaga 1980)
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
3.93 (soil, exptl., Kenaga 1980)
4.19 (soil, calculated-S as per Kenaga & Goring 1980, Kenaga 1980)
3.83 (estimated as log KOM, Magee 1991)
3.93 (soil, quoted exptl., Meylan et al. 1992)
4.26 (soil, calculated-MCI . and fragment contribution, Meylan et al. 1992)
4.00 (20–25°C, estimated, Augustijn-Beckers et al. 1994; Hornsby et al. 1996)
4.16 (selected, Lohninger 1994)
4.01 (soil, calculated-QSAR MCI 1., Sabljic et al. 1995)
3.87 (soil, estimated-general model using molecular descriptors, Gramatica et al. 2000)
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization: estimated t. ~ 1.2 d from 1 m depth of water at 20°C (Muir 1991).
Photolysis:
Oxidation:
Hydrolysis:
Biodegradation: t. = 12 d for 0.5 µg mL–1 to biodegrade in flooded soils at 20–42°C (Savage 1978; quoted,
Muir 1991);
Degradation t. < 1 month in three soils, Goldsborol loamy sand, Cecil loamy sand Drummer clay loam
treated with 1 ppm profluralin) for 4 month under aerobic conditions, no degradation in sterile controls.
(shake flask-TLC, Camper et al. 1980)
t. < 1 month for 1 µg/mL to biodegrade in flooded soils at 25°C (derived from results of Camper et al.
1980, Muir 1991);
biodegradation t. < 20 d in water and sediment with flooded soils and terrestrial-aquatic model ecosystems
(Miur 1991).
Biotransformation:
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Air:
Surface water: biodegradation t. < 20 d in water and sediment with flooded soils and terrestrial-aquatic model
ecosystems (Muir 1991).
Ground water:
Sediment: biodegradation t. < 20 d in water and sediment with flooded soils and terrestrial-aquatic model
ecosystems (Muir 1991).
Soil: t. = 12 d for 0.5 µg mL–1 to biodegrade in flooded soils at 20–42°C (Savage 1978, Muir 1991)
persistence of 12 months in soil (Wauchope 1978);
aerobic and anaerobic degradation t. < 1 month in 3 flooded soils at 25°C (Camper et al. 1980);
field studies, t. = 10.9 wk - 1978 first study; t. = 10.1 wk -1978 second study; t. = 11.5 wk -1979, in a
Crowley silt loam at Stuttgart, Arkansas (Brewer et al. 1982)
laboratory studies: t. = 19.9 wk at 4°C, t. = 6.7 wk at 25°C for soil of field capacity moisture (27% w/w
for Crowley silt loam), t. = 20.4 wk at 4°C, t. = 4.8 wk at 25°C for flooded soils, Crowley silt loam;
and t. = 25.8 wk at 4°C, t. = 8.6 wk at 25°C for soil of field capacity moisture (34% w/w for Sharkey
silty clay), t. = 21.3 wk at 4°C and t. = 6.2 wk at 25°C for flooded soils, Sharkey silty clay (Brewer et
al. 1982);
selected field t. = 110 d (Augustijn-Beckers et al. 1994; Hornsby et al. 1996).
Biota:
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3628 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
17.1.1.64 Prometon
Common Name: Prometon
Synonym: G 31435, Gesafram, Gesagram, Methoxypropazine, Ontracic 800, Ontrack, Pramitol, Prometone
Chemical Name: 6-methoxy-N,N.-bis(methylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine; 2,4-bis(isopropylamino)-6-methoxy-
1,3,5-triazine
Uses: nonselective pre-emergence and post-emergence herbicide to control most annual and broadleaf weeds, grasses,
and brush weeds on noncropland.
CAS Registry No: 1610-18-0
Molecular Formula: C10H19N5O
Molecular Weight: 225.291
Melting Point (°C):
91.5 (Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
1.088 (Hartley & Kidd 1987; Worthing & Hance 1991; Montgomery 1993)
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
280.2 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Dissociation Constant:
4.28 (pKa, Weber 1970; quoted, Bintein & Devillers 1994)
4.30 (pKa, 21°C, Worthing & Hance 1991; Montgomery 1993)
9.73 (pKb, Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996)
9.7 (21°C, pKb, Tomlin 1994)
Enthalpy of Vaporization, .HV (kJ/mol):
90.77 (Rordorf 1989)
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
22.175 (DSC method, Plato & Glasgow 1969)
21.6 (Rordorf 1989)
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 0.223 (mp at 91.5°C)
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C or as indicated):
750 (20°C, Bailey & White 1965; Ashton & Crafts 1981; Herbicide Handbook 1989)
1000, 678, 669 (26°C, pH 3.0, 7.0, 10.0, shake flask-UV, Ward & Weber 1968)
750 (Martin & Worthing 1977; Herbicide Handbook 1978)
677 (Weber et al. 1980)
620 (20°C, Spencer 1982)
750 (20°C, Verschueren 1983)
750 (20°C, Hartley & Kidd 1987; Montgomery 1993)
620 (20°C, Worthing & Walker 1987, 1991; Tomlin 1994)
720 (20–25°C, selected, Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C or as indicated and reported temperature dependence equations.):
3.07 . 10–4 (20°C, extrapolated-Antoine eq. from gas saturation-GC measurements, measured range 50–130°C,
Friedrich & Stammbach 1964) (See figure at the end of this section.)
log (P/mmHg) = 11.911 – 4933/(T/K), temp range 50–130°C (gas saturation-GC, data presented in Antoine eq.,
Friedrich & Stammbach 1964)
N
N
N
HN
NH
O
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Herbicides 3629
0.00030 (20°C, Khan 1980)
0.00031 (20°C, Ashton & Crafts 1981; Worthing & Hance 1991)
0.00083 (Jury et al. 1984; selected, Spencer et al. 1988; Spencer & Cliath 1990; Taylor & Spencer 1990)
0.00031 (20°C, Hartley & Kidd 1987)
0.00031, 0.00105 (20°C, 30°C, Herbicide Handbook 1989)
1.0 . 10–3, 3.30 . 10–2, 0.65, 8.60, 82 (25, 50, 70, 100, 125°C, gas saturation-GC, Rordorf 1989)
log (PS/Pa) = 16.525 – 5817.4/(T/K); measured range 32.1–89.3°C (gas saturation-GC, Rordorf 1989)
log (PL/Pa) = 13.617 – 4741.7/(T/K); measured range 92.3–140°C (gas saturation-GC, Rordorf 1989)
0.00103 (20–25°C, selected, Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996)
0.00031 (20°C, Montgomery 1993)
0.000306 (20°C, Tomlin 1994)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol at 25°C or as indicated):
2.50 . 10–4 (calculated-P/C, Jury et al. 1984; Spencer et al. 1988; Spencer & Cliath 1990)
9.02 . 10–5 (20°C, calculated-P/C, Montgomery 1993)
9.01 . 10–5 (calculated-P/C, this work)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
1.94 (selected, Dao et al. 1983)
1.94 (Gerstl & Helling 1987)
2.99 (RP-HPLC-RT correlation, Finizio et al. 1991; quoted, Sangster 1993)
2.85 (selected, Magee 1991)
2.55 (shake flask-UV, Liu & Qian 1995)
2.69, 2.99 (Montgomery 1993)
2.99 (recommended, Hansch et al. 1995)
2.82 (RP-HPLC-RT correlation, Finizio et al. 1997)
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
1.18 (calculated-S, Kenaga 1980; quoted, Isensee 1991)
1.28 (calculated-KOC, Kenaga 1980)
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
2.54 (soil, Hamaker & Thompson 1972; Kenaga 1980; Kenaga & Goring 1980)
2.04 (soil, calculated-S as per Kenaga & Goring 1980, Kenaga 1980)
2.61 (Jury et al. 1984; quoted, Spencer & Cliath 1990)
2.40 (calculated-MCI ., Gerstl & Helling)
2.48 (Spencer et al. 1988)
2.35 (estimated as log KOM, Magee 1991)
2.20 (soil, calculated-MCI . and fragment contribution, Meylan et al. 1992)
2.18 (soil, 20–25°C, selected, Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996)
1.92–2.24 (Montgomery 1993)
2.77 (selected, Lohninger 1994)
2.39 (calculated-KOW, Liu & Qian 1995)
2.50 (soil, calculated-MCI 1., Sabljic et al. 1995)
2.60; 2.70, 2.68 (soil, quoted obs.; estimated-class-specific model, estimated-general model using molecular
descriptors, Gramatica et al. 2000)
2.47, 2.50 (soils: organic carbon OC . 0.1%, OC . 0.5%, pH 4.3–7.1, average, Delle Site 2001)
2.81, 2.65, 2.53 (soils with organic carbon OC . 0.5% at: pH 4.3–4.9, pH 5.0–5.9, pH- 6.0, average, Delle Site
2001)
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization: estimated t. ~ 100 d (Spencer & Cliath 1990).
Photolysis: t. = 2.25 h for 1% of 100 µg mL–1 to degrade in distilled water under 300 nm light (Tanaka et al.
1981; quoted, Cessna & Muir 1991).
Oxidation:
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3630 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
Hydrolysis:
Biodegradation:
Biotransformation:
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Soil: selected field t. = 500 d (Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996).
FIGURE 17.1.1.64.1 Logarithm of vapor pressure versus reciprocal temperature for prometon.
Prometon: vapor pressure vs. 1/T
-5.0
-4.0
-3.0
-2.0
-1.0
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
0.0022 0.0024 0.0026 0.0028 0.003 0.0032 0.0034 0.0036
1/(T/K)
P( gol
S
) aP/
Friedrich & Stammbach 1964 (50 to 130 °C)
Friedrich & Stammbach 1964 (extrapolated)
m.p. = 91.5 °C
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Herbicides 3631
17.1.1.65 Prometryn
Common Name: Prometryn
Synonym: Caparol, Cotton-Pro, Gesagard, G-34161, Mercasin, Mercazin, Polisin, Primatol, Prometrex, Prometrin,
Selectin, Sesagard, Uvon
Chemical Name: N,N.-bis(1-methylethyl)-6-(methylthio)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine; 2,4-bis(isopropylamino)-6-(methylthio)-
1,3,5-triazine
Uses: selective herbicide to control many annual grass and broadleaf weeds in celery, cotton and peas.
CAS Registry No: 7287-19-6
Molecular Formula: C10H19N5S
Molecular Weight: 241.357
Melting Point (°C):
119 (Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
1.157 (Hartley & Kidd 1987; Worthing & Hance 1991; Montgomery 1993; Milne 1995)
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
299.7 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Dissociation Constant:
4.05 (pKa, Weber 1970; Pacakova et al. 1988; Somasundaram et al. 1991; Bintein & Devillers 1994)
4.10 (pKa, 21°C, Weber et al. 1980; Willis & McDowell 1982; Worthing & Hance 1991)
9.95 (pKb, Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996)
4.05 (pKa, 21°C, Montgomery 1993)
Enthalpy of Vaporization, .HV (kJ/mol):
96.43 (Rordorf 1989)
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
26.36 (DSC method, Plato & Glasgow 1969)
25.4 (Rordorf 1989)
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 0.120 (mp at 119°C)
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C or as indicated):
48 (20°C, Woodford & Evans 1963)
48 (20°C, Bailey & White 1965; Ashton & Crafts 1973, 1981; Khan 1980)
206, 40.3, 41.8 (26°C, shake flask-UV at pH 3.0, 7.0, 10.0, Ward & Weber 1968)
48 (Martin & Worthing 1977; Herbicide Handbook 1978)
40 (Weber et al. 1980)
48 (20°C, Hartley & Kidd 1987; Herbicide Handbook 1989; Montgomery 1993; Milne 1995)
33 (20°C, Worthing & Walker 1987, Worthing & Hance 1991)
33 (20–25°C, selected, Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996)
33 (Tomlin 1994; selected, Lohninger 1994)
241 (calculated-group contribution method, Kuhne et al. 1995)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C or as indicated and reported temperature dependence equations.):
1.33 . 10–4 (20°C, extrapolated-Antoine eq. from gas saturation-GC measurements, measured range 50–130°C,
Friedrich & Stammbach 1964) (See figure at the end of this section.)
log (P/mmHg) = 11.911 – 4933/(T/K), temp range 50–130°C (gas saturation-GC, data presented in Antoine eq.,
Friedrich & Stammbach 1964)
N
N
N
HN
NH
S
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3632 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
0.00028 (from Friedrich & Stammbach 1964; Jury et al. 1983; 1984; Spencer & Cliath 1990)
0.00013 (20°C, Ashton & Crafts 1973, 1981)
0.00013 (20–25°C, Weber et al. 1980)
0.00028 (quoted, Jury et al. 1984; Spencer & Cliath 1990)
0.00013 (20°C, Hartley & Kidd 1987; Worthing & Hance 1991; Montgomery 1993)
0.00010 (20°C, selected, Suntio et al. 1988)
0.00013, 0.00053 (20, 30°C, Herbicide Handbook 1989)
1.60 . 10–4, 6.70 . 10–3, 0.16, 2.50, 28.0 (25, 50, 70, 100, 125°C, gas saturation-GC, Rordorf 1989)
log (PS/Pa) = 17.063 – 6215.6/(T/K); measured range 32.4–117°C (gas saturation-GC, Rordorf 1989)
log (PL/Pa) = 14.013 – 5037.2/(T/K); measured range 129–140°C (gas saturation-GC, Rordorf 1989)
0.00017 (20–25°C, selected, Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996)
0.000169 (Tomlin 1994)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol at 25°C or as indicated):
0.00139 (calculated-P/C, Jury et al. 1984; quoted, Spencer & Cliath 1990)
0.00139 (calculated-P/C, Jury et al. 1987a,b; Jury & Ghodrati 1989)
0.00050 (20°C, calculated-P/C, Suntio et al. 1988; quoted, Majewski & Capel 1995)
0.00050 (20°C, calculated-P/C, Montgomery 1993)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
2.99 (selected, Dao et al. 1983)
1.91 (RP-HPLC-k. correlation, Braumann et al. 1983)
3.46 (selected, Yoshioka et al. 1986)
3.51 (shake flask, Mitsutake et al. 1986)
2.99 (Gerstl & Helling 1987)
3.34 (RP-HPLC-RT correlation, Finizio et al. 1991)
3.43 (selected, Magee 1991)
3.34 (Worthing & Hance 1991; Milne 1995)
3.34, 3.46 (Montgomery 1993)
3.51 (recommended, Sangster 1993)
2.93 (RP-HPLC-k. correlation, Liu & Qian 1995)
3.51 (recommended, Hansch et al. 1995)
3.35 (Pomona-database, Muller & Kordel 1996)
3.25 (RP-HPLC-RT correlation, Finizio et al. 1997)
2.99 (RP-HPLC-RT correlation using short ODP column, Donovan & Pescatore 2002)
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
1.85, 1.67 (calculated-S, KOC, Kenaga 1980)
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
2.91 (soil, Hamaker & Thompson 1972; Kenaga 1980; Kenaga & Goring 1980)
2.72 (soil, calculated-S as per Kenaga & Goring 1980, Kenaga 1980)
2.79 (Rao & Davidson 1980)
3.17 (calculated-MCI ., Gerstl & Helling)
2.78 (screening model calculations, Jury et al. 1987a,b; Jury & Ghodrati 1989)
2.75 (estimated as log KOM, Magee 1991)
2.72–2.91, 2.79, 2.83 (soil, quoted values, Bottoni & Funari 1992)
2.60 (soil, 20–25°C, selected, Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996)
2.38 (soil, HPLC-screening method, mean value from different stationary and mobile phases, Kordel
et al. 1993, 1995b)
2.28–2.79 (Montgomery 1993)
3.15 (estimated-chemical structure, Lohninger 1994)
2.60 (soil, Tomlin 1994)
2.63 (calculated-KOW, Liu & Qian 1995)
2.85 (soil, calculated-QSAR MCI 1., Sabljic et al. 1995)
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Herbicides 3633
2.38; 2.84 (HPLC-screening method; calculated-PCKOC fragment method, Muller & Kordel 1996)
3.54, 1.595, 1.968, 1.77, 2.67 (first generation Eurosoils ES-1, ES-2, ES-3, ES-4, ES-5, shake flask/batch
equilibrium-HPLC/UV, Gawlik et al. 1998)
3.24, 2.16, 2.86, 2.59, 2.53 (calculated-KOW; HPLC-screening method with different LC-columns, Szabo et al.
1999)
2.544, 2.635, 2.484, 1.816, 2.933 (second generation Eurosoils ES-1, ES-2, ES-3, ES-4, ES-5, shake flask/batch
equilibrium-HPLC/UV and HPLC-k. correlation, Gawlik et al. 2000)
2.85, 2.89 (soil, estimated-class-specific model, estimated-general model using molecular descriptors, Gramatica
et al. 2000)
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization: t. = 60 d (Jury et al. 1984).
Photolysis:
Oxidation:
Hydrolysis: t. = 22 d in 0.1 N hydrochloric acid solution, t. = 500 yr at pH 7 in distilled water and t. = 30 yr
in 0.01 sodium hydroxide solution all at 25°C (Montgomery 1993).
Biodegradation: t. = 60 d (Wauchope 1978);
t. = 60 d for a 100 d leaching and screening test in 0–10 cm depth of soil (Jury et al. 1987a,b; Jury & Ghodrati 1989);
soil microbial degradation t. = 70 d (Tomlin 1994).
Biotransformation:
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Air:
Surface water: completely decomposed when exposed to UV light for 3 h (Montgomery 1993).
Ground water: reported half-lives or persistence, t. = 40–70, 60 and 94 d (Bottoni & Funari 1992)
Sediment:
Soil: estimated persistence of 3 months (Kearney et al. 1969; Edwards 1973; quoted, Morrill et al. 1982; Jury
et al. 1987a,b; Jury & Ghodrati 1989);
t. ~ 6 months to biodegrade in flooded soils (Plimmer et al. 1970; quoted, Muir 1991);
persistence of 2 months in soil (Wauchope 1978);
reported t. = 40–70 d, 60 d and 94 d (Bottoni & Funari 1992);
selected field t. = 60 d (Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996);
t. = 70 d for microbial degradation in soil (Tomlin 1994).
Biota: biochemical t. = 60 d from screening model calculations (Jury et al. 1987a,b; Jury & Ghodrati 1989).
FIGURE 17.1.1.65.1 Logarithm of vapor pressure versus reciprocal temperature for prometryn.
Prometryn: vapor pressure vs. 1/T
-5.0
-4.0
-3.0
-2.0
-1.0
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
0.0022 0.0024 0.0026 0.0028 0.003 0.0032 0.0034 0.0036
1/(T/K)
P( gol
S
) aP/
Friedrich & Stammbach 1964 (50 to 130 °C)
Friedrich & Stammbach 1964 (extrapolated)
m.p. = 119 °C
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3634 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
17.1.1.66 Pronamide
Common Name: Pronamide
Synonym: Kerb, Promamide, Propyzamide, RH-315
Chemical Name: 3,5-dichloro-N-(1,1-dimethylpropynyl)benzamide
Uses: herbicide.
CAS Registry No: 23950-58-5
Molecular Formula: C12H11Cl2NO
Molecular Weight: 256.127
Melting Point (°C):
155 (Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C): 321
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
270.4 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Dissociation Constant pKa:
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 0.0530 (mp at 155°C)
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C or as indicated):
15 (Martin & Worthing 1977; Herbicide Handbook 1978, 1983; Worthing & Walker 1987)
15 (15°C, Khan 1980)
15 (Ashton & Crafts 1981)
15 (24°C, Herbicide Handbook 1989)
15 (20–25°C, selected, Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996)
15 (Tomlin 1994; Milne 1995)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C or as indicated):
0.0113 (Khan 1980)
0.0113 (Ashton & Crafts 1981; Herbicide Handbook 1989)
0.0536 (Dixon & Rissman 1985; quoted, Howard 1991)
0.227 (Worthing & Walker 1987)
0.0113 (20–25°C, selected, Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996)
0.000058 (Tomlin 1994)
Henry’s Law Constant (Pa·m3/mol at 25°C):
0.912 (Dixon & Rissman 1985)
0.193 (calculated-P/C as per Worthing & Walker 1987, Majewski & Capel 1995)
0.188 (calculated-P/C, this work)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, log KOW:
3.26 (estimated, Lyman et al. 1982; quoted, Howard 1991)
3.36 (selected, Magee 1991)
3.26 (selected, Dao et al. 1983)
2.95 (estimated-QSAR and SPARC, Kollig et al. 1993)
3.09–3.28 (Tomlin 1994; Milne 1995)
3.87 (LOGPSTAR or CLOGP data, Sabljic et al. 1995)
Cl Cl
O
HN
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Herbicides 3635
Bioconcentration Factor, log BCF:
2.13 (calculated-S, Kenaga 1980)
1.00 (calculated-KOC, Kenaga 1980)
2.25 (estimated-KOW, Lyman et al. 1982; quoted, Howard 1991)
2.13 (estimated-S, Lyman et al. 1982; quoted, Howard 1991)
Sorption Partition Coefficient, log KOC:
2.30 (soil, Leistra et al. 1974; Carlson et al.)
2.30 (measured for single soil, Kenaga 1980)
3.00 (soil, calculated-S as per Kenaga & Goring 1980, Kenaga 1980)
2.99 (soil, estimated-S, Lyman et al. 1982; quoted, Howard 1991)
2.30; 2.42 (reported as log KOM, estimated as log KOM, Magee 1991)
2.30; 3.20 (soil, quoted; calculated-MCI . and fragment contribution, Meylan et al. 1992)
2.90 (soil, 20–25°C, selected, Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996)
2.63 (estimated-QSAR and SPARC, Kollig 1993)
2.54 (selected, Lohninger 1994)
2.31 (soil, calculated-QSAR MCI 1., Sabljic et al. 1995)
Environmental Fate Rate Constants, k, or Half-Lives, t.:
Volatilization: based on a Henry’s law constant of 0.9118 Pa·m3/mol, t. ~ 6.6 d from a river 1-m deep flowing
1 m/s with a wind velocity of 3 m/s (estimated, Lyman et al. 1982; quoted, Howard 1991).
Photolysis: degraded photolytically on soil thin films, t. = 13–57 d in artificial sunlight (Tomlin 1994).
Oxidation: photooxidation t. = 4.2 h in air, based on an estimated rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction
with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals in the atmosphere (Atkinson 1985; quoted, Howard 1991).
Hydrolysis: neutral hydrolysis rate constant k < 1.5 . 10–5 h–1 with a calculated t. > 700 d in neutral solution
and with faster hydrolysis rates in acidic and basic solutions to be expected (Ellington et al. 1987, 1988;
quoted, Howard 1991).
Biodegradation: depending on soil and climatic conditions, the degradation t. = 10 to 112 d, but a t. = 40 d
may be more common under field conditions (Walker 1976,78; Zandvoort et al. 1979; quoted, Howard 1991).
Biotransformation: second-order rate constant k = 5 . 10–14 L/organisms·h with an estimated t. ~ 580 d for
microbial degradation in natural water (Steen & Collette 1989; quoted, Howard 1991).
Bioconcentration, Uptake (k1) and Elimination (k2) Rate Constants:
Half-Lives in the Environment:
Air: t. = 4.2 h, based on an estimated rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction with photochemically produced
hydroxyl radicals in the atmosphere (Atkinson 1985; quoted, Howard 1991).
Surface water:
Ground water:
Sediment:
Soil: depending on soil and climatic conditions, the degradation t. = 10 to 112 d, but a t. = 40 d may be more
common under field conditions (Walker 1976, 1978; Zandvoort et al. 1979; quoted, Howard 1991);
selected field t. = 60 d (Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996);
degraded photolytically on soil thin films, t. = 13–57 d in artificial sunlight (Tomlin 1994).
Biota:
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3636 Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals
17.1.1.67 Propachlor
Common Name: Propachlor
Synonym: Albrass, Bexton, CIPA, CP 31393, Niticid, Propachlore, Prolex, Ramrod, Satecid
Chemical Name: 2-chloro-N-(1-methylethyl)-N-phenylacetamide; 2-chloro-N-isopropyl-acetanilide
Uses: selective pre-emergence herbicide to control most annual grasses and some broadleaf weeds in brassicas, corn,
cotton, flax, leeks, maize, milo, onions, peas, roses, ornamental trees and shrubs, soybeans, and sugar cane.
CAS Registry No: 1918-16-7
Molecular Formula: C11H14ClNO
Molecular Weight: 211.688
Melting Point (°C):
77 (Herbicide Handbook 1989; Worthing & Hance 1991; Tomlin 1994; Milne 1995; Lide 2003)
Boiling Point (°C):
110 (at 0.03 mmHg, Ashton & Crafts 1981; Hartley & Kidd 1987; Herbicide Handbook 1989; Worthing &
Hance 1991; Montgomery 1993; Milne 1995)
Density (g/cm3 at 20°C):
1.13 (25°C, Ashton & Crafts 1981)
1.242 (25°C, Hartley & Kidd 1987; Worthing & Hance 1991; Montgomery 1993; Tomlin 1994; Milne
1995)
1.134 (25°C, Herbicide Handbook 1989)
Molar Volume (cm3/mol):
231.6 (calculated-Le Bas method at normal boiling point)
Dissociation Constant pKa:
Enthalpy of Fusion, .Hfus (kJ/mol):
27.614 (DSC method, Plato 1972)
Entropy of Fusion, .Sfus (J/mol K):
Fugacity Ratio at 25°C (assuming .Sfus = 56 J/mol K), F: 0.309 (mp at 77°C)
Water Solubility (g/m3 or mg/L at 25°C or as indicated):
700 (Melnikov 1971; Khan 1980)
614 (20°C, Weber 1972)
693 (Spencer 1973, 1982)
580 (20°C, Ashton & Crafts 1973)
580 (Martin & Worthing 1977; Herbicide Handbook 1978)
839 (generator column-HPLC-RI, Swann et al. 1983)
2300 (HPLC-RT correlation, Swann et al. 1983)
613 (Hartley & Kidd 1987; Worthing & Walker 1987, Herbicide Handbook 1989 Worthing & Hance
1991; Tomlin 1994; Milne 1995)
613 (20–25°C, selected, Wauchope et al. 1992; Hornsby et al. 1996)
613–700 (Montgomery 1993)
Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25°C or as indicated):
0.032 (20–25°C, Weber et al. 1980)
0.0307 (24°C, Beestman & Demming 1974)
0.0307 (Ashton & Crafts 1981; Herbicide Handbook 1989)
0.03 (Hartley & Kidd 1987)
0.03 (20°C, selected, Suntio et al. 1988)
0.0306 (Worthing & Hanc